Answer Final Exam Preparation

Answer Final exam preparation

E-Commerce

Review Chapter 1 slide 1 -19

What is E-Commerce?

A: The use of the internet and the Web to transact business. More formally, digitally enabled commercial transactions between and among organizations and individuals.

What is E-business?

A: The digital enabling of transactions and processes within a firm, involving information systems under the control of the firm.

What are the difference between E-Commerce and E-Business?

E-Commerce:
Transaction with customers
Involve transactions that cross firm boundaries.
E-Business:
Transaction with suppliers
Involves the application of digital technologies to business processes within the firm.

Why do we study E-Commerce?
To understand the differentiation of technology which more powerful than any of the other technologies we have seen in the past century.
To understand the digital markets, fundamental, unprecedented shifts in commerce.
To understand the Information Asymmetry (prices, costs, fees and profitable)
Eight Unique Features of E-commerce Technology
1- Ubiquity: Available just about everywhere, at all times, making it possible to shop from your desktop, at home, at work, or even from your car.
2- Global reach: Permit commercial transactions to cross cultural and national boundaries far more conveniently and cost-effectively that is true in traditional commerce.
3- Universal standards:Shared by all nations around the world. In contrast, most traditional commerce technologies differ from one nation to the next.
4- Richness: Refers to the complexity and content of a message. It enables an online merchant to deliver marketing message with text, video, and audio to an audience of millions, in a way not possible with traditional commerce technologies such as radio, television, or magazines.
5- Interactivity: Allows for two-way communication between merchant and consumer and enabling the merchant to engage a consumer in ways similar to a face-to-face experience, but on a much more massive, global scale.
6- Information density: Is the total amount and quality of information available to all market participants. The internet reduces information collection, storage, processing, and communication cost while increasing the currency, accuracy and timeliness of information.
7- Personalization and Customization: Merchant can target their marketing messages to specific individuals by adjusting the message to a person’s name, interest, and past purchase. The result is a level of personalization and customization unthinkable with existing commerce technologies.
8- Social technology: Provides a many-to-many model of mass communications. Millions of users are able to generate content consumed by millions of other users. The result is the formation of social networks on a wide scale and the aggregation of large audiences on social network platforms.
Major Types of E-commerce
B2C: Business-to-Consumer: Online business selling to individual consumers. Ex: eBay is a general merchandiser that sells consumer products to retail consumers.
B2B: Business-to-Business: Online business selling to other business. Ex: Food-trader is an independent third-party commodity exchange, auctions provider, and market information source that serves the food and agricultural industry.
C2C: Consumer-to-Consumer: Consumer selling to other consumers. Ex: On a large number of Web auction sites such as eBay, and listing sites such as Craigslist, consumer can auction or sell goods directly to other consumers.
P2P: Peer-to-Peer: Use of peer-to-peer technology, which enables internet users to share files and computer resources directly without having to go through a central Web server, in E-commerce. Ex: Bit-Torrent is a software application that permits consumers to share video and other high bandwidth content with one other directly, without the intervention of a market maker
M-commerce: Mobile commerce: Use of wireless digital devices to enable transactions on the Web. Ex. Wireless mobile devices such as PDAs (Personal Digital Assistants) and cell phones can be used to conduct commercial transactions.

Chapter 2: slide 5-8, slide 10-12, 16, 19, 26

Eight key element of a business model:
1- Value Proposition: How a company’s product or service fulfills the needs of customers. Typical E-commerce value propositions include personalization, customization, convenience, and reduction of product search and price delivery costs.
2- Revenue Model: How the company plans to make money from its operations. Major E-commerce revenue models include the advertising model, subscription model, transaction fee model, sales model, and affiliate model.
3- Market Opportunity: The revenue potential within a company’s intended market-space.
4- Competitive Environment: The direct and indirect competitors doing business in the same market-space, including how many there are and how profitable they are.
5- Competitive Advantage: The factors that differentiate the business from its competition, enabling it to provide a superior product at a lower cost.
6- Market Strategy: The plan a company develops that outlines how it will enter a market and attract customers.
7- Organizational Development: The process of defining all the functions within a business and the skills necessary to perform each job, as well as the process of recruiting and hiring strong employees.
8- Management Team: The group of individuals retained to guide the company’s growth and expansion.
What is Business strategy?
The set of plans for achieving superior long-term returns on the capital invested in a firm by offering unique ways to differentiate products, obtain cost advantages, compete globally, or compete in a narrow market or product segment.
What are some businesses models seen in the C2C and P2P E-commerce areas?

