1

Name: ______

Honors 227Fall 2015

Examination No. 3

All questions are equally weighted. Please mark your answer on the Scantron card using a pencil.

  1. Which of the layers in the diagram represents the mantle of the Earth?

A.

B.

C.

D.

E.None of the above

  1. Energy transport from one region to another by the movement of material (as in the mantle of the Earth) is known as _____.

A.chaos

B.radiance

C.conduction

D.differentiation

E.convection

  1. The existence of earthquake shadow zones indicates that there is an abrupt change between the properties of the mantle and those of the core. Specifically, the transverse wave shadow zone shows that the outer core must be ______.

A.solid

B.liquid or semi-liquid

C.gaseous

D.similar to crustal material

E.impossible to determine

  1. Which of the following generalizations about all of the planets is true?

A.All planets are denser than water.

B.All planets have a solid surface made of rocky matter.

C.All planets have a substantial atmosphere.

D.All planets and most of their moons orbit in the same direction around the Sun.

E.All of the above statements are true about the planets.

  1. Which of the following groups contain all of the planets known as Jovian planets?

A.Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune and Pluto.

B.Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune.

C.Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars.

D.Venus, Earth and Mars.

E.Venus, Earth, and Io.

  1. Distinctive features of the solar system such as the rotation of the Sun, orbits of the planets, and the distribution of mass into one large central object and lots of much smaller orbiting bodies is explained by ______.

A.the Hubble Theory

B.the Nebular Hypothesis

C.the Trefil – Hazen gambit

D.the Relativity Theory

E.the String Theory

  1. What are the major components of the Jovian planets?

A.Ammonia and Methane

B.Rocky substances with Silicon

C.Element 119 (Jo)

D.Iron and iron sulfide

E.Hydrogen and Helium

  1. The Great Smoky Mountains look different from the Rocky Mountains in part because ______.

A.the Rockies are older and have grown taller

B.the Rockies are older but were always taller

C.the Smokies are younger and have not eroded away as much

D.the Smokies are younger and were smaller

E.the Smokies are older and have been eroding away

  1. In 1912 a German meteorologist named Alfred Wegener proposed ______.

A.Earth’s continents are magnetic

B.weather patterns are related to earthquakes

C.a magnitude 10 earthquake would strike California in 2012

D.Earth’s continents are in motion

E.Earth's mantle is magnetic

  1. Which of the following statements is not true about the Earth’s magnetic field?
  1. The Earth’s magnetic field is generated by the differential rotation of the inner

and outer core of the Earth.

B.The Earth's magnetic field has always pointed in the same general direction.

C.The Earth’s magnetic field acts as if it were produced by a large bar magnet

within the Earth with a south pole portion in the northern hemisphere.

D.The Earth’s magnetic field is not exactly aligned with the Earth’s axis of rotation.

E.None of the above statements are false, they are all true about the Earth’s

magnetic field.

  1. The shape of the continents, the magnetic stripe pattern on the ocean floor, and the relative ages of rocks on the ocean floor are all evidencefor ______.

A.man's influence on the Earth's surface

B.paleomagnetism

C.continental drift

D.tsunamis

E.earthquakes

  1. Which type of tectonic plates is on average 8-10 km thick and made of the dense rock basalt?

A.oceanic

B.continental

C.mountain

D.prairie

E.piedmont

  1. Volcanoes are associated with which geological phenomena?

A.divergent plate boundaries

B.convergent plate boundaries

C.hot spots

D.All of the above

E.None of the above

  1. Rocks formed when molten material cools and solidifies are called ____.

A.igneous rocks

B.sedimentary rocks

C.metamorphic rocks

D.fault rocks

E.scarp rocks

  1. What are the Earth's two primary sources of heat energy?

A.Solar energy and friction

B.The Sun and geothermal processes

C.Atmospheric friction and forest fires

D.Hydrogen and helium fusion in its core

E.Gravitational contraction and convection

  1. In what part of the atmosphere does daily weather occur?

A.Thermosphere

B.Stratosphere

C.Mesosphere

D.Troposphere

E.Our weather occurs in all of the portions of the atmosphere listed above.

