Anteholosticha Mancoidea (Hemberger, 1985) Berger, 2003

Anteholosticha mancoidea (Hemberger, 1985) Berger, 2003

Body very flexible, elongate with parallel margins, 120 x 20 – 30 μm, usually with eight macronuclear nodules that form an irregular longitudinal row.

Hemberger, H. (1985). Neue Gattungen und Arten hypotricher Ciliaten. Archiv für Protistenkunde,130: 397-417.

Berger, H. (2003). Redefinition of Holosticha Wrzesniowski, 1877 (Ciliophora, Hypotricha). European Journal of Protistology,39: 373-379.

Martin-Cereceda, M., Pérez-Uz, B., Serrano, S. and Guinea, A. (2002). An integrated approach to analyse biofilms of a full scale wastewater treatment plant. Water Science and Technology,46: 199-206.

Berger, H. (2006). Monograph of the Urostyloidea (Ciliophora, Hypotrichia). Monographiae Biologicae, Vol. 85, Kluwer Academic Press, Dordrecht

Colpidium kleini Foissner, 1969

This species closely resembles Colpidium colpoda which is included within the keys. The diagram in Foissner and Berger (1996), illustrates the differences between the two species. Colpidium kleini tends to be smaller and slimmer than Colpidium colpoda. Other illustrations can be found in Ganner and Foissner (1989).

Foissner, W. (1969). Ein neue Art aus der Gattung Colpidium (Stein, 1860): Colpidium kleini sp. n. (Hymenostomatida, Tetrahymenidae). Acta Protozoologica,7: 17-23

Foissner and Berger (1996). A user-friendly guide to the ciliates (Protozoa, Ciliophora) commonly used by hydrobiologists as bioindicators in rivers, lakes, and waste waters, with notes on their ecology. Freshwater Biology,35: 375-482.

Ganner, B. and Foissner, F. (1989) Taxonomy and Ecology of some ciliates (Protozoa, Ciliophora) of the saprobic system. III. Revision of the genera Colpidium and Dexiostoma, and establishment of a new genus, Paracolpidium nov. gen.. Hydrobiologia,182: 181-218.

Chaetospira muelleri Lachmann, 1856

This the only loricate ciliate with cirri (hypotrich) found in sewage-treatment processes It is unlike any other loricate ciliate included in the keys. It is quite large attaining a length of 200- 300 µm.

Lachmann, C.F.G. (1856). Ueber die Organisation der Infusorien, besonders der Vorticellen. Archiv fur Anatomie und Physiologie und Wissenschaftliche Medicin. Leipzig: Jahr 1856: 340-398.

Song, W. and Wilbert, N. (1989). Taxonomische Untersuchungen an Aufwuchsciliaten (Protozoa, Ciliophora) im Poppelsdorfer Weiher, Bonn. Lauterbornia,3: 2-221.

Cyrtolophosis elongata (Schewiakoff, 1892) Kahl, 1931

Small (about 25µm long), elongated oval in outline shape. Not associated with a lorica and may be distinguished from C. mucicola by the terminal position of the contractile vacuole.

Foissner, W. (1993). Class Colpodea (Ciliophora). Protozoenfauna. (Ed. Matthes, D). G. Fischer, Stuttgart, Vol4/1, 798 pp.

Kahl, A. (1931). Urtiere oder Protozoa I: Wimpertiere oder Ciliata (Infusoria) 2. Holotricha ausser den im 1. Teil behandelten Prostomata. Die Tierwelt Deutschlands,21: 181-398.

Schewiakoff, W. (1892) Ueber die geographische Verbreitung der Susswasser-Protozoen. Verhandlungen des Naturhistorisch-Medizinischen Vereins zu Heidelberg,(N.S),4: 544-567.

Cyrtolophosis mucicola Stokes, 1885

Small (20-30 µm long) oval, loricate form. The lorica is gelatinous. Note the subterminal position of the contractile vacuole, not terminal as in C. elongata.

Foissner, W. (1987). Neue und wenig bekannte hypotriche und colpodide Ciliaten (Protozoa, Ciliophora) aus Boden und Moosen. Zool. Beitr. (N.F.), 31: 187-282

Foissner, W. (1993). Class Colpodea (Ciliophora). Protozoenfauna. (Ed. Matthes, D). G. Fischer, Stuttgart, Vol4/1, 798 pp.