-Portal: Offers powerful search tools plus an integrated package of content and services; typically utilizes a combined subscription /advertising revenue/transaction fee model; maybe general or specialized.

-E-tailer: Online version of traditional retailer; includes virtual merchants (online retail store only), bricks-and-clicks E-tailers (online distribution channel for a company that also has physical store), catalog merchants (online version of direct mail catalog), and manufacturers selling directly over the Web.

-Content Provider: Information and entertainment companies that provide digital content over the Web; typically utilizes and advertising, subscription, or affiliate referral fee revenue model.

-Transaction Broker: Processes online sales transactions; typically utilizes a transaction fee revenue model.

-Market Creator: Users internet technology to create markets that bring buyers and sellers together; typically utilizes a transaction fee revenue model.

-Service Provider: Offers services online.

-Community Provider: Provides an online community of like-minded individuals for networking and information sharing; revenue is generated by advertising, referral fees, and subscription.

-E-distributor: A company that supplies products and services directly to individual business.

-E-procurement: Single firms create digital markets for thousands of sellers and buyers.

-Exchange: Independently owned digital marketplace for direct inputs, usually for a vertical industry group.

-Industry Consortium: Industry-owned vertical digital market.

-Private Industrial Network: Industry-owned private industrial network that coordinates supply chains with a limited set of partners.

Who are the major players in an industry value chain and how are they impacted by E-commerce technology?
The set of activities performed in an industry by suppliers, manufacturers, transporters, distributors, and retailers that transforms raw inputs into final products and services by reducing the cost of information and other transaction costs.
The set of activities perform within an individual firm to create final products from raw inputs by increasing operational efficiency.

What are four generic business strategies for achieving a profitable business?
The set of plans for achieving superior long-term returns on the capital invested in a firm by offering unique ways to differentiate products, obtain cost advantages, compete globally, or compete in a narrow market or product segment.

Chpter 3(slide: 4, 11-12, 15)

What is the Internet ?
An interconnected network of thousands of networks and millions of computers linking businesses, educational institutions, government agencies, and individuals.
WHY CONSUMERS CHOOSE THE ONLINE CHANNEL
Can shop at any time of day.
Can research many products at the same time.
Can find products that are not available in stores.
Do not need to deal with salespeople.
Can get better information on products online.
Easier to find information on Web sites than it is to find in store employees to help.
Prices are better online.
Products are usually in stock.
WHY INTERNET USERS’ MAJOR CONCERNS ABOUT PURCHASING ONLINE
Uneasy about online credit card use.
Concerns about privacy of data.
Shipping charges.
No need to purchase online.
Prefer to touch and feel product before purchase.
Returning a product too difficult.
Not seen anything online interested in buying.
What is Marketing ?
The strategies and actions firms take to establish a relationship with a consumer and encourage purchases of its products or services.
What is Internet Marketing ?
Using the Web as well as traditional channels to develop a positive, long term relationship with customers, thereby creating a competitive advantage for the firm by allowing it to charge a higher price for products or services than its competitors can charge.

Chaapter 5(slide 5-6)

The major issues raised by e-commerce can be loosely categorized into four major dimensions:
Information rights: What rights do individuals have to control their own personal information when internet technologies make information collection so pervasive and efficient?
Property rights: How can traditional intellectual property rights be enforced when perfect copies of protected works can be made and easily distributed worldwide via the internet?
Governance: Should the internet and e-commerce be subject to public laws? If so, what law-making bodies have jurisdiction-state, and/ or international?
Public safety and welfare: What efforts should be undertaken to ensure equitable access to the Internet and e-commerce channels? Do certain online content and activities pose a threat to public safety and welfare?

