Pulse Reference List
Agnew ADQ (1997) Switches, pulses and grazing in arid vegetation. Journal of Arid Environments 37:609-617
Aguado SGA, Garcia ME (1998) Environmental factors and community dynamics at the southernmost part of the North American Graminetum: I. On the contribution of climatic factors to temporal variation in species composition. Plant Ecology 135:13-29
Aguiar MR, Paruelo JM, Sala OE, Lauenroth WK (1996) Ecosystem responses to changes in plant functional type composition: An example from the Patagonian steppe. Journal of Vegetation Science 7:381-390
Aguiar MR, Sala OE (1994) Competition, facilitation, seed distribution and the origin of patches in a Patagonian steppe. Oikos :26-34
Aguiar MR, Sala OE (1999) Patch structure, dynamics and implications for the functioning of arid ecosytems. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 14:273-277
Alder NN, Sperry JS, Pockman WT (1996) Root and stem xylem embolism, stomatal conductance, and leaf turgor in Acer grandidentatum populations along a soil moisture gradient. Oecologia 105:293-301
Allen Craig D, Breshears David D (1998) Drought-induced shift of a forest-woodland ecotone: Rapid landscape response to climate variation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. Dec. 95:14839-14842
Alm DJ, Cavelier J, Nobel PS (1992) A finite-element model of radial and axial conductivities for individual roots: Development and validation for two desert succulents. Annals of Botany 69:87-92
Alm DM, Nobel PS (1991) Root system water uptake and respiration for Agave deserti: Observations and predictions using a model based on individual roots. Annals of Botany 67:59-66
Anthoni PM, Law BE, Unsworth MH (1999) Carbon and water vapor exchange of an open-canopied ponderosa pine ecosystem. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 95:151-168
Archer S (1995) Tree-grass dynamics in a Prosopis-thornscrub savanna parkland: Reconstructing the past and predicting the future. Ecoscience 2:83-99
Archer S, Schimel David S, Holland Elisabeth A (1995) Mechanisms of shrubland expansion: Land use, climate or CO-2? Climatic Change 29:91-99
Austin AT, M. VP (2000) Precipitation, decomposition and litter decomposability of Metrosideros polymorpha in native forests on Hawai'i. Journal of Ecology 88:129-138
Austin AT, Sala OE (1999) Foliar delta15N is negatively correlated with rainfall along the IGBP transect in Australia. Australian Journal of Plant Physiology 26:293-295
Austin AT, Vitousek PM (1998) Nutrient dynamics on a precipitation gradient in Hawai'i. Oecologia 113:519-529
Bassirirad H, Caldwell Martyn M (1992a) Root growth, osmotic adjustment and nitrate uptake during and after a period of drought in Artemisia tridentata. Australian Journal of Plant Physiology 19:493-500
Bassirirad H, Caldwell Martyn M (1992b) Temporal changes in root growth and nitrogen-15 uptake and water relations of two tussock grass species recovering from water stress. Physiologia Plantarum 86:525-531
BassiriRad H, Tremmel DC, Virginia RA, Reynolds JF, de Soyza AG, Brunell MH (1999) Short-term patterns in water and nitrogen acquisition by two desert shrubs following a simulated summer rain. Plant Ecology 145:27-36
Belnap J (1995) Surface disturbances: Their role in accelerating desertification. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 37:39-57
Belnap J (2001) Factors influencing nitrogen fixation and nitrogen release in biological soil crusts. In: Belnap J, Lange OL (eds) Biological soil crusts: Structure, function, and management. Springer Verlag, Heidelberg,Berlin, New York, pp 241-261
Belnap J, Lange OL (2001) Biological soil crusts: Structure, function, and management. Springer Verlag, Heidelberg, Berlin, New York
Belnap J, Prasse R, Harper KT (2001) Influence of biological soil crusts on soil environments and vascular plants. In: Belnap J, Lange OL (eds) Biological soil crusts: Structure, function, and management. Springer Verlag, Heidelber, Berlin, New York, pp 281-300
