AP Biology Cell Exam Study Guide

AP Biology Cell Exam Study Guide

Vocabulary List…don’t only study definitions. Think about each term, what it is, what it does, and its overall importance…yeah, ya gotta know what these words mean but you also have to know about them!

Prokaryote / Eukaryote / Nucleoid / DNA / RNA
Plasma Membrane / Cytoplasm / Nucleus / Surface Area to Volume Ratio / Organelle
Golgi Body / Chloroplast / Centrioles / Peroxisome
Lysosome / Cell Wall / Mitochondria / Endosymbiotic / Gap Junction
Adhering Junction / Plasmodesmata / Desmosome / Cell Theory / Phospholipid
Hydrophobic / Hydrophilic / Fluid Mosaic Model / Bilayer / Unsaturated Fat
Saturated Fat / Membrane Fludity / Cholesterol / Carbohydrate / Na+/K+ Pump
Active Transport / Passive Transport / Facilitated Diffusion / Diffusion / Osmosis
Hypertonic / Hypotonic / Isotonic / Concentration Gradient
Exocytosis / Endocytosis / Bulk Flow / Protist/Protistan
Fungus/Fungi / Nucleolus / Turgor Pressure / Pinocytosis / Phagocytosis
Vacuoles / Vesicles / Virus / ATP / Organization

Things to Think About…if you know/know about these you’ve been studying well  These concepts are most definitely on the test!

1. What features do eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells have in common? What features are different?

2. What features do plant and animal cells have in common? What features are different?

3. How is life organized—be able to order these terms: atom, cell, molecule, organ, organelle, organism, organ system, tissue

4. How do surface area and volume affect a cell’s ability to grow?

5. Do a little research (okay, view the table at the end of these questions)…what components are present in the cells of a fungus? A protist (like an amoeba or paramecium)? A bacterium?

6. Do a little more research—are viruses cells?

7. Read up on and know the 3 parts of the Cell Theory.

8. Be familiar with the structure of the cell membrane including the location, characteristics, and functions of:

Phospholipid

Carbohydrate

Protein

Cholesterol

9. Speaking of cholesterol—what kinds of organisms have cholesterol in their cell membranes?

10. What is it about unsaturated fats that help them make the cell membrane fluid?

11. Identify forms of active transport.

12. Identify forms of passive transport.

13. How do cells react in hypertonic, hypotonic, and isotonic environments?

14. What is the ultimate goal of a process like diffusion or osmosis?

15. Where do vesicles come from? What do they do?

16. How do chloroplasts and mitochondria provide evidence for the endosymbiotic hypothesis?

17. What factors speed up diffusion? What factors slow down diffusion?

18. Do you know your organelles and their functions yet?

19. How are bulk flow and osmosis different?

20. How do plant leaves wilt? How do they resist wilt-age?

AND here’s the cheats I promised about cell organelles in different types of cells…

Cell Type / Cell Wall / Cell Membrane / Nucleus / Nuclear Membrane / Cytoplasm / Vacuole / Chloroplast / Prokaryote or
Eukaryote
Bacteria / *Y / Yes / No / No / Yes / Some
times / Yes / P
Protist / No / Yes / Yes / Yes / Yes / ****Y / Some
times / E
Fungus / **Y / Yes / Yes / Yes / Yes / Yes / No / E
Plant / ***Y / Yes / Yes / Yes / Yes / Yes / Yes / E
Animal / No / Yes / Yes / Yes / Yes / *****N / No / E

*Bacterial cell walls are composed of peptidoglycan, a carbohydrate and protein mix.

**Fungus may have a cell wall made of chitin, another polysaccharide (if you have ever seen an insect’s shed exoskeleton then you have seen chitin).

***Plant cell walls are composed of cellulose.

****Protists don’t really have storage vacuoles…they may have a food vacuole similar to a phagocyte that an animal cell forms when it sucks in a particle for digestion. Some protists also have contractile vacuoles to regulate water content—they fill up with water and compress the water out when they are full. As a byproduct, the compression of the contractile vacuole may cause movement for the protist.

*****Animal cells use vesicles, not vacuoles to move things in and out of the cell. Animal cells do not store waste and water long term inside like a plant cell. Remember, vesicles originate from two organelles in the cell. After a product leaves the rough ER it will be wrapped in a vesicle provided by the smooth ER for transport to the golgi. The golgi will also wrap a finished cell product in a vesicle to prepare it for exocytosis. All materials for vesicles (the lipids) are prepared by the smooth ER.

