All Terms & Concepts on Page 367 and Page 403

STUDY GUIDE: UNIT 7 – COGNITION

AP Psychology

In addition to the information in this study guide, you are also responsible for all of the content in textbook (Chapters8 & 9), all information from class notes/discussions, videos, handouts and graphic organizers.

It’s AP – it’s all fair game

Terms & Concepts

All terms & concepts on page 367 and page 403.

(Terms & concepts are also listed on the back of the APP December calendar)

Big Ideas: Chapter 8

1: How do psychologists describe the human memory system?

Encoding, storage, retrieval

2: What information do we encode automatically? What information do we encode effortfully,

and how does the distribution of practice influence retention?

Rehearsal, spacing effect, serial position effect

3: What effortful processing methods aid in forming memories?

Semantic, visual, and acoustic encoding

Mnemonics, chunking, hierarchies

4: What is sensory memory?

Iconic, echoic, hepatic

5: What are the duration and capacity of short-term and long-term memory?

Miller’s Magical Number Seven

6: How does the brain store our memories?

Long-term potentiation, flashbulb memories

Explicit and implicit memories

Anterograde amnesia (HM)

7: How do we get information out of memory?

Recognition, recall, relearning

Retrieval cues, priming

8: How do external contexts and internal emotions influence memory retrieval?

Context effects, déjà vu, moods and memories

9: Why do we forget?

Encoding failure, storage decay, retrieval failure

Motivated forgetting, repression (Freud)

10: How do misinformation, imagination, and source amnesia influence our memory construction? How real-seeming are false memories?

Memory construction, source amnesia, eyewitness testimony

11: What is the controversy related to claims of repressed and recovered memories?

Memories of abuse

Leading psychological associations’ consensus on childhood abuse

12: How can an understanding of memory contribute to more effective study techniques?

Big Ideas: Chapter 9

1: What are the functions of concepts?

2: What strategies assist our problem solving, and what obstacles hinder it?

Trial and Error, Algorithms, Heuristics, Insight

Fixation

3: How do heuristics, overconfidence, and belief perseverance influence our decisions and

judgments?

Representative heuristics, availability heuristics

Overconfidence, exaggerated fear

4: How do smart thinkers use intuition?

5: What is framing?

Effects of framing

The Belief Perseverance Phenomenon

6: What are the structural components of a language?

The building blocks of language

7: What are the milestones in language development?

Babbling stage, one-word stage, two-word stage

8: How do we learn language?

Operant learning, inborn universal grammar

Critical period

9: What brain areas are involved in language processing?

10: What is the relationship between language and thinking?

Linguistic determinism, word power

Thinking in images

11: What do we know about animal thinking? Do other animals share our capacity for

language?

Common cognitive skills in humans and apes

Insight, problem solving, animal culture

The case of apes