  1. The greenhouse gas effect occurs largely because ______.

A.a gas is transparent to visible light and opaque to infrared radiation

B.a gas is transparent to infrared radiation and opaque to ultraviolet radiation

C.ozone is transparent to ultraviolet radiation and opaque to infrared radiation

D.methane is transparent to infrared radiation and opaque to visible light

E.the Sun emits more infrared radiation than ultraviolet radiation

  1. It would be safe to say that the first type of rock to appear on the surface of Earth was which of the following types of rock?

A.sandstone

B.marble

C.metamorphic

D.sedimentary

E.igneous

  1. Before the ocean floors were mapped in the years following World War II, most scientists thought that the deep ocean bottoms ______.

A.could not be reached.

B.contained mountains and deep valleys.

C.were simply flat plains or basins.

D.went through to the center of the Earth.

E.were riddled with deep sea vents and oceanic ridges.

  1. The longest mountain range on Earth is ______.

A.the Himalayas

B.the Mid-Atlantic Ridge

C.the Rocky Mountains

D.the Appalachians

E.the Great Smoky Mountains

  1. Which of the following is true about the moons within our solar system?

A.There are no moons in our solar system with volcanic activity.

B.There are no moons in our solar system with a substantial atmosphere.

C.There are no moons in our solar system which were formed at the same time as

their planet, they are all captured asteroids or comets.

D.Most of the moons in our solar system rotate in the same direction on their axes

as they orbit their planet.

E.None of the above is true about the moons in our solar system.

  1. Outgassing and gravitational escape are processes by which ______.

A.space travel may become possible

B.solar systems form planets

C.string theory can be applied

D.planets form an atmosphere

E.planets form a core

  1. The overall saltiness of the oceans over many years is ______.

A.generally increasing

B.generally decreasing

C.generally remaining the same

D.generally zero

Egenerally not able to be determined

  1. The majority of asteroids is located in the asteroid belt and is positioned ___.

A.between the Sun and Mercury

B.between Mercury and Venus

C.between Mars and Jupiter

D.outside of our solar system

E.in the orbit of the Earth

  1. As a planetary system and its star forms, the rate of rotation of the contracting nebula ______.

A.decreases in time

B.increases in time

C.remains the same over time

D.cannot be determined

E.stops

  1. Rocks that are buried deep within the Earth and then subjected to intense pressure and heat turn into ____.

A.metallic rocks

B.core rocks

C.metamorphic rocks

D.sedimentary rocks

E.igneous rocks

  1. In ecology, the ___ is analogous to the atom in the disciplines of physics and chemistry.
  1. biosphere
  2. biome
  3. ecosystem
  4. ecological mechanics
  5. hierarchy theory
  1. In class we discussed some of the attributes of mercury in the environment. Which of the following is one or several of those attributes?
  1. Mercurycycles in the environment
  2. Mercury exhibitsproperties similar to other elements in the same row of the Periodic Table
  3. Fate/concentrationof mercury in the environment is related to trophic structure of ecosystem
  4. A and B
  5. A and C
  1. Oftentimes in ecology and environmental science (e.g., behavior of mercury; climate change) we observe unexpected and unanticipated effects that can best be interpreted/explained by ___.
  1. the Scientific Law of Chemical Behavior
  2. the modalis principle
  3. emergent properties of hierarchical systems
  4. B and C above
  5. A and B above

  1. This diagram illustrates one of the attributes of ecosystems, which is that ___ tend (s)to cycle ecosystems.

  1. energy
  2. biomass
  3. elements
  4. A and B above
  5. None of the above
  1. The sequence of energy flow through a trophic food chain in a tropical rain forest ecosystem is _____.

A.herbivores – autotrophs – carnivores

B.carnivores – autotrophs – heterotrophs

C.herbivores – carnivores – autotrophs

D.autotrophs – herbivores – carnivores

E.none of the above

  1. In a terrestrial ecosystem, the trophic level that contains the highest energy content as measured in Joules (J) is __.

