Appendix I

Part C

Vitae

Anderson, Alan, J.

Academic rank

Research Scientist II – full time

Degrees with fields, institution, and date

B.S.Metallurgical Engineering, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, 1990

Ph.D.Materials Science and Engineering/Metallurgy, Iowa State University, 1997

Number of years of service on this faculty and date of appointment and advancement

  • 2 years in service, original appointment June 2002
  • Research Scientist II, June 2002

Other related experience

Comuniq, Inc.

Senior Software Engineer

October 1998-June 2002

Ames Laboratory, Metallurgy and Ceramics Division

Research Assistant

August 1990-May 1997

Iowa State University, Materials Science and Engineering Laboratories

Teaching Assistant

January 1996-May 1996None

Consulting, patents, etc.

None

State(s) in which registered as a Professional Engineer

None

Principal publications of last five years

None

Scientific and professional societies of which a member

None

Honors and awards

None

Institutional and professional service in the last five years

None

Professional development activities in the last five years

None

Cross, William M.

Academic rank:

Research Scientist - Full-time

Degrees with fields, institution, and date

B.S. Metallurgical Engineering, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, 1984

M.S.Metallurgical Engineering, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, 1986

Ph.D.Metallurgical Engineering, University of Utah, 1

Number of years of service on this faculty and date of appointment and advancement

12 years in service, original appointment 1992

Other related experience

None

Consulting, patents, etc.

Patent

J. J., Kellar, W. M., Cross, F. J., Johnson, and M. E., Connell, U. S. Patent Number 6,198,861, issued March 6, 2001, Use of Thin-Clad Near Infrared Transparent Optical Glass Fibers as Evanescent Wave Sensors

Consulting

Micron Technology, IMI Tami (Israel), Avecia Chemical Company

State(s) in which registered as a Professional Engineer

None

Principal publications of last five years

  1. W.M. Cross, K.H. Sabnis, L. Kjerengtroen and J.J. Kellar, “Microhardness Testing of Fiber-Reinforced Cement Paste, ACI Materials Journal, 2000, 97(2), 162.
  2. V. Kapila, L. Kjerengtroen, W.M. Cross, F.J. Johnson and J.J. Kellar, “Strain Monitoring by Evanescent wave Spectroscopy”, in Smart Materials Technology, SPIE vol. 3675, M. Wuttig, ed., Newport Beach, CA, March 1999, 160-168.
  3. H. Heilhecker, W. Cross, C. Griswold, J.J. Kellar and L. Kjerengtroen, “The Vise Angle in the Microbond Test,” Journal of Materials Science Letters, Volume 36: Number 4: 15, February 2001.
  4. J.I. Lee, S.M. Howard, J.J. Kellar, W.M. Cross and K.N. Han, “Corrosion Mechanism of Silver in Sodium Sulfide Solutions,” Met/Mat Transactions-B, 2001, Volume 32B, 895-901.
  5. W.M. Cross, E.F. Duke, J.J. Kellar and D.P. Johnston, “Scanning Electron Microscopy and Other Techniques to Investigate Low-Strength Concrete,” Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2001, No. 1775, pg. 10-16.

Scientific and professional societies of which a member

Society for Applied Spectroscopy

Honors and awards

none

Institutional and professional service in the last five years

  • A Multi-Scale Approach for Understanding the Role of the Interphase in Polymer Matrix Composites, Research Experience for Undergraduates (REU) Supplement, Helped Guide the Research of Two Undergraduate Students, 2000-1999.
  • Molecular Level Modification of Surfaces, Summer REU Site Participant, Guided Two Undergraduates Students Research, 1998.
  • Scientific Knowledge for Indian Learning and Leadership (SKILL), Summer Program Participant, Helped Students with Science Fair Projects and Judged Science Fair, 1993-1998.
  • 7th National Undergraduate Research Conference, Salt Lake City, UT., Session Chairman, 1993.

Professional development activities in the last five years

  • Expert Witness, State of South Dakota vs. Gary Engelman, Provided Expert Testimony of Infrared Analysis of Evidence, 1997.

Han, Kenneth N.