Stokes, A.C. (1885). Some new infusoria. American Naturalist,19: 433-443

Dexiotricha granulosa (Kent, 1881) Foissner et al. 1994

This species closely resembles Dexiotricha tranquilla which is included in the keys. It is about the same size (50-60 µm long) but uniquely is full of dense inclusions. Careful examination shows these to be ring-like in shape. It has been reported from activated sludge and RBC’s (Salvado et al. 2004)

Foissner, W., Berger, H. and Kohmann, F (1994). Taxonomische und Okologische Revision der Ciliaten des Saprobiensystems. Band III: Hymenostomata, Prostomatida, Nassulida.. Informationsberichte des Bayer. Landesamentes fur Wasserwirtschaft. Band III: 1- 483

Kent, W.S. (1881). A manual of the Infusoria: including a description of all known flagellate, ciliate, and tentaculiferous protozoa British and foreign, and an account of the organization and affinities of the sponges. David Bogue, London,Vol II: 433-720

Salvado, H., Palomo, A., Mas, M., Puigagut, J. & Gracia, M. D. (2004). Dynamics of nematodes in a high organic loading rotating biological contactors. Water Research,38: 2571-2578.

Endosphaera engelmanni (Engelmann, 1876) Dovgal, ??

Endosphaera engelmanni (syn.tenebrans) – Igor Dovgalmade tenebrans a synonym of E.engelmanni

Lives intracellularly within sessile peritrichs such as Vorticella, Epistylis, Opercularia. Intracellular stage 5 – 45 x 9 – 35 μm, sac-like with constriction at anterior end and rounded posterior end, with very large, spherical macronucleus. Swarmer stage spherical, 15 – 17 μm in diameter, with a needle-like projection that is 7 – 8 μm long.

Engelmann, T.W. (1876). Ueber Entwickelung und Fortplanzung von Infusorien. Morphologisches Jahrbuch,1: 573-634.

Esteban, G., Téllez, C. and Muňoz, A. (1991). Infraciliature, morphogenesis and life cycle of Endosphaera terebrans (Suctoria, Tokophridae). Journal of Protozoology, 38: 483-488.

Dovgal, I. ??

Epistylis bimarginata Nenninger, 1948

Zooid 66 – 93 x 30 – 42 μm with a C-shaped macronucleus that lies transversely in the upper half of the cell. The CV is dorsally located. The main distinguishing character is the double peristomial lip, the upper fold being slightly narrower than the lower fold.

Nenninger, U. (1948). Die Peritrichen der Umbegungvon Erlangen mit beonderer Berücksichtigung ihrer Wirtsspezifität. Zoologische Jahrbücher Systematik,77: 169-266

Konstanynenko, L.A. (2007). The Peritrichia (Ciliophora, Peritrichia) in the activated sludge tank of a sewage treatment plant from Zhytomyr. Vestnik Zoologii,41: 169-174 (in Ukrainian with English summary)

Epistylis thienemanni (Nenninger, 1948) Konstanynenko, 2007

Although originally described by Nenninger (1948) as Rhabdostyla thienemanni, Konstanynenko (2007) noted that this species is colonial and transferred it to the genus Epistylis (although it was mis-spelt as “thinemanni”). Zooid slightly constricted below the peristomial lip, 60 – 105 x 21 – 45 μm with a C-shaped macronucleus that lies transversely in the upper half of the cell. The CV is dorsally located just below the umbilicate peristomial disc.

Nenninger, U. (1948). Die Peritrichen der Umbegungvon Erlangen mit beonderer Berücksichtigung ihrer Wirtsspezifität. Zoologische Jahrbücher Systematik,77: 169-266

Foissner, W., Berger, H. and Kohmann, F. (1992). Taxonomische und ökologische Revision der Ciliaten des Saprobiensystems. Band II: Peritrichia, Heterotrichida, Odontostomatida. Informationsbereichte des Bayer. Landestamtes für Wasserwirtschaft, 1-502.

Gastronauta aloisi Oberschmidleitner and Aescht, 1996

Body elliptical in outline, dorsoventrally flattened with a domed dorsal surface, 50-70 x 40 μm. Single macronucleus, globular to ovoid in shape.

Oberschmidleitner, R. and Aescht, E. (1996). Taxonomische Untersuchungen über einige Ciliaten (Ciliophora, Protozoa) aus Belebtschlämmen oberösterreichischer Kläranlagen. Beitrage zur Naturkunde Oberösterreich,4: 3-30.