A.autotrophs

B.carnivores

C.omnivores

D.herbivores

E.heterotrophs

  1. In any ecosystem which of the following moves through the ecosystem unidirectionally?

A.water

B.nitrogen

C.carbon

D.energy

E.aluminum

  1. Which of the following is a biotic component in an ecosystem?

A.microbes

B.soil

C.precipitation

D.temperature

E.A and C

  1. In the following graph carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration in the atmosphere is shown to exhibit periodicity in its highs and lows over the last 400,000 years. From this, we conclude that CO2 concentration varies over geological time independent of the influence of humans. The source of these data is ______.

A.DNA technologies (e.g., genomics)

B.space observations of Earth

C.historical written records

D.ice cores

E. All of the above

  1. Cybernetic systems, including those operating in ecosystems, tend to achieve homeostasis as feedback processes return the system to its set point. An example of this process in ecology is ___.

A.emergent properties

B.invasive species

C.secondary succession

D.fires

E. endocrine disruptors

  1. The movement of energy within any ecosystem is unusual in the natural world (e.g., solar system, sun, galaxies) in that the flow of energy does not conform to the First and Second Laws of Thermodynamics.
  1. True
  2. False
  1. One of the attributes of ecosystems is that every species has a/an___ that includes physical factors of the environment (e.g., temperature) and biotic factors (e.g., interaction with other species) that collectively determine where a species is found.
  1. community
  2. habitat
  3. niche
  4. biome
  5. biogeographical distribution
  1. Knowing that you share ~ 90 % of your DNA with pigs, it is likely that you share ____ % with chimpanzees.
  1. 60
  2. 50
  3. 40
  4. 10
  5. None of the above
  1. The person next to you has 1012 cells in his or her body all containing the same DNA in the nucleus; each of those cells is ____.

A.likaryotic

B.eukarotic

C.asymmetric

D.prokaryotic

E.asexual

  1. The epidemic disease Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever is cause by the life form called a/an ___.

A.bacteria

B.fungus

C.oncogene

D.GMO

E.virus

  1. The structure of all cell membranes results from the mixing of lipid and phosphate

groups to create a _____

A.organelle

B.carbohydrates

C.lipid bilayer

D.proteins

43. The continuity of life over generations and geological time is based on ____

that is transferred from generation to generation and preserved/stored at the molecular level in the form of nucleic acids.

  1. 1st and 2nd Law of Chemistry
  2. 1st and 2nd Law of Thermodynamics
  3. template sharing
  4. genetic information
  5. All of the above

44. The size of cells has an uppermost dimension of 1 x 0-5 m (0.00001 m). The limiting

process that underpins this uppermost dimension is ____.

  1. solar radiation
  2. energy conversion
  3. ATP and ADP
  4. lipid bilayer
  5. efficacy of diffusion

45. Unlike glucose and nucleic acids, ethanol (alcohol) readily passes through

cell membranes, quickly getting into the interior of cells. This ease of transport for this molecule is one of the reasons for the speed with which some beverages can adversely affect cell functions. This feature of membranes acting as gatekeepers for materials entering and leaving cells is called ____.

  1. permeability
  2. reciprocity
  3. selective permeability
  4. discretion
  5. hierarchy

46. The following figure is a schematic diagram of a ___.

  1. eukaryote
  2. virus
  3. bacteria
  4. HIV
  5. All of the above

47. In the following figure, which arrow points to a protein?

48. Siberian and Africantigers are different species but share 98% of their DNA. Using

scientific classification, their scientific names (binomial nomenclature) share the same ___.

  1. species
  2. genus
  3. kingdom
  4. family
  5. B, C and D above

49. One of the attributes of living systems is the diversity of species inhabiting Earth.

Scientists have catalogued1.8 million species, but most scientists expect the actual number is ___.

  1. 10,000,000 (ten million)
  2. 100,000,000 (hundred million)
  3. 1,000,000,000 (billion)
  4. 10,000,000,000 (10 billion)
  5. I give up!

50. Ice ages wax and wane with periods between the maximum of the ice fields being

warmer; these warmer intervals are called interglacial periods and we are in one now. During these interglacial and warmer periods, the level of the seas would be ____ that during an ice age/glacial periods.

