Supplementary Material: Characteristics of parasitic helminth communities in anurans and salamanders.
Life state and species / Habitat / Location / N / N sites / N parasite species / Larvae (% species) / Mean species richness1 / Mean abundance / Prevalence (%) / Relative abundance of taxa / ReferenceAnurans
Adult African toad, Bufo regularis / Terrestrial / Egypt / 1298 / 1 / 8 / 88 / 2.1 / 81.3 / 93 / Trematodes
(2%)
Nematodes (94.5%)
Cestodes
(2%)
Acanthocephala (1.3%)
Monogenea (<1%) / Ibrahim (2008)
Adult Eastern American toad, Bufo a. americanus / Terrestrial / Wisconsin / 47 / 1 / 6 / 33 / 2.9 / 51.6 / 98 / Trematodes
(2%)
Nematodes
(92%)
Cestodes
(6%) / Bolek and Coggins (2000)
Adult and metamorph / Wisconsin / 30 / 1 / 9 / 44 / 1.97 / 20.7 / 77 / Trematodes (9.8%)
Nematodes
(59%)
Cestodes
(31%) / Bolek and Coggins (2003)
Adult / Wisconsin / 39 / 31 / 7 / 43 / 2.1 / 17.1 / 92 / Trematodes (18%)
Nematodes (82%)
Cestodes
(Reported but not counted) / Yoder and Coggins (2007)
Adult yellow cururu toad, Bufo ictericus / Terrestrial / Rio de Janiero, Brazil / 327 / 1 / 15 / 0 / -- / 145 / -- / Trematodes (90%)
Nematodes
(10%) / Luque et al. (2005)
Adult green frog, Rana clamitans melanota / Semi-aquatic / Wisconsin / 26 / 21 / 11 / 36 / -- / 65.5 / 100 / Trematodes (98%) Nematodes (<1%)
Cestodes (1.5%) / Yoder et al. (2001)
Adult / Wisconsin / 75 / 1 / 12 / 42 / 2.7 / 37.2 / 94 / Trematodes (72%)
Nematodes (16.5%)
Cestodes
(11.5%) / Bolek and Coggins (2001)
Juvenile and adult / Michigan / 239 / 61 / 26 / 42 / 4.1 / 101 / 95 / Trematodes (66%)
Nematodes
(8%)
Cestodes
(26%) / Muzzall et al. (2001)
Adult / Michigan / 120 / 1 / 13 / 15 / 2.7 / 24.9 / 90 / Trematodes (96%)
Nematodes (3.5%)
Cestodes
(0.1%) / Muzzall (1991a)
Metamorph, juvenile, adult / New Brunswick / 234 / 41 / 18 / 28 / 1.1 / 12.32 / 70.1 / Trematodes (46%)
Nematodes
(50%)
Cestodes
(4%) / McAlpine (1997); McAlpine and Burt (1998)
Adult bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana / Aquatic / Quebec / 63 / 61 / 21 / 38 / 5.1 / 280.43 / -- / Trematodes3 (94.7%)
Nematodes
(5.7%) / King et al. (2010)
Adult / Texas / 45 / 1 / 10 / 40 / 2.2 / 129.2 / 93 / Trematodes (28%)
Nematodes
(72%)
Acanthocephala
(<1%) / Yoder and Gomez (2007)
Adult / Michigan / 127 / 1 / 12 / 17 / 2.93 / 26.6 / 96 / Trematodes (30.5%)
Nematodes (69.5%) / Muzzall (1991a)
Metamorph, juvenile, adult / New Brunswick / 268 / 41 / 21 / 24 / 2.1 / 14.42 / 91 / Trematodes (95%)
Nematodes (4.9%)
Cestodes
(<1%)
Acanthocephala (<1%) / McAlpine (1997); McAlpine and Burt (1998)
Tadpole / Nebraska / 50 / 1 / 4 / 75 / 2.0 / 105 / 98 / Trematodes
(94%)
Nematodes
(6%) / Rhoden and Bolek (2011)
Adult Perez's frog, Rana perezi / Semi-aquatic / Spain / 40 / 1 / 16 / 12.5 / 3.0 / 25.7 / -- / Trematodes
(60.2%)
Nematodes
(39.6%)
Acanthocephala
(<1%) / Navarro and Lluch (2006)
Metamorph northern leopard frog, Rana pipiens / Semi-terrestrial / Michigan / 436 / 1 / 12 / 58 / 1.8 / 34 / 88 / Trematodes
(36%)
Nematodes
(23%)
Cestodes
(40%) / Gilliland and Muzzall (1999)
Metamorph, juvenile, adult / New Brunswick / 280 / 51 / 17 / 27 / 2.5 / 18.22 / 88 / Trematodes
(38.5%)
Nematodes
(60.8%)
Cestodes
(<1%)
Acanthocephala