Other Practice Questions…try your hand at these to get your brain juices…oh wait—this is AP Biology…so to get your neurotransmitters flowing!

a. ribosome

b. mitochondrion

c. lysosome

d. golgi body

e. endoplasmic reticulum

1. site of polypeptide (protein) assembly

2. cellular digestion and disposal of biological materials occurs here

3. aerobic respiration (to make ATP) occurs here

4. RNA is translated into protein with the help of this organelle

5. secretory proteins (proteins that are going to be secreted) are packaged here

6. involved in lipid production and protein transport

7. the hemoglobin of mammals and birds (the protein that carries oxygen around the body) would be synthesized here

8. sugar metabolism (the use of sugar to make energy) occurs here

9. Four of the five answers are related by a common observation. Select the exception:

a. Hookeb. Galileoc. Schwannd. Schleiden e. Virchow

10. Four of the five statements are portions of a well known theory. Select the exception:

a. cells are the structural and functional components of living things

b. cells arise from preexisting cells

c. all organisms are composed of cells

d. cells are the basic living unit of organization in living things

e. all cells have a nucleus

11. Four of the five statements are familiar organelles in the cytoplasm. Select the exception:

a. nucleolusb. mitochondrionc. ribosomed. Golgi body e. chloroplast

12. Four of the five items listed are organelles found in eukaryotes. Select the exception:

a. mitochondrionb. Golgi body c. Nucleoid d. Lysosomee. Vacuole

13. Four of the five answers listed below are composed of membranes. Select the exception:

a. endoplasmic reticulumb. granumc. plasma membraned. chromosome e. nuclear envelope

14. Four of the five answers listed below are chloroplast features. Select the exception:

a. stromab. granumc. microbody d. pigment d. ATP

15. Four of the five answers below are features of membrane extensions. Select the exception:

a. amyloplastb. centriolec. microtubule d. basal bodye. 9 + 2 arrangements

16. Four of the five answers below are types of intracellular junctions. Select the exception:

a. tight junctionsb. gap junctionsc. plasmodesmatad. adhering junctions e. microvilli

17. Four of the five answers below are bound by membranes. Select the exception:

a. mitochondrionb. ribosomec. chromoplast d. vacuole e. lysosome

a) simple diffusion

b) bulk flow

c) osmosis

d) active transport

e) endocytosis

18. process used by white blood cells to digest bacteria

19. process specifically removes water molecules across a differentially permeable membrane

20. explains the movement of any kind of molecule from areas of higher to lower concentrations

21. tendency of molecules to move more rapidly when they move together

22. movement of molecules against a concentration gradient

23. Four of the five answers below are characteristics of the plasma membrane. Select the exception:

a. phospholipid b. fluid mosaicc. lipid bilayer d. inert & impermeablee. hydrophobic tails

24. Four of the five answers below are factors affecting simple diffusion. Select the exception:

a. temperature b. pressure c. characteristics of membrane d. size of molecules e. concentration gradient

25. Four of the five answers below result when a cell is placed in hypertonic solution. Select the exception:

a. wiltingb. plasmolysis c. turgidityd. limpnesse. shriveling

26. Four of the five answers below are related by energy requirements. Select the exception:

a. water potentionb. osmosisc. bulk flowd. active transporte. diffusion

27. Four of the five answers below are related by energy requirements. Select the exception:

a. active transportb. endocytosis c. facilitated diffusiond. exocytosis e. Na+/K+ Pump

Cell Transport Study Guide

1. Describe and diagram the structure of a plasma membrane. What are the three principal types of molecules in plasma membranes? What is the function of each of these?

2. What are the three principal functions of plasma membranes?

3. What are the three categories of proteins commonly found in plasma membranes, and what is the function of each?

4. Define diffusion, and compare that process to osmosis.

5. Define hypotonic, hypertonic, and isotonic. What would be the fate of an animal cell immersed in each of the three types of solution? –

6. Describe the following types of transport processes: diffusion, facilitated diffusion, active transport, pinocytosis, receptor-mediated endocytosis, phagocytosis, and exocytosis. –

7. Why is the plasma membrane referred to as a fluid mosaic model?

8. Give an example of how active transport is used by the human body.

9. What are the roles of each of the membrane proteins? See # 3

10. Describe the action of the Na/K+ pump?

11. Distinguish between the types of endocytosis. When does the cell use each type?

12. Why does the size of a cell need to be small in relation to the diffusion of particles?

Short answer questions

13. Use a Venn diagram or table to compare and contrast active transport and facilitated diffusion.

14. How does exocytosis differ from diffusion of materials out of a cell?

15. Describe in detail one of the following processes: phagocytosis, pinocytosis and receptor-mediated endocytosis.

16. Create a concept map (spider map) using the following terms: endocytosis, osmosis, passive transport, hypertonic, pumps, simple diffusion, sodium-potassium pump, vesicles, isotonic, active transport, carrier proteins, pinocytosis, channel proteins, phagocytosis, facilitated diffusion, exocytosis, hypotonic, receptor mediated endocytosis.

Essay Questions

1. If you were able to remove all cholesterol from the plasma membrane, what types of changes would you see in membrane characteristics?

2. Different types of cells have different percentages of proteins in their plasma membranes. For example, neurons contain only 18% proteins, whereas red blood cell membranes contain about 50% proteins. Even higher percentages of protein can be found in membranes of some intracellular organelles; for example, mitochondrial cell membranes contain 76% proteins. Discuss how the difference in composition of these membranes may be related to their function.

3. The bacterium, Vibrio cholerae, produces a protein toxin, cholera toxin. Cholera toxin binds to plasma membrane proteins in the cells of the intestinal lining and causes cells to actively secrete salts and water into the intestinal lumen. This leads to diarrhea and dehydration. The accepted treatment is oral rehydration therapy with dilute salts and glucose. Why do you think this works?

ANSWERS