Chapter 6(slide 4)

RETAIL INDUSTRY
The retail industry is composed of many different types of firms. The retail industry divides into nine segments:

-Clothing

- Durable goods

- General merchandise

- Groceries

- Specialty stores

- Gasoline and fuel

-Eating and Drinking

- MOTO

- Online retail firms

Chapter 7(slide 5-8, 12-20)

The key dimensions of e-commerce security
There are six key dimensions to e-commerce security:

- Integrity: Ensures that information displayed on a Web site or sent or received via the Internet has not been altered in any way by an unauthorized party.

- Non-repudiation: Ensure that e-commerce participants do not deny (repudiate) their online actions.

- Authenticity: Verifies an individual’s or business’s identity.

- Confidentiality: Determines whether information shared online, such as through e-mail communication or an order process, can be viewed by anyone other than the intended recipient.

- Privacy: Deals with the use of information shared during an online transaction consumers want to limit the extent to which their personal information can be divulged to other organizations, while, merchants want to protect such information from falling into the wrong hand.

- Availability: Determines whether a Web site is accessible and operational at any given moment.

The security threats in the e-commerce environment
The nine most common and most damaging forms of security threats to e-commerce sites include:

- Malicious code

- Unwanted programs (adware, spyware, etc.)

- Phishing

- Hacking and cyber-vandalism

- Spoofing

- Denial of Service attacks

- Sniffing

- Insider jobs

- Poorly designed server and client software

How technology helps protect the security of messages sent over the Internet?
Encryption is the process of transforming plain text or data into cipher text that cannot be read by anyone other than the sender and the receiver. Encryption can provide four of the six key dimensions of e-commerce security.

GIS
What is GIS?
is defined as an information system that is used to input, store, retrieve, manipulate, analyze and output geographically referenced data or geospatial data, in order to support decision making for planning and management of land use, natural resources, environment, transportation, urban facilities, and other administrative records.

What is a coordinate system?
a reference system consisting of a set of points, lines, and/or surfaces, and a set of rules, used to define the positions of points in space in either two or three dimensions.
How many Types of coordinate systems are there?
There are two types of coordinate systems: geographic coordinate system and projected coordinate system.
What do a global or spherical coordinate system such as latitude-longitude often referred to?
Referred to asgeographic coordinate systems.
What is Geographic Coordinate System (GCS)?
Is acoordinate systemthat enables every location on the Earth to be specified by a set of numbers. The coordinates are often chosen such that one of the numbers representvertical position, and twoor threeof the numbers representhorizontal position. A common choice of coordinates islatitude,longitudeand elevation
Draw Meridians Lines of Longitude and set a line of the Equator?
Draw Parallels Line of Latitude and set a line of the Equator?
How does measure Longitude angle?
Each line of longitude runs north–south and measures the number of degrees east or west of the prime meridian. Values range from -180 to +180°. How does measure Latitude angle?
Lines of latitude run east–west and measure the number of degrees north or south of the equator. Values range from +90° at the North Pole to -90° at the South Pole.Draw Map projections using Cartesian coordinate system? (uses two axes)
Where is the Cambodia location stand in the world with GCS system?
The location of Cambodia stands in the world with GCS system are 10-15 of Latitude and 102E-108E of Longitude.
What is prime meridian and central meridian?
The Prime Meridian is the meridian (line of longitude) at which the longitude is defined to be 0°.
Central Meridian is an imaginary straight line joining the north and south poles of a planet's disk as seen from Earth.
What is unit in the earth, and how many hours are there for each span of a UTM zone?
UTM project. 24 hour are there for each span of a UTM zone
Each spanning of UTM zone has 6 degrees wide of longitude. How many time zones are there in the earth, and how many hours are there for each span of a UTM zone?
Describe the main parameters of GCS and UTM projection?