(<1%) / McAlpine (1997); McAlpine and Burt (1998)
Adult and metamorph / Wisconsin / 31 / 1 / 8 / 63 / 2.6 / 52.3 / 93.5 / Trematodes
(25.3%)
Nematodes
(3.4%)
Cestodes
(71.3%) / Bolek and Coggins (2003)
Metamorph / Quebec / 473 / 91 / 20 / 65 / 3.2 / 249.4 / -- / Trematodes
(95.3%)
Nematodes
(4.6%)
Cestodes
(<1%) / King et al. (2007)
Metamorph / Quebec / 2036 / 51 / 19 / 63 / 5.0 / -- / -- / Trematodes
(98%)
Nematodes
(1.7%)
Cestodes
(<1%) / King et al. (2008)
Adult Sahara frog, Rana saharica / Semi-terrestrial / Morocco / 39 / 1 / 16 / 25 / 3.5 / 13.8 / -- / Trematodes
(28.6%)
Nematodes
(71.4%) / Navarro and Lluch (2006)
Adult mink frog, Rana septentrionalis / Aquatic / Minnesota / 22 / 21 / 16 / 38 / 4.1 / 324.4 / 100 / Trematodes
(99.6%)
Nematodes
(0.4%) / Schotthoefer et al. (2009)
Adult wood frog, Rana sylvatica / Terrestrial / Wisconsin / 20 / 21 / 10 / 60 / 2.2 / 4.9 / 80 / Trematodes
(40%)
Nematodes
(50%)
Cestodes
(Reported but not counted) / Yoder and Coggins (1996)
Adult / Wisconsin / 78 / 31 / 7 / 3 / 1.0 / 1.7 / 58 / Trematodes
(74%)
Nematodes
(26%)
Cestodes
(Reported but not counted) / Yoder and Coggins (2007)
Adult Vaillant's frog, Rana vaillanti / Aquatic / Mexico / 76 / 1 / 21 / 24 / 3.5 / 16.1 / 97 / Trematodes
(60%)
Nematodes
(39%)
Acanthocephala
(<1%) / Paredes-Calderon et al. (2004)
Adult / Costa Rica / 101 / 101 / 18 / 11 / 3.2 / 23 / -- / Trematodes
(51.4%)
Nematodes
(25.7%)
Cestodes
(1.2%)
Acanthocephala
(21.7%) / McKenzie (2007)
Adult Cope’s gray tree frog, Hyla chrysoscelis / Arboreal / Wisconsin / 65 / 21 / 9 / 44 / 0.72 / 22 / 51 / Trematodes
(15%)
Nematodes
(3.5%)
Cestodes
(81%)
Monogeneans
(0.5%) / Bolek (1998); Bolek and Coggins (1998a)
Adult Pacific tree frog, Hyla regilla / Arboreal / Baja California, Mexico / 130 / 81 / 11 / 63 / 1.8 / 29 / 64 / Trematodes
(90%)
Nematodes
(7%)
Cestodes
(3%) / Goldberg et al. (2001)
Adult western chorus frog, Pseudacris t. triseriata / Semi-arboreal / Wisconsin / 6 / 21 / 3 / 33 / 1.3 / 3 / 83 / Trematodes
(68%)
Nematodes
(32%) / Bolek (1998); Bolek and Coggins (1998a)
Adult northern spring peeper, Pseudacris c. crucifer / Semi-Arboreal / Wisconsin / 15 / 21 / 8 / 75 / 0.6 / 2.7 / 53 / Trematodes
(97%)
Nematodes
(3%) / Yoder and Coggins (1996)
Wisconsin / 79 / 31 / 9 / 44 / 0.5 / 0.5 / 39 / Trematodes
(61%)
Nematodes
(39%)
Cestodes
(Reported but not counted) / Yoder and Coggins (2007)
Tadpole paradoxical frog, Pseudis paradoxa / Aquatic / Argentina / 27 / 21 / 10 / 70 / 3.3 / 120.8 / 100 / Trematodes
(29.5)
Nematodes
(70.5%) / Kehr and Hamann(2003)
Adult lesser snouted tree frog, Scinax nasicus / Arboreal / Corrientes, Argentina / 273 / 1 / 21 / 86 / 2.1 / 29.3 / 89 / Trematodes
(97%)
Nematodes
(<1%)
Cestodes
(<1%)
Acanthocephala
(2.4%) / Hamannet al. (2010)
Adult Tawauy similisca, Similisca puma / Arboreal / Costa Rica / 66 / 61 / 9 / 33 / 0.7 / 4.0 / -- / Trematodes
(72%)
Nematodes
(22.5%)
Cestodes
(5%)
Acanthocephala
(<1%) / McKenzie (2007)
Adult Fitzinger’s robber frog, Eleutherodactylus fitzingeri / Terrestrial / Costa Rica / 93 / 91 / 6 / 33 / 1.75 / 13.8 / -- / Trematodes
(10.5%)
Nematodes
(70.5%)
Cestodes
(19%)
Acanthocephala
(<1%) / McKenzie (2007)