Academic rank:

Professor - Full-time

Degrees with fields, institution, and date

B.S.Mining Engineering, Seoul National University, 1961

M.S.Mining Engineering, Seoul National University, 1963

M.S.Mineral Beneficiation, University of Illinois, Urbana, 1967

Ph.D.Mineral Technology/Metallurgical Eng., University of California, Berkeley, 1971

Number of years of service on this faculty and date of appointment and advancement

23 years in service, original appointment 1981

Associate Professor-1981

Professor-1984

Distinguished Professor -1995

Other related experience

None

Consulting, patents, etc.

Patents
  • K. N. Han and X. Meng, "Ammonia Extraction of Gold and Silver From Ores and Other Materials -I" U.S. Patent 5,114,687, May 19, 1992.; South Africa Patent 92/2196, December 30, 1992; Australia Patent, 650,518, October 11, 1994
  • K. N. Han and X. Meng, "Ammonia Extraction of Gold and Silver From Ores and Other Materials -2" U.S. Patent 5,308,381, May 3, 1994.
  • K. N. Han and X. Meng, “Extraction of Precious Metals from Ores and Other Precious Metal Containing Materials Using Halogen Salts" U. S. Patent 5,328,669, July 12, 1994.
  • Korean Patent No. 145346, April, 1998.
  • K. N. Han and X. Meng, “Recovery of Platinum Group Metals and Rhenium from Materials Using Halogen Reagents,” U. S. Patent 5,542,957, August 6, 1996.
  • K. N. Han and X. Meng, “Recovery of Copper from Its Sulfides and Other Sources Using Halogen Reagents and Oxidants.” With X. Meng: U. S. Patent 5,989,311, November 23, 1999.

Consulting

· Korean Institute of Geoscience and Materials, · Daejon, Korea; · Cycle Green, Rapid City, SD; · Au-Ranch, Arizona; · Noranda Technology Center, Pointe-Claire, Canada; · Zeneca Specialties, · Acorga Mining Chemicals, Phoenix, AZ

State(s) in which registered as a Professional Engineer

None

Principal publications of last five years

  • Han, K. N., Fundamentals of Aqueous Metallurgy -a textbook published by SME/AIME (2002) p. 212.
  • Fuerstenau, M. C. and Han, K. N., Principles of Mineral Processing, - a textbook published by SME/AIME (2003) p. 573.
  • Han, K. N., “The Recovery of Metals from Secondary Sources – A US Perspective Part III.” Geosystem Eng., Vol. 5, No. 3. (2002) 80-86.
  • Yoon, H., Sohn, J. S., Kim, N. S. and Han, K. N., “Dissolution Behavior of Silver/Silver Oxides in Ammoniacal Solutions,” Miner. Metall. Proc. Vol. 20, No.1 (2003) 31-35.
  • Han, K. N. and Fuerstenau, M. C., “Dissolution Behavior of Metals from Binary Alloys,” Special Issue of International Journal of Mineral Processing – to Honor D. W. Fuerstenau. Ed by K. N. Han, T. Healy and P. King, IJMP Vol. 72. (2003) 355-364.
  • Han, K. N. “The Interdisciplinary Nature of Hydrometallurgy,” Met Trans. B. Vol 34B (2003) 757-767.
  • Han, K. N. and X. Meng, “Recovery of Copper from Its Sulfides and Other Sources Using Halogen Reagents and Oxidants,” Miner. Metall. Proc. Vol. 20 (2003) 160-164.

Scientific and professional societies of which a member

· SME/AIME; · TMS/AIME; · KOREAN INST OF MINERAL AND MINING; · KOREAN RECYCLING SOC. · KOREAN INSTITUTE OF METALS AND MATERIALS

Honors and awards

1987SDSM&T Presidential Award, 1987

1986-97Editor-in-Chief, Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy Review

1995Regents Distinguished Professor, SDSM&T

1994Ernest L. Buckley Award (Governor's Economic Development Award)

1995Milton Wadsworth Award (SME/MPD- Chemical Met Award)

1995Arthur F. Taggart Award (SME/MPD-Best Paper in Hydromet)

1996The National Academy of Engineering, USA

1997Distinguished Alumni Award, Seoul National University

1998Distinguished Member Award (Fellow), SME/AIME

1998The National Academy of Engineering of Korea (elected as a foreign member)

1998S.D. Board of Regents Award for Excellence in Research

1999Member, The Korea Academy of Science and Technology

2000AIME Mineral Industry Education Award.