Gastronauta membranaceous Buetschli, 1899

This is a broadly oval, dorso-ventrally flattened ciliate. About 50-70 µm long.

Blochmann, F. (1895). Die mikroskopische Thierwelt des Susswassers. Abteilung I: Protozoa. 2. Aufl. Lucas Grafe & Sillem, Hamburg. XV + 134 pp.

Buestchli, O (1887-1889). Protozoa Abt III. Infusoria und der Radiolaria. In. Bronn, H.G.(ed). Klassen und Ordnung des Thiers-Reichs,. C.F. Winter, Leipzig. Vol I, pp. 1098-2035.

Kahl, A. (1931). Urtiere oder Protozoa I: Wimpertiere oder Ciliata (Infusoria) 2. Holotricha ausser den im 1. Teil behandelten Prostomata. Die Tierwelt Deutschlands:21: 181-398.

Patsch, B. (1974). Die Aufwuchsciliaten des Naturlehrparks Haus Wildenrath. Monographische Bearbeitung der Morphologie und Okologie. Arbeiten aus der Institut der Landwirtscaft. Zoologie. Bienenkunde :1: 1-82.

Heliophrya rotunda (Hentschel, 1916) Matthes, 1954

Heliophrya minima has been included in the key and differs from Heliophrya rotunda in the arrangement of its tentacles. The tentacles of Heliophrya rotunda are arranged in groups or bundles (fascicles) whereas those of H. minima are arranged singly around the edhe of the flattened body. About 30-80 µm in diameter.

Hentschel, E. (1916). BiologischeUntersuchungen uber den tierischen und pflanzlichen Bewuchs im Hamburger Hafen. Mitt. Zool. Mus. Hamb., 33: 1-172

Matthes, D. (1954). Die Gattung Heliophrya Saedeleer & Tellier 1929. Archiv für Protistenkunde, 100: 143-152.

Saedeleer, H. De., and Tellier, L.(1930). Heliophrya collini n. g., n. sp., acinetien d’eau douce. Annals Soc Royal Zoolog Belgique, 60 (yr. 1929): 12-15.

Holosticha mancoidea

Litonotus varsaviensis (Wrzesniowski, 1866) Wrzesniowski, 1870

About 110 µm long. As in Litonotus fusidens the extrusosomes (trichocysts) are found only in the neck region and the posterior end is broadly rounded without a tail-like region. Unlike L. fusidens however, L. varsaviensis has two lateral contractile vacuoles not just one.

Foissner, W. (1984). Taxonomie und Okologie einiger Ciliaten (Protozoa: Ciliophora) des Saprobiensystems. I: Genera Litonotus, Amphileptus, Opisthodon. Hydrobiologia, 119: 193-208.

Wrzesniowski, A. ( 1866) Verseichnis der Infusiorien, welche in Warschau und seiner Umgebungen von 1861-65 gesammelt wurden.. Wykaz Szkoty Glownej Warsawskiej,No. 5: 15-28.

Wresniowski, A. (1870). Beobachtungen uber Inforien aus der Umgebung von Warschau. Zeitschrift fur Wissenschaftliche Zoologie. 20: 467-511.

Metopus setifer

Metopus setosus (Kahl, 1927) Esteban et al., 1995

Body 60 – 90 μm long, wide at anterior end, narrowing posteriorly. Single ovoid macronucleus in mid-body region and a terminal CV.

Kahl, A. (1927). Neue und ergänzende Beobachtungen heterotricher Ciliaten. Archiv fur Protistenkunde,57: 121-203.

Esteban, G., Fenchel, T. and Finlay, B. (1995). Diversity of free-living morphospecies in the ciliate genus Metopus. Archiv für Protistenkunde, 146: 137-164.

Microthorax pusillus Engelmann, 1862

Laterally compressed, dorsal surface (edge) strongly convex, ventral edge slightly concave. Size 20-35 µm long.

Engelmann, T. W. (1862). Zur Naturgeschichte der Infusionsthiere. Zeitschrift fur Wissenschaftliche Zoologie. :11: 347-393.

Foissner, W., Berger, H., and Kohmann, F. (1994). Taxonomische und okologische Revision der Ciliaten des Saprobiensystems. Band III: Hymenostomatida, Prostomatida, Nassulida.. Informationsberichte des Bayer. Landesamtes fur Wasserwirtschaft. 548 pp.