Benner BL, Bazzaz FA (1988) Carbon and mineral element accumulation and allocation in two annual plant species in response to timing of nutrient addition. Journal of Ecology 76:19-40
Berndtsson R, Chen H (1994) Variability of soil water content along a transect in a desert area. Journal of Arid Environments 27:127-139
Bertiller MB, Beeskow AM, Coronato F (1991) Seasonal Environmental Variation and Plant Phenology in Arid Patagonia Argentina. Journal of Arid Environments 21:1-12
Betancourt JL, Latorre C, Rech JA, Quade J, Rylander KA (2000) A 22,000-year record of monsoonal precipitation from northern Chile's Atacama Desert. Science 289:1542-1546
Bilbrough C, J., Caldwell MM (1997) Exploitation of springtime ephemeral N pulses by six Great Basin plant species. Ecology 78:231-243
Borghetti M, Cinnirella S, Magnani F, Saracino A (1998) Impact of long-term drought on xylem embolism and growth in Pinus halepensis Mill. Trees 12:187-195
Bowers JE (1997) Demographic patterns of Ferocactus cylindraceus in relation to substate age and grazing history. Plant Ecology 133:37-48
Bowers MA (1987) Precipitation and the Relative Abundances of Desert Winter Annuals a 6-Year Study in the Northern Mohave Desert Nevada Usa. Journal of Arid Environments 12:141-150
Bowman DMJS, Minchin PR (1987) Environmental Relationships of Woody Vegetation Patterns in the Australian Monsoon Tropics. Australian Journal of Botany 35:151-170.
Bowman WD, Bilbrough CJ (2001) Influence of a pulsed nitrogen supply on growth and nitrogen uptake in alpine graminoids. Plant and Soil 233:283-290
Breshears DD, Barnes FJ (1999) Interrelationships between plant functional types and soil moisture heterogeneity for semiarid landscapes within the grassland/forest continuum: A unified conceptual model. Landscape Ecology 14:465-478
Breshears DD, Myers OB, Johnson SR, Meyer CW, Martens SN (1997a) Differential use of spatially heterogeneous soil moisture by two semiarid woody species: Pinus edulis and Juniperus monosperma. Journal of Ecology 85:289-299
Breshears DD, Nyhan JW, Heil CE, Wilcox BP (1998) Effects of woody plants on microclimate in a semiarid woodland: Soil temperature and evaporation in canopy and intercanopy patches. International Journal of Plant Sciences 159:1010-1017
Breshears DD, Rich PM, Barnes FJ, Campbell K (1997b) Overstory-imposed heterogeneity in solar radiation and soil moisture in a semiarid woodland. Ecological Applications 7:1201-1215
Briones O, Montana C, Ezcurra E (1996) Competition between three Chihuahuan desert species: Evidence from plant size-distance relations and root distribution. Journal of Vegetation Science 7:453-460
Briones O, Montana C, Ezcurra E (1998) Competition intensity as a function of resource availability in a semiarid ecosystem. Oecologia 116:365-372
Brooks JR, Flanagan LB, Buchmann N, Ehleringer JR (1997) Carbon isotope composition of boreal plants: Functional grouping of life forms. Oecologia 110:301-311
Brown JH, Heske EJ (1990) Temporal changes in a Chihuahuan desert rodent community. Oikos 59:290-302
Brown JH, Valone TJ, Curtin CG (1997) Reorganization of an arid ecosystem in response to recent climate change. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 94:9729-9733
Brown JR, Archer S (1990) Water Relations of a Perennial Grass and Seedling Versus Adult Woody Plants in a Subtropical Savanna Texas Usa. Oikos 57:366-374
Brown JR, Archer S (1999) Shrub invasion of grassland: Recruitment is continuous and not regulated by herbaceous biomass or density. Ecology 80:2385-2396
Brown JS, Kotler BP, Bouskila A (2001) Ecology of fear: Foraging games between predators and prey with pulsed resources. Annales Zoologici Fennici 38:71-87
Buchard C, McCully M, Canny M (1999) Daily embolism and refilling of root xylem vessels in three dicotyledonous crop plants. Agronomie 19:97-106.