Adult oven frog, Leptodactylus latinasus / Terrestrial / Corrientes, Argentina / 36 / -- / 17 / 47 / 2.4 / 14.9 / 97 / Trematodes
(76.5%)
Nematodes
(23%)
Cestodes
(<1%)
Acanthocephala
(<1%) / Hamann et al. (2006a)
Adult Cei's white-lipped frog, Leptodactylus chaquensis / Semi-aquatic / Corrientes, Argentina / 172 / 21 / 24 / 50 / 2.2 / 36.6 / 77 / Trematodes
(89%)
Nematodes
(10%)
Cestodes
(<1%)
Acanthocephalans
(<1%) / Hamann et al. (2006b)
Summary / 13.2 + 5.9 / 41.9 + 21.9 / 2.4 + 1.1 / 58.2 + 78.5 / 84.3 + 16.7
Salamanders
Adult and metamorph blue-spotted salamander, Ambystoma laterale / Semi-fossorial / Wisconsin / 83 / 1 / 1 / 0 / 0.1 / 0.2 / 10.8 / Nematodes
(100%) / Bolek (1997)
Adult and metamorph / Wisconsin / 51 / 1 / 3 / 66 / 0.75 / 11.7 / 68.6 / Trematodes
(94%)
Nematodes
(6%) / Bolek and Coggins (2003)
Adult / Wisconsin / 54 / 31 / 2 / 0 / 0.70 / 2.3 / 57 / Trematodes
(9%)
Nematodes
(91%) / Yoder and Coggins (2007)
Larva and metamorph Lake Lerma salamander, Ambystoma lermaense / Semi-fossorial / Mexico / 48 / 1 / 10 / 20 / 2.5 / 29.5 / -- / Trematodes
(35%)
Nematodes
(65%) / Mata-López et al. (2002)
Adult spotted salamander, Ambystoma maculatum / Fossorial / Wisconsin / 20 / 1 / 2 / 0 / 0.6 / 1.3 / 55 / Trematodes
(39%)
Nematodes
(61%) / Bolek and Coggins (1998b)
Larva Barred tiger salamander, Ambystoma mavortium / Aquatic / Nebraska / 50 / 1 / 3 / 33 / 0.3 / 0.7 / 100 / Trematodes
(100%) / Rhoden and Bolek (2011)
Adult seal salamander, Desmognathus monticola / Semi-terrestrial / North Carolina / 125 / 21 / 13 / 23 / 1.8 / 4.5 / -- / Trematodes
(7.2%)
Nematodes
(77.6%)
Cestodes
(14.8%)
Acanthocephala
(0.3%) / Goater et al. (1987)
Adult mountain dusky salamander, Desmognathus ochrophaeus / Terrestrial / North Carolina / 107 / 21 / 10 / 20 / 1.1 / 2.5 / -- / Trematodes
(7.1%)
Nematodes
(68.5%)
Cestodes
(24.4%) / Goater et al. (1987)
Adult black-bellied salamander, Desmognathus quadramaculatus / Semi-aquatic / North Carolina / 115 / 21 / 15 / 33 / 1.9 / 7.74 / -- / Trematodes
(1.6%)
Nematodes
(96.3%)
Cestodes
(1.9%)
Acanthocephala
(0.2%)4 / Goater et al. (1987)
Adult shovelnose salamander, Leurognathus marmorota / Aquatic / North Carolina / 50 / 21 / 6 / 33 / 0.6 / 1.14 / -- / Nematodes
(100%)4 / Goater et al. (1987)
Adult red-backed salamander, Plethodon c. cinereus / Semi-fosorial / Wisconsin / 20 / 1 / 3 / 0 / 0.5 / 0.7 / 40 / Trematodes
(31%)
Nematodes
(60%) / Bolek and Coggins (1998b)
Adult eastern newt, Notophthalmus viridescens / Aquatic / Michigan / 163 / 1 / 7 / 29 / 1.4 / 9.0 / 83 / Trematodes
(17.4%)
Nematodes
(32.4%)
Cestodes
(50.2%) / Muzzall (1991b)
Larva / Aquatic / Michigan / 20 / 1 / 1 / 0 / 1 / 20 / 100 / Cestodes
(100%) / Muzzall (1991b)
Adult central newt, Notophthalmus viridescens louisianensis / Semi-aquatic / Wisconsin / 63 / 31 / 3 / 66 / 0.3 / 0.2 / 22 / Trematodes
(Reported but not counted)
Nematodes
(100%) / Yoder and Coggins (2007)
Summary / 5.6 + 4.6 / 23.1 + 22.7 / 0.9 + 0.7 / 6.5 + 8.7 / 59.6 + 31.8
1 Summary data combined for sites.
2 Does not include Alaria spp. or echinostome metacercariae.
3 Based on 14 most common helminths recovered.
4 Does not include Diplostomulum desmognathi and Metagnimoides oregonensis
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