Kahl, A. (1931). Urtiere oder Protozoa I: Wimpertiere oder Ciliata (Infusoria) 2. Holotricha ausser den im 1. Teil behandelten Prostomata. Die Tierwelt Deutschlands:21: 181-398.

Leitner, A. R. and Foissner, W. (1997). Morphology and infraciliature of Microthorax pusillus Engelmann 1862 and Spathidium deforme Kahl 1928, two ciliates (Protozoa, Ciliophora) from activated sludge. Linzer Biologische Beitrage,29: 349-368.

Opisthonecta matiensis Martin-Cereceda et al., 1999

Body widest in equatorial region, 45 – 72 x 25 – 40 μm with sausage-shaped macronucleus lying parallel to longitudinal axis of cell.

Martin-Cereda, M., Serano, S and Guinea, A. (1999). Description of Opisthonecta matiensis n. sp. (Protozoa, Ciliophora), a new peritrich ciliate from wastewater. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology, 46: 283-289

Oxytricha lanceolata Shibuya, 1930

Body 90 – 100 x 30 – 50 μm, elliptical in outline, rounded at both ends, with two ellipsoidal macronuclear nodules.

Shibuya, M. (1930). Ciliates found in soils from some parts of Japan. Journal of the Imperial Agricultural Experimental Station. Nishigahara,1: 199-214 (in Japanese with English summary)

Berger, H. (1999). Monograph of the Oxytrichidae (Ciliophora, Hypotrichia). Monographiae Biologicae, Vol. 78, Kluwer Academic Press, Dordrecht

Martin-Cereceda M., Perez-Uz B., Serrano S. and Guinea A. (2001). Dynamics of protozoan and metazoan communities in a full scale wastewater treatment plant by rotating biological contactors. Microbiological Research,156: 225-238.

Parentocirrus brasiliensis Paiva and da Silva-Neto, 2004

Body elliptical in outline, 110 x 75 μm, with conspicuous AZM, two ventral and two marginal rows of rows, a single CV near the left margin and 4-6 macronuclear nodules.

Paiva, T.D. and da Silva-Neto, I.D. (2004). Description of Parentocirrus brasiliensis sp. n. (Ciliophora: Spirotrichea), a new ciliate protist present in activated sludge. Zootaxa,504: 1-10.

Pseudoblepharisma tenue (Kahl, 1926) Kahl, 1927

Elongate ciliate with short anterior adoral zone of membranelles. About 100-200 µm long.

Kahl, A. (1926). Neue und wenig bekannte Formen der holotrichen und heterotrichen Ciliaten. Archiv für Protistenkunde: 55: 197-438.

Kahl, A. (1927). Neue und erganzende Beobachtungen holotricher Ciliaten. Archiv für Protistenkunde: 60: 34-129.

Kahl, A. (1932). Urtiere oder Protozoa I: Wimpertiere oder Ciliata (Infusoria) 3. Spirotricha. Die Tierwelt Deutschlands. 25: 399-650.

Pseudomicrothorax agilis Mermod, 1914

Oval outline shape, dorso-ventrally flattened. with wide curved longitudinal stripes. About 30-70 µm long.

Bussers, J.C. (1976). Structure et composition du kyste de resistance de 4 protozoaires cilies. Protistologica.: 12: 87-100.

Kahl, A. (1931). Urtiere oder Protozoa I: Wimpertiere oder Ciliata (Infusoria) 2. Holotricha ausser den im 1. Teil behandelten Prostomata. Die Tierwelt Deutschlands:21: 181-398.

Mermod, G. (1914). Recherches sur la fauna infusorienne des tourbieres et des eaux voisines de Sainte-Croix (Jura vaudois). Revue Suisse de Zoologie: 22(3): 31-114.

Penard, E. (1922). Etudes sur les infusoires d’eaux douces. Georg et Cie, Geneve. 331pp.

Pyxicola carteri Kent, 1882

Finley, H.E. and Bacon, A.L. (1965) The morphology and biology of Pyxicola nolandi n. sp. (Ciliata, Peritrichida, Vaginicolidae). Journal of Protozoology,12: 123-131.

Kent, W.S. (1882). A manual of the Infusoria: including a description of all known flagellate, ciliate, and tentaculiferous protozoa British and foreign, and an account of the organization and affinities of the sponges. David Bogue, London,Vol III: 72-913.