2002AIME Robert H. Richards Award

2003TMS Extraction & Processing Distinguished Lecturer Award

Institutional and professional service in the last five years

1994- 2000Dean, College of Materials Science & Eng. Acting Dean

2001- presentAssociate Dean of Graduate Studies, SDSM&T

2004- present M. Wadsworth Award Committee, SME&TMS/AIME

1998-2000NAE Academic Advisory Board

1999-2001NAE Committee on Engineering Education

2000-2001National Research Council on Technologies for the Mining Industries

2003-2007AIME Robert Richard Award Committee

2003-2006 NAE Election Peer Committee Representing Section 11

Professional development activities in the last five years

None

STANLEY M. HOWARD

Academic rank:

Professor - Tenured

Degrees with fields, institution, and date

•BS., Metallurgical Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO (1967)

•Ph.D., Metallurgical Engineering (Minor - Chemical Petroleum Refining Engineering), Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO (1971)

Number of years of service on this faculty and date of appointment and advancement

33 years in service

1971- Assistant Professor tenure Track - original appointment

1976 - Associate Professor

1980 - Professor

Other related experience

1967Atomic Weapons Division

Dow Chemical Company

Golden, COEngineer

1967 - 71Department of Metallurgical Engineering

Colorado School of Mines

Golden, COResearch Fellow

1976 - 77Stanford Research Center

Menlo Park, CA Visiting Scientist

1981 - 88Group V Metals, Inc.

Rapid City, South DakotaPresident (81 - 84), Vice President (84 - 88)

1986 - 87Kerr-McGee Corporation

Oklahoma City, OKConsultant

1988 - 91Electronic Manufacturing & Production Facility

U. S. Department of the Navy

Ridgecrest, CAConsultant

1992 - 01Caterpillar Corporation

Technical Center

Peoria, ILConsultant

2002 - 03Oak Ridge National Laboratory

Metals and Ceramic Division

Oak Ridge, TConsultant

Consulting, patents, etc.

  • Howard, S. and Stone, G; "High Strength and High Electrical Conductivity Copper Alloys." U.S. Patent #6074499, 2000.
  • ______,and Stone, G; "High Strength and High Electrical Conductivity Copper Alloys." US Patent #6231700.

State(s) in which registered as a Professional Engineer

SD #2219 1972-present

Principal publications of last five years

  • S. M. Howard, Jon J. Kellar, Wendell Hovey, Michael Langerman, Larry Simonson, Lidvin Kjerengtroen, Larry Stetler, Heidi Heilhecker, Lois Arneson-Meyer and Stuart D. Kellogg, “A Problem Based Learning Approach for Freshman Engineering“, Frontiers in Education Conference, Kansas City, KS, Oct 21, 2000.
  • ______,"Use of Oxygen Probes to Determine Nitriding Potentials", Final Report, Caterpillar Corporation, 21 pp. (1998)
  • ______Morris, A, et al., “Computer Modeling and Analysis of Processes for the Production and Use of DRI: Description of Macros and Logic Used in Excel Model of Iron Carbide.” Direct Reduced Iron: Technology and Economics of Production and Use. ed. J. Feinman and D.R. Mac Rae,. Warrendale, PA: ISS, pp.203-6, 1999.
  • ______,"Modeling Carbon Profiles of Carburized Parts", Final Report, Caterpillar Corporation, 81 pp. (2001).
  • ______, Han, K. H., Jae-Ik, Lee, Kellar, Jon J.; Cross, William M., “Electrochemical Interaction between Silver and Sulfur in Sodium Sulfide Solutions", Met Trans, Vol. 32B, pp. 895-901, (2001).
  • ______Extractive Metallurgy of Uranium and Plutonium, Extractive Metallurgy of Thorium, Extractive Metallurgy of Radium, Encyclopedia of Materials, Elsevier Science, Oxford, England (2000).
  • ______, Jon J. Kellar, Wendell Hovey, Michael Langerman, Larry Simonson, Lidvin Kjerengtroen, Larry Stetler, Heidi Heilhecker, Lois Arneson-Meyer and Stuart D. Kellogg, “A Problem Based Learning Approach for Freshman Engineering“, Frontiers in Education Conference, Kansas City, KS, Oct 21, 2000.
  • ______,Glen A. Stone, "High Strength and High-Electrical Conductivity Copper-Magnesium Tin Boron Casting Alloy ", TMS - Recycling and Waste Treatment in Mineral and Metal Processing: Technical and Economical Aspects, June 18, 2002, Lulea, Sweden.