Buchmann N, Kao Wen Y, Ehleringer J (1997) Influence of stand structure on carbon-13 of vegetation, soils, and canopy air within deciduous and evergreen forests, in Utah, United States. Oecologia 110:109-119
Burke IC, Lauenroth WK, Parton WJ (1997) Regional and temporal variation in net primary production and nitrogen mineralization in grasslands. Ecology 78:1330-1340
Burke IC, Lauenroth WK, Vinton MA, Hook PB, Kelly RH, Epstein HE, Aguiar MR, Robles MD, Aguilera MO, Murphy KL, Gill RA (1998) Plant-soil interactions in temperate grasslands. Biogeochemistry 42:121-143
Caldwell MM, Eissenstat DM, Richards JH, Allen MF (1985) Competition For Phosphorus Differential Uptake From Dual-Isotope-Labeled Soil Interspaces Between Shrub and Grass. Science 229:384-386
Caldwell MM, White RS, Moore RT, B. CL (1977) Carbon balance, productivity; water use of cold-winter desert shrub communities dominated by C3 and C4 species. Oecologia 29:275-300
Campbell BD, Grime JP (1989) A Comparative Study of Plant Responsiveness to the Duration of Episodes of Mineral Nutrient Enrichment. New Phytologist 112:261-268
Canadell J, Jackson RB, Ehleringer JR, Mooney HA, Sala OE, Schulze ED (1996) Maximum rooting depth of vegetation types at the global scale. Oecologia 108:583-594
Carrera AL, Sain CL, Bertiller MB (2000) Patterns of nitrogen conservation in shrubs and grasses in the Patagonian Monte, Argentina. Plant and Soil 224:185-193
Cayan DR, Dettinger MD, Diaz HF, Graham NE (1998) Decadal Variability of Precipitation over Western North America. Journal of Climate 11:3148-3166
Cayan DR, Redmond KT, Riddle LG (1999) ENSO and Hydrologic Extremes in the Western United States. Journal of Climate 12:2881-2893
Cayan DR, Webb RH (1992) El Nino/Southern Oscillation and streamflow in the western United States. In: Diaz HF, Markgraf V (eds) El Nino Historical and Paleoclimatic Aspects of the Southern Oscillation. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 29-69
Chesson P (1991) A need for niches? Trends in Ecology & Evolution 6:26-28
Chesson P (1994) Multispecies competition in variable environments. Theoretical Population Biology 45:227-276
Chesson P, Huntly N (1989) Short-term instabilities and long-term community dynamics. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 4:293-298
Chesson P, Huntly N (1993) Temporal hierarchies of variation and the maintenance of diversity. Plant Species Biology 8:195-206
Chesson P, Huntly N (1997) The roles of harsh and fluctuating conditions in the dynamics of ecological communities. American Naturalist 150:519-553
Chesson PL (1985) Coexistence of competitors in spatially and temporally varying environments: A look at the combined effects of different sorts of variability. Theoretical Population Biology 28:263-287
Chesson PL (1990) Geometry, heterogeneity and competition in variable environments. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B Biological Sciences 330:165-173
Chesson PL, Huntly N (1988) Community consequences of life-history traits in a variable environment. Annales Zoologici Fennici 25:5-16
Clark JS, Carpenter SR, Barber M, Collins S, Dobson A, Foley JA, Lodge DM, Pascual M, Pielke R, Jr., Pizer W, Pringle C, Reid WV, Rose KA, Sala O, Schlesinger WH, Wall DH, Wear D (2001) Ecological forecasts: An emerging imperative. Science 293:657-660
Cody ML (1986a) Spacing patterns in Mojave Desert (USA) plant communities: Nearest-neighbor analyses. Journal of Arid Environments 11:199-218
Cody ML (1986b) Structural niches in plant communities. In: Diamond J, Case TJ (eds) Community Ecology. Harper & Row, New York, pp 381-405