Spathidium deforme Kahl, 1928

Barrel-shaped to inversely pyriform, about 95 x 40 μm. Macronucleus near centre of body, variable in shape but usually oblong. CV large, terminally located.

Kahl, A. (1928) Die Infusorien (Ciliata) der Oldesloer Salzwasserstellen. Archiv für Protistenkunde,19: 50-123

Leitner, A.R. and Foissner, W. (1997). Morphology and infraciliature of Microthorax pusillus Engelmann 1862 and Spathidium deforme Kahl 1928, two ciliates (Protozoa, Ciliophora) from activated sludge. Linzer biologische Beiträge,29: 349-368

Stentor muelleri Ehrenberg, 1831

Body usually 500 – 1,000 μm long, but can reach up to 3 mm, trumpet-shaped and often contained within a tube-like lorica. Macronucleus moniliform with 10-20 nodules. Lacks pigmented cortical granules.

Ehrenberg, C.G. (1831). Űber die Entwickelung und Lebensdauer der Infusionsthiere; nebst ferneren Beiträgen zu einer vergleichung ihrer organischen Systeme. Abh. Dt. Akad. Wiss. Berlin: year 1831: 1-154.

Foissner, W., Berger, H. and Kohmann, F. (1992). Taxonomische und ökologische Revision der Ciliaten des Saprobiensystems. Band II: Peritrichia, Heterotrichida, Odontostomatida. Informationsbereichte des Bayer. Landestamtes für Wasserwirtschaft, 1-502.

Foissner, W. and Wölfl, S. (1994). Revision of the genus Stentor Oken (Protozoa, Ciliophora) and description of S. araucanus nov. spec. from South American lakes. Journal of Plankton Research: 16, 255-289

Thuricola follicata Kent, 1881

This is a large (240-420 µm long), loricate peritrich.. Another species of this genus, Thuricola kellicottiana, has already been included in the keys. They may be distinguished from each other by the presence of a long thin posterior stalk in T. kellicottiana (short and wide in T. folliculata), and by the presence of zoochlorellae in T. folliculata but not in T. kellicottiana.

Kent, W.S. (1881). A manual of the Infusoria: including a description of all known flagellate, ciliate, and tentaculiferous protozoa British and foreign, and an account of the organization and affinities of the sponges. David Bogue, London,Vol II: 433-720

Sommer, G. (1951). Die peritrichen Ciliaten des Grossen Ploner Sees. Archiv für Hydrobiologie,44: 349-440.

Thuricola similis Bock, 1963

Lorica 158 – 248 μm long (mean 183 μm), cylindrical in shape and with somewhat irregular surface. Two zooids, one somewhat longer than the other with 30% - 50% of the zooid length extending beyond the aperture when feeding. Macronucleus vermiform.

Bock, K.J. (1963). Űber das Auftereten einer Thuricola (Ciliaten, Peritricha) in Belebtschlamm. Zoologica Anzeiger,171: 91-96.

Trueba, F.J. (1980). A taxonomic revision of the peritrich ciliate genera Thuricola and Pseudothuricola. Beaufortia30: 125-138

Urosomoides agiliformis Foissner, 1982

Body 80 - 100 x 20 – 30 μm, margins almost parallel, with two ellipsoidal macronuclear nodules.

Foissner, W. (1982). Ecology and taxonomy of the Hypotrichida (Protozoa: Ciliophora) of some Austrian soils. Archiv für Protistenkunde,126: 19-143

Berger, H. (1999). Monograph of the Oxytrichidae (Ciliophora, Hypotrichia). Monographiae Biologicae, Vol. 78, Kluwer Academic Press, Dordrecht

Olmo, J.L. and Pérez-Uz, B. (2000). Morphology and morphogenesis of a Spanish population of Urosomoida agiliformis (Cliophora, Hypotrichida) from a wastewater treatment plant. Acta Protozoologica,39: 117-123

Vorticella peterhoffi Banina, 1983

Zooid inverted bell-shaped, 62 – 75 x 35 – 42 μm with a C-shaped macronucleus that lies in the upper half of the cell parallel with the longitudinal axis. The CV is dorsally located just beneath the thick peristomial lip.

Banina, N.N. (1983). Peritricha Sessilida fauna in activated sludge biocenosis. Protozoologiy, a 8: 87-116