Scientific and professional societies of which a member

  • TMS – Member of EPD Council · Student Affairs Liaison ·Professional Registration
  • ASM - Student Affairs

Honors and awards

1966 - : Alpha Sigma Mu Honorary Society

1970 - : The Society of Sigma Xi

1974 - Honored Guest: Kroll Institute Dedication; Golden, CO

1994 - Presidential Award: South Dakota School of Mines & Technology; Rapid City, SD

1994 - Benard A. Ennenga Faculty Award (1994)

2003 - AIME Mineral Industry Education Award

Institutional and professional service in the last five years

Faculty development seminars

  • A series of seminars organized and presented or co-presented by S. M. Howard in the interest of improving faculty skills.
  • 1st - 5th Authorware/Pathware Workshop Series, 2000.
  • Instructions provided the faculty on How to Mail Merge Individual Students Grades
  • Excel Workshop, S. M. Howard, CB 110, August 22, 2000
  • MATHCaD Workshop, S. M. Howard, MI 227, August, 23, 2000
  • Published via campus email procedures on emailing individualized grades and course information to students using Microsoft Mail Merge, Feb. 9, 2000
  • F*A*C*T – Facility for the Analysis of Chemical Thermodynamics Presentation, S. M. Howard, MI 220, March 2000.
  • MATHCaD Demonstration, M. Klasi and S. M. Howard, MI 220, October, 23, 2000

Faculty Committees

  • Bush Faculty Development Committee 1999-present
  • Safety Committee

Professional Service

  • NSF Reviewer · Met Trans Reviewer · PE Exam Question Writer

Professional development activities in the last five years

Laser Training · Friction Stir Welding Training ·Engineering Assessment Training · .NET Framework training

· Advanced Macromedia Authorware Training

Kellar, Jon J.

Academic rank

Professor - Full-time

Degrees with fields, institution, and date

  • B.S. Metallurgical Engineering, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, 1984
  • M.S.Metallurgical Engineering, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, 1986
  • Ph.D.Metallurgical Engineering, University of Utah, 1991

Number of years of service on this faculty and date of appointment and advancement

  • 14 years in service, original appointment 1990
  • Assistant Professor, August 1990,
  • Associate Professor, 1994
  • Professor, 2000

Other related experience

None

Consulting, patents, etc.

Patent

J. J., Kellar, W. M., Cross, F. J., Johnson, and M. E., Connell, U. S. Patent Number 6,198,861, issued March 6, 2001, Use of Thin-Clad Near Infrared Transparent Optical Glass Fibers as Evanescent Wave Sensors