Cody ML (1989) Growth-form diversity and community structure in desert plants. Journal of Arid Environments 17:199-210
Cody ML (1991) Niche theory and plant growth form. Vegetatio 97:39-55
Cohen D (1970) The expected efficiency of water utilization in plants under different competition and selection regimes. Israel Journal of Botany 19:50-54
Colasanti RL, Grime JP (1993) Resource dynamics and vegetation processes: A deterministic model using two-dimensional cellular automata. Functional Ecology 7:169-176
Coleman JS, Bazzaz FA (1992) Effects of carbon dioxide and temperature on growth and resource use of co-occurring C-3 and C-4 annuals. Ecology 73:1244-1259
Comstock JP, Ehleringer JR (1992) Plant adaptation in the Great Basin and Colorado Plateau. Great Basin Naturalist 52:195-215
Cowling RM, Esler KJ, Midgley GF, Honig MA (1994a) Plant functional diversity, species diversity and climate in arid and semi-arid southern Africa. Journal of Arid Environments 27:141-158
Cowling RM, Mustart PJ, Laurie H, Richards MB (1994b) Species diversity; functional diversity and functional redundancy in fynbos communities. South African Journal of Science 90:333-337
Cui M, Caldwell Martyn M (1996) Facilitation of plant phosphate acquisition by arbuscular mycorrhizas from enriched soil patches. II. Hyphae exploiting root-free soil. New Phytologist 133:461-467
Cui M, Caldwell MM (1997a) Growth and nitrogen uptake by Agropyron desertorum and Pseudoroegneria spicata when exposed to nitrate pulses of different duration. Australian Journal of Plant Physiology 24:637-642
Cui M, Caldwell MM (1997b) A large ephemeral release of nitrogen upon wetting of dry soil and corresponding root responses in the field. Plant and Soil 191:291-299
Cui M, Caldwell MM (1998) Nitrate and phosphate uptake by Agropyron desertorum and Artemisia tridentata from soil patches with balanced and unbalanced nitrate and phosphate supply. New Phytologist 139:267-272
Cui M, Nobel Park S (1992) Nutrient status, water uptake and gas exchange for three desert succulents infected with mycorrhizal fungi. New Phytologist 122:643-649
Cui M, Nobel Park S (1994) Water budgets and root hydraulic conductivity of opuntias shifted to low temperatures. International Journal of Plant Sciences 155:167-172
Davenport David W, Wilcox Bradford P, Breshears David D (1996) Soil morphology of canopy and intercanopy sites in a Pinon-Juniper Woodland. Soil Science Society of America Journal 60:1881-1887
Davis MA, Grime JP, Thompson K (2000) Fluctuating resources in plant communities: A general theory of invasibility. Journal of Ecology 88:528-534
Dawson TE (1993) Hydraulic lift and water use by plants: Implications for water balance, performance and plant-plant interactions. Oecologia 95:565-574
De Soyza A, Franco AC, Virginia RA, Reynolds JF, Whitford WG (1996) Effects of plant size on photosynthesis and water relations in the desert shrub Prosopis glandulosa (Fabaceae). American Journal of Botany 83:99-105
Derner JD, Briske DD (1998) An isotopic (15N) assessment of intraclonal regulation in C4 perennial grasses: Ramet interdependence, independence or both? Journal of Ecology 86:305-314
Dettinger MD, Cayan DR, Diaz HF, Meko DM (1998) North-South Precipitation Patterns in Western North America on Interannual-to-Decadal Timescales. Journal of Climate 11:3095-3111
Devitt DA, Piorkowski JM, Smith SD, Cleverly JR, Sala A (1997) Plant water relations of Tamarix ramosissima in response to the imposition and alleviation of soil moisture stress. Journal of Arid Environments 36:527-540