Parameters of UTM projection are: Datum, Units, Origin Long, Origin Lat, Scale Factor,

False Easting, False Northing.

Draw the spheroid Everest relates to spheroid WGS84?
Why the Cambodian and some Asian are using UTM projection?
Because in the world using mile so Cambodia or some Asian countries use local UTM zones based on the official geographic coordinate systems in use.
What is the Universal Transfers Mercator?
Is geographic coordinate system uses a 2-dimensional Cartesian coordinate system to give locations on the surface of the Earth. It is a horizontal position representation, i.e. it is used to identify locations on the earth independently of vertical position, but differs from the traditional method of latitude and longitude in several respects.
The UTM system is not a single map projection. The system instead divides the Earth into sixty zones, each a six-degree band of longitude, and uses a secant transverse Mercator projection in each zone.
What is Datum, Projection, GCS, Annotation/Text, Point/Node, Vertex, Layer, Arc, Line, Polyline, and Polygon?
Datum:The reference specifications of a measurement system, usually a system of coordinate positions on a surface (a horizontal datum) or heights above or below a surface (a vertical datum).
Projection:
GCS:A three-dimensional, earth-centered reference system in which locations are identified by their x-, y-, and z-values.
Annotation/Text:In ArcGIS, text or graphics that can be individually selected, positioned, and modified.
Point/Node:A geometric element defined by a pair of x,y coordinates and In a geodatabase, the point representing the beginning or ending point of an edge, topologically linked to all the edges that meet there.
Vertex:One of a set of ordered x,y coordinate pairs that defines the shape of a line or polygon feature.
Layer: a slice or stratum of the geographic reality in a particular area, and is more or less equivalent to a legend item on a paper map.
Arc: On a map, a shape defined by a connected series of unique x,y coordinate pairs. An arc may be straight or curved. A coverage feature class that represents lines and polygon boundaries. One line feature can contain many arcs. Arcs are topologically linked to nodes and to polygons.
Line: On a map, a shape defined by a connected series of unique x,y coordinate pairs. A line may be straight.
What is the geodatabase?
Is a collection of geographic datasets of various types used in ArcGIS and managed in either a file folder or a relational database. It is the native data source for ArcGIS and is used for editing and data automation in ArcGIS.
There are three types foGeodatabase: File Geodatabase, Personal Geodatabase, and ArcSDEGeodatabase. Describe of each type?
File Geodatabase: Stored in a file folder. Up to 1 TB per dataset. Any platform. Supports a single editor and a few readers. No versioning support.
Personal Geodatabase: Stored in Access. 2 GB size limit, but effective size is 250 to 500 MB per geodatabase. Windows only. Supports a single editor and a few readers. No versioning support.
ArcSDEGeodatabase:Stored in a RDBMS (Oracle, SQL Server, DB2, Informix). Supports many editors and many readers. Uses ArcSDE. Provides versioning and multiuser support.
A key geodatabase concept is the dataset. It is the primary mechanism used to organize and use geographic information in ArcGIS. The geodatabase contains three primary dataset types: Tables, Feature classes, Raster datasets. Describe of each type?
Tables: provide descriptive information for features, rasters, and traditional attribute tables in the geodatabase
Feature classes:are homogeneous collections of common features, each having the same spatial representation, such as points, lines, or polygons, and a common set of attribute columns, for example, a line feature class for representing road centerlines. The four most commonly used feature classes in the geodatabase are points, lines, polygons, and annotation
Raster datasets: represent geographic features by dividing the world into discrete square or rectangular cells laid out in a grid and are commonly used for representing and managing imagery, digital elevation models, and numerous other phenomena. Often rasters are used as a way to represent point, line, and polygon features.
Why does geodatabase need feature dataset?

Because feature dataset is a collection of related feature classes that share a common coordinate system. It is used to organize spatially related feature classes into a common dataset:

-To Add a Topology