Consulting

Micron Technology, IMI Tami (Israel), Avecia Chemical Company

State(s) in which registered as a Professional Engineer

None

Principal publications of last five years

  • W.M. Cross, F. Johnson, J. Mathison, C. Griswold, L. Kjerengtroen and J.J. Kellar, “The Effect of Interphase Curing on Interphase Properties and Formation,” Journal of Adhesion, 78, pg. 1-21, 2002.
  • J. Ash, D. Svalstad, W. Cross, J. Kellar and L. Kjerengtroen, “Finite Element Evaluation of the Microbond Test: Meniscus Effect, Interphase Region and Vise Angle,” Composites Science and Technology, 63, N. 5, 641-651, 2003.
  • W.M. Cross, E.F. Duke, J.J. Kellar and D.P. Johnston, “Scanning Electron Microscopy and Other Techniques to Investigate Low-Strength Concrete,” Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 1775, pg. 10-16, 2001.
  • R. Kumar, W. Cross, L. Kjerengtroen and J. Kellar, “Fiber Bias in Nanoindentation of Polymer Matrix Composites,” accepted for publication in Composite Interfaces, 2001.
  • H. Heilhecker, W. Cross, C. Griswold, J.J. Kellar and L. Kjerengtroen, “The Vise Angle in the Microbond Test,” Journal of Materials Science Letters, Volume 36: Number 4: 15, February 2001.
  • J.I. Lee, S.M. Howard, J.J. Kellar, W.M. Cross and K.N. Han, “Corrosion Mechanism of Silver in Sodium Sulfide Solutions,” Met/Mat Transactions-B, 2001, Volume 32B, 895.
  • F.J. Johnson, A.B. Pommer, M. S. Vernon, W.M. Cross, R.M. Winter and J.J. Kellar, “Preparation of Magnesium Hydroxide Surfaces as a Model for Flame Retardant Fillers,” Minerals and Metallurgical Processing, 1999, 16 (1), 65-8.
  • W.M. Cross, K.H. Sabnis, L. Kjerengtroen, and J.J. Kellar, “Microhardness Testing of Fiber Reinforced Cement Paste,” 2000, 97 (2), ACI Materials Journal, 162.
  • W. M. Cross, S. Ma, R. M. Winter, and J. J. Kellar, “FT-IR/ATR and SEM Study of Colloidal Particle Deposition,” 1999, 154 (1-2), Colloids and Surfaces, 115.
  • F.J. Johnson, W.M. Cross, D.A. Boyles, and J.J. Kellar, “’Complete’ System Monitoring of Polymer Matrix Composites,” Composites-Part A, 2000, 31(9), 959-68.
  • T.D. Downing, R. Kumar, W.M. Cross, L. Kjerengtroen and J.J. Kellar, “Determining Interphase Size and Properties in Polymer Matrix Composites Using Phase Imaging Atomic Force Microscopy and Nanoindentation,” Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology, 2000, V. 14, N. 14, 1801-1812.

Scientific and professional societies of which a member

· Society for Applied Spectroscopy, · Society for Mining, Metallurgy and Exploration

Honors and awards

  • 1999SDSM&T Presidential Award for Outstanding Professor
  • 1997South Dakota Board of Regent’s Award for Excellence in Research
  • 1996Elected to Young Leader’s Program-The Mineral, Metals and Materials Society
  • 1994-9National Science Foundation Presidential Faculty Fellow
  • 1993Benard Ennenga Faculty Award

Institutional and professional service in the last five years

  • Chairman, Department of Materials and Metallurgical Engineering
  • National Science Foundation Panel Reviewer
  • Department of Energy Program Reviewer
  • Society for Mining, Metallurgy and Exploration (numerous committees)
  • Rapid City Economic Development Advocacy Committee

Professional development activities in the last five years

none

Marquis, Fernand D.S.

Academic rank

Professor

Degrees with fields, institution, and date

  • B. S.Chem Eng., Univ. of Coimbra, 1967
  • Dipl.Eng. (M.Phil.)Industrial Eng., Univ. of Lisbon, 1970
  • Ph.D.Met. Eng., Imperial College of Science &Technology, Univ. of London, 1977
  • DIC Met. Eng., Imperial College of Science &Technology, Univ. of London, 1977
  • Ph.D.Metallurgy and Materials Science, Univ. of Lisbon, 1977

Number of years of service on this faculty and date of appointment and advancement

  • 24 years in service, original appointment 1980
  • Associate Professor, 1980
  • Professor, 1988
Other related experience
  • 19931994 - Visiting Professor, Dept. of Applied Mechanics and Engineering Science, University of California, San Diego
  • 19831988 - Tenured Associate Professor of Metallurgical Engineering, SDSMT
  • 19801980 - Visiting Professor, Titanium Metals Corporation of America, Nevada

Consulting, patents, etc.

Patents in Progress
  • Nanolubricants with Carbon Nanotubes, Measurement of Dynamic Thermal Conductivity

Consulting

  • Dakota Gasification Company, State of South Dakota Alcoa, Kaiser Aluminum and Chemical Corporation, Homestake Mining Co.
State(s) in which registered as a Professional Engineer
Principal publications of last five years

Books

  • “Powder Materials: Current Research and Industrial Practice III”, F.D.S. Marquis, ISBN 0-87339-563-8, TMS 2003.
  • “Rapid Prototyping of Materials”, F.D.S. Marquis and D.L. Bourell, ISBN 0-87339-530-1, TMS, 2002.
  • “Powder Materials: Current Research and Industrial Practices II”, F.D.S. Marquis, Thadhani, N.N and Barrera, E. V., ISBN 0-87339-507-7, TMS, 2001
  • “Powder Materials: Current Research and Industrial Practices”, F.D.S. Marquis, ISBN 0-87339-456-9, TMS, 1999.