Dickmann DI, Nguyen PV, Pregitzer KS (1996) Effects of irrigation and coppicing on above-ground growth, physiology, and fine-root dynamics of two field-grown hybrid poplar clones. Forest Ecology and Management 80:163-174
Distel RA, Pelaez DV, Boo RM, Mayor MD, Elia OR (1996) Growth of Prosopis caldenia seedlings in the field as related to grazing history of the site and in a greenhouse as related to different levels of competition from Stipa tenuis. Journal of Arid Environments 32:251-257
Dodd MB, Lauenroth WK, Welker JM (1998) Differential water resource use by herbaceous and woody plant life-forms in a shortgrass steppe community. Oecologia 117:504-512
D'Odorico P, Ridolfi L, Porporato A, Rodriguez-Iturbe I (2000) Preferential states of seasonal soil moisture: The impact of climate fluctuations. Water Resources Research 36:2209-2219
Donovan LA, Ehleringer JR (1991) Ecophysiological differences among juvenile and reproductive plants of several woody species. Oecologia 86:594-597
Donovan LA, Ehleringer JR (1992) Contrasting water-use patterns among size and life-history classes of a semi-arid shrub. Functional Ecology 6:482-488
Donovan LA, Ehleringer JR (1994a) Carbon isotope discrimination, water-use efficiency, growth and mortality in a natural shrub population. Oecologia 100:347-354
Donovan LA, Ehleringer JR (1994b) Potential for selection on plants for water-use efficiency as estimated by carbon isotope discrimination. American Journal of Botany 81:927-935
Donovan LA, Ehleringer JR (1994c) Water stress and use of summer precipitation in a Great Basin shrub community. Functional Ecology 8:289-297
Donovan LA, Mausberg J, Ehleringer J, R. (1993) Seedling size and survival for Chrysothamnus nauseosus. Great Basin Naturalist 53:237-245
Dougherty RL, Lauenroth WK, Singh JS (1996) Response of a grassland cactus to frequency and size of rainfall events in a North American shortgrass steppe. Journal of Ecology 84:177-183
Edwards WRN, Jarvis PG, Grace J, Moncrieff JB (1994) Reversing cavitation in tracheids of Pinus sylvestris L. under negative water potentials. Plant Cell and Environment 17:389-397
Ehleringer JR (1984) Intraspecific competitive effects on water relations, growth and reproduction in Encelia farinosa. Oecologia 63:153-158
Ehleringer JR, Mooney HA, Rundel PW, Evans RD, Palma B, Delatorre J (1992a) Lack of nitrogen cycling in the Atacama Desert. Nature 359:316-318
Ehleringer JR, Phillips SL, Comstock JP (1992b) Seasonal variation in the carbon isotopic composition of desert plants. Functional Ecology 6:396-404
Ehleringer JR, Phillips SL, Schuster WSF, Sandquist DR (1991) Differential utilization of summer rains by desert plants. Oecologia 88:430-434
Ehleringer JR, Rundel PW, Palma B, Mooney HA (1998) Carbon isotope ratios of Atacama Desert plants reflect hyperaridity of region in northern Chile. Revista Chilena de Historia Natural 71:79-86
Ehleringer JR, Schwinning S, Gebauer R (2000) Water use in arid land ecosystems. In: Press MC, Scholes JD, Barker MG (eds) Physiological Plant Ecology. Blackwell Science, Boston, pp 347-365
Eissenstat DM, Caldwell MM (1988) Competitive Ability Is Linked to Rates of Water Extraction a Field Study of Two Aridland Tussock Grasses. Oecologia 75:1-7
Eissenstat DM, Caldwell MM (1989) Invasive Root Growth Into Disturbed Soil of Two Tussock Grasses That Differ in Competitive Effectiveness. Functional Ecology 3:345-354
Eissenstat DM, Yanai RD (1997) The ecology of root life span. Advances in Ecological Research 27:1-60
Ely LL, Enzel Y, Cayan DR (1994) Anomalous North Pacific atmospheric circulation and large winter floods in the southwestern United States. Journal of Climate 7:977-987
