SI Sunday September 27, 2009

Anatomical Terminology and Skeletal Anatomy

Exercises:

1. What bones make up the axial skeleton? What are three general functions of the axial skeleton?

2. What are the two groups of bones that constitute the skull? Which is the only freely moveable bone? Which bone has no articulations with other bones and what is the function of this bone? What are sinuses and two general functions that they serve?

3. What bone contains the foramen magnum and what passes through here? What is a suture and which sutures did we study in class? Which bones junction at what is considered to be the weakest point in the skull?

4. What is the mnemonic device introduced in class for numbering vertebrae? If you were handed three vertebrae, what would be the easiest way to distinguish between L, T, and C? If you were handed T2 and T9 from the same specimen, how would you distinguish between the two?

5. Where are the vertebral foramina, vertebral canal, intervertebral foramina, and transverse foramina found and what passes through these spaces? What sits between the bodies of 2 vertebrae? The vertebral body increase/decreases(circle one) in size as you move down the vertebral column. The vertebral foramen increase/decreases (circle one) in size as you move down the vertebral column.

6. What is the special relationship between the axis and atlas? Which contains the dens? Which interacts directly with the occipital condyles? Which contains the transverse ligament? What is not present on C1?

7. What feature of the sternum articulates with the first pair of ribs and the clavicles? What notch is found on the superior and medial part of this part of the sternum? What is the weakest part of the sternum? How many pairs of costal cartilage interact directly with the sternum? What is the difference between false and floating ribs?

8. Which curves are primary and which are secondary, and what is the significance of each. Exaggeration of which curves lead to kyphosis and lordosis? To diagnose scoliosis, in which plane would you want to view the vertebral column? Which plane to diagnose lordosis/kyphosis? Which plane would you use to look straight down the vertebral canal?

9. List two functions of body cavities. How are the two cavities within the ventral body cavity separated?

10. The metacarpals are ______to the phalanges. L1 is ______to L5. The xyphoid process is ______or ______to the liver. The sternoclavicular joint is ______to the acromioclavicular joint. The brain is ______to the skull. The zygomatic bone is ______to the nasal bone. The vertebral column is ______to the sternum. The coccyx is ______to the sacrum. In anatomical position, the backs of the hands are ______to the palms. The fibula is ______to the femur.

11. Optional Super Fun Game: Make a tic-tac-toe board for the 9-region system. Indicate what the vertical and horizontal lines correspond to. Choose sides: appendicular (A) versus axial skeleton (X). In order to make a move, a player must name a bone from their respective skeletal grouping (no repeats!), and name the region in the abdomino-pelvic cavity that they would like to mark with A or X.

12. Compare the upper and lower appendicular skeletons. What bones constitute the respective girdles, and at what point do they interact with the axial skeleton? Where is a fracture most likely to occur in each and at what stages of the life cycle might you observe them respectively? Identify and compare the sockets for the humerus and femur. What similar patterns emerge when comparing the number of bones as you move distally from the girdles?

Practice Questions:

1. The axial skeleton consists of:

  1. The skull, sternum, ribs, and vertebral column
  2. The skull and vertebral column
  3. The skull, sternum, ribs, vertebral column, and pelvis
  4. The skull, sternum, ribs, vertebral column, and girdles.
  5. Cranium and Facial

2. There are ___ phalanges associated with the toes and ______associated with the fingers.

A. 15, 15

B. 15, 14

C. 14, 14

D. 14, 15

3. Which of the following statements is false:

A. The sacrum interacts with the ilium, the coccyx and L5

B. The female pelvis generally has a wider pelvic inlet and pelvic outlet than the male pelvis.

C. The male pelvis has less inward curvature of the sacrum/coccyx

D. The pelvis consists of the sacrum, coccyx, and paired iliums, pubic bones, and ischiums.

4. The longest bone in the body is:

A. The fifth rib

B. The humerus

C. The spine

D. The femur

5. The part of a vertebra responsible for allowing passage of the spinal cord is called?

A. Vertebral Foramen

B. Intervertebral Foramen

C. Vertebral Canal

D. Foramen Magnum

6. Typically, increasing the stability of a joint is accompanied by:

A. Greater risk of dislocation

B. Decreased mobility

C. Increased mobility

D. Increased blood supply to that joint

7. Which bones articulate at the glenoid cavity?

A. Radius and Ulna

B. Femur and Coxal bones

C. Scapula and Clavicle

D. Humerus and Scapula

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