Articles

  • Marquis, F.D.S., “Evolution of Microstructures, Fracture Toughness, and Fatigue Resistance during Processing of 7X50 Aluminum Alloys”, in “Microstructural Design of Advanced Materials” (a Commemorative Volume on Professor G. Thomas ‘s Seventieth Birthday), edited by Meyers, M.A., Ritchie, R.O. and Sarikaya, M., Elsevier, (2003), in press
  • Marquis, F.D.S. and Mahajan, A, “Microstructure and Strength of Shock Synthesized and Densified Tungsten Heavy Alloys” Powder Materials: Current Research and Industrial Practices III, Marquis, F.D.S., ISBN 0-87339-563-8, TMS, (2003) 141-156.
  1. Mamalis, A.G, Votera, I.N., Manolakos, D.E., Szalay, A., and Marquis, F.D.S., “Explosive Compaction/Cladding of YBCO Discs: a Numerical Approach” Powder Materials: Current Research and Industrial Practices III, Marquis, F.D.S., ISBN 0-87339-563-8, TMS, (2003) 191-197.
  • Ferreira, P.N., Vilar, R., Pina, J.P., Silva, R.C., Sequeira, A.D. and Marquis, F.D.S., “Structure of MCrAlY Laser Cladding Coatings Deposited on Single Crystal Alloy Turbine Blades”, Powder Materials: Current Research and Industrial Practices III, Marquis, F.D.S., ISBN 0-87339-563-8, TMS, (2003) 247-258.
  • Sequeira, C.A.C., Chen, Y. and Marquis, F.D.S., “Solubility of Silica and Alumina in Sodium Sulphate-Sodium Vanadate-Vanadium Pentoxide Melts”, in “High Temperature Corrosion in Molten Salts”, Molten Salt Forum Vol. 7 (2003) 335-348.
  • Marquis, F.D.S., “In Situ Reaction Synthesis of Advanced Materials”, Advanced Materials Forum, ISBN 0-8749-905-9, Trans Tech (2002), 351-364.
  • Jensen, C.J., Dolan, D.F., Allen, C.D., Marquis, F.D.S. and Langerman, M.A. “Integration of Rapid Prototyping in Design and Manufacturing Education”, in “Rapid Prototyping of Materials”, Marquis, F.D.S. and Bourell, D. L., ISBN 0-87339-530-1, TMS (2002) 203-219.
  • Marquis, F.D.S., “Microstructural Control of Fracture Toughness and Fatigue Strength in High Strength Aluminum Based Alloys”, Advances in the Metallurgy of Aluminum Alloys, M. Tiryakioglu, ISBN 0-87170-747-0, ASM (2001) 119-124.
  • Marquis, F.D.S., “Microstructural Evolution of Porosity During Casting and Thermomechanical Processing of Aluminum Based Alloys”, Advances in the Metallurgy of Aluminum Alloys, M. Tiryakioglu, ISBN 0-87170-747-0, ASM (2001) 173-182.
  • Marquis, F.D.S., Vandersall, K.S., and Thadhani, N.N. “Shock Synthesized Mo-Si Powder Mixtures: Microstructures and Mechanisms”, Powder Materials: Current Research and Industrial Practices II, Marquis, F.D.S., Thadhani, N.N., and Barrera, E. V, ISBN 0-87339-507-7, TMS, (2001) 283-298.
  • Batsanov, S.S. and Marquis, F.D.S. “Advances in Shock Synthesis and Densification”, Powder Materials: Current Research and Industrial Practices II, Marquis, F.D.S., Thadhani, N.N., and Barrera, E. V, ISBN 0-87339-507-7, TMS, (2001) 173-191.
Scientific and professional societies of which a member

· Materials Research Society · American Society for Metals · The Minerals, Metals, and Materials Society · Institute of Materials, American Society for Testing of Materials · American Society for Engineering Education · American Society for the Advancement of Science · Royal Microscopical Society, United Kingdom, 1977.