Epstein HE, Burke IC, Lauenroth WK (1999) Response of the shortgrass steppe to changes in rainfall seasonality. Ecosystems 2:139-150
Epstein HE, Lauenroth WK, Burke IC (1997) Productivity patterns of C3 and C4 functional types in the U.S. Great Plains. Ecology 1997:722-31
Epstein HE, Lauenroth WK, Burke IC, Coffin DP (1996) Ecological responses of dominant grasses along two climatic gradients in the Great Plains of the United States. Journal of Vegetation Science 7:777-788
Evans RD, Belnap J (1999) Long-term consequences of disturbance on nitrogen dynamics in an arid ecosystem. Ecology 80:150-160
Evans RD, Belnap J, Garcia-Pichel F, Phillips SL (2001) Global change and the future of biological soil crusts. In: Belnap J, Lange OL (eds) Biological soil crusts: Structure, function, and management. Springer Verlag, Heidelberg,Berlin, New York, pp 417-430
Evans RD, Black RA (1993) Growth, photosynthesis, and resource investment for vegetative and reproductive modules of Artemisia tridentata. Ecology Washington D C 74:1516-1528
Evans RD, Black RA, Link SO (1991) Reproductive growth during drought in Artemisia tridentata Nutt. Functional Ecology 5:676-683
Evans RD, Black RA, Loescher WH, Fellows RJ (1992) Osmotic relations of the drought-tolerant shrub Artemisia tridentata in response to water stress. Plant Cell and Environment 15:49-60
Evans RD, Ehleringer JR (1993) A break in the nitrogen cycle in arid lands? Evidence from nitrogen-15 of soils. Oecologia Heidelberg 94:314-317
Evans RD, Ehleringer JR (1994) Water and nitrogen dynamics in an arid woodland. Oecologia Berlin 99:233-242
Fernandez OA, Caldwell MM (1975) Phenology and dynamics of root growth of three cool semi-desert shrubs under field conditions. Journal of Ecology 63:703-714
Fernandez RJ, Reynolds JF (2000) Potential growth and drought tolerance of eight desert grasses: Lack of a trade-off? Oecologi 123:90-98
Fisher SG, Grimm NB (1985) Hydrologic and Material Budgets For a Small Sonoran Desert Watershed Arizona Usa During Three Consecutive Cloudburst Floods. Journal of Arid Environments 9:105-118
Fitter AH (1994) Architecture and biomass allocation as components of the plastic response of root systems to soil heterogeneity. In: Caldwell MM, Pearcy RW (eds) Exploitation of environmental heterogeneity by plants. Ecophysiological processes above and below ground. Academic Press Inc., San Diego, pp 305-322
Flanagan LB, Ehleringer JR (1998) Ecosystem-atmosphere CO2 exchange: Interpreting signals of change using stable isotope ratios. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 13:10-14
Fowler AM, Hennessy KJ (1995) Potential impacts of global warming on the frequency and magnitude of heavy precipitation. Natural Hazards 11:283-303
Gebauer RLE, Ehleringer JR (2000) Water and nitrogen uptake patterns following moisture pulses in a cold desert community. Ecology 81:1415-1424
Gill R, Burke Ingrid C, Milchunas Daniel G, Lauenroth William K (1999) Relationship between root biomass and soil organic matter pools in the shortgrass steppe of eastern Colorado. Ecosystems 2:226-236
Gold WG, Bliss LC (1995) Water limitations and plant community development in a polar desert. Ecology 76:1558-1568
Goldberg D, Novoplansky A (1997) On the relative importance of competition in unproductive environments. Journal of Ecology 85:409-418
Goldberg DE, Turkington R, Olsvig Whittaker L, Dyer AR (2001) Density dependence in an annual plant community: Variation among life history stages. Ecological Monographs 71:423-446.