  1. greater than
  2. equal to
  3. less than
  4. highly variable depending on the location of the Earth’s surface

51. In the absence of naturally occurring ___ in the Earth’s atmosphere, the

temperature of the Earth’s surface would be at least 200 cooler.

  1. solar radiation
  2. radiatively-active trace gases
  3. radioactive heat in the mantle
  4. transformativeand convective cells in the mantle

52. Which of the following rock type is formed specifically following the interaction

between the rock cycle, hydrosphere and atmosphere?

A.sedimentary rocks

B.metamorphic rocks

C.igneous rocks

D. granite and basalt

53. In an ecosystem, the total energy in the autotrophic trophic level is ___ times that in

the herbivore level of the trophic structure.

  1. 1
  2. 10
  3. 100
  4. 102

54. Each cell in all animals and plants has many organelles. The ____ organelle

is responsible for the processing of energy.

  1. ribosome
  2. chloroplast
  3. mitochondrion
  4. Golgi body
  5. ER

55. Many modeling studies of climate change for 100 years into the futurehave

proposed that the pattern of temperature over the earth’s surface will be similar to

that below which suggests that ___.

  1. temperature changes will be largely uniform over the surface of the earth
  2. precipitation changes will be largely uniform over the surface of the earth
  3. temperature changes will be greater toward the North Pole
  4. precipitation will be greater toward the North Pole

56. Energy utilization is one of the shared common strategies among all life forms. In

your cells, you rely on the cycling of ____ to serve as a currency for energy in metabolism.

  1. ADP and ATP
  2. NADP and NADPH
  3. ribosomes and mitochondria
  4. covalent bonds
  5. All of the above

57. The repeated expansion and contraction of ice ages over time scale of 15,000 to

50,000 years with as many as 25 cycles occurring in the last 2 million years is a result of the ______cycles and is based on our understanding of the distance relationship between the Earth and Sun and the Earth’s tilt of its axis.

  1. Wegener
  2. Darwin
  3. Milankovitch
  4. Agassi
  5. Taylor-Geller

58. Your body is comprised of approximately 1012 cells (1,000,000,000,000),each with

a complete copy of your DNA. At the same time, your body is “home” in an ecological sense to approximately 1014 cells that are prokaryotes. In your moth alone you harbor 1,000 species of these organisms. Collectively, these are ___.

  1. plants
  2. animals
  3. fungi
  4. viruses
  5. bacteria

59. The success of many plants is largely due to the fact that they operate using a

_____, which conducts water from the root to the shoots and conducts sugars produced in photosynthesis from the shoot to the roots.

  1. cycling system
  2. bilateral transfer system
  3. vascular system
  4. acropetal system

60. One strategy for many animals to survive is based on a vertebrate or invertebrate

construction,which reflects a strategyto ____.

  1. counter the effects of gravity
  2. counter the effects of temperature
  3. counter the effects of light
  4. counter the effects of Earth’s electromagnetic fields
  5. maximize reproduction

61. The following illustrates the geographical distribution of black bears in North

America. One obvious conclusion from this map is that the distribution of the black

bear is not random. This non-randomness reflects the species’ ___.

  1. behavior
  2. love of cooler temperatures
  3. aversion to southern climates
  4. desire for abundant game
  5. niche

62. The following is a granola bar nutrition label. Note the information that identifies

the number of calories as being 163 calories per bar. As discussed in class, this is

a layperson’s way of denoting the _____.

A.number of carbon atoms

B.number of ATP molecules

C.number of covalent C-C bonds

D.2nd law of thermodynamics

63. ______is/are a key, unique feature of all cells and allows for biochemical

reactions and processes to be localized in specific locations for efficiency.

A.Cell theory

B.Compartmentalization

C.Ribosomes

D.Mitochondria

E.Hierarchy theory

64. Chemical A is added to a cell culture destroying the ribosome. The most

immediate effect of Chemical A is ______.

  1. to initiate uncontrolled mitotic activity
  2. to stop all production of proteins
  3. to trigger the production of antibodies
  4. to stimulate the transport of glucose across the cell membrane
  5. stop the production of ATP