Table S1 Species, primary trophic guild and country tropical reef fishes were detected.Species classified as tropical according to IUCN Red List, Froese and Pauly (2015) and/or Kuiter (2003), as per Feary et al. (2014). Trophic guilds allocated from references below. A = southeastern Australia; J = western Japan. Where known, dietary preferences were assigned for recruits/juveniles (R), as well as for vagrant fishes (V)
Tropical fishes detected / Diet classification / Region / Documented diets / ReferencesF. Acanthuridae
Acanthurus dussumieria / Herbivore / A, J / Grazer/detritivore; algae in temperate reefs (R; V) / Green and Bellwood 2009; Basford et al. 2015
Acanthurus lineatusb / Herbivore / A, J / Algal turfs / Choat et al. 2002, 2004
Acanthurus nigrofuscusa / Herbivore / A, J / Algal turfs / Green and Bellwood 2009; Choat et al. 2004
Acanthurus olivaceusa / Herbivore / A, J / Algae and sediment, and detritus / Choat et al. 2002
Acanthurus triostegusa / Herbivore / A, J / Algal turfs (R; V) / Choat et al. 2004
Ctenochaetus binotatusb / Detritivore / A, J / Organic detritivore, algae and sediment / Randall and Clements 2001
Ctenochaetus striatusc / Detritivore / J / Organic detritivore with some algae
and sediment / Ishihara and Kuwamura 1996
Naso brevirostrisb / Herbivore / A / Benthic algae (R; V) / Kuiter 1993
Naso unicornisc / Herbivore / A, J / Macroscopic algae, mainly larger
brown algae / Choat et al. 2002, 2004
Naso vlamingiib / Omnivore / J / Zooplankton and benthic algae / Myers 1991
F. Chaetodontidae
Chaetodon aurigaa / Benthivore / A, J / Benthic invertebrates (polychaetes,
sea anemones) and algae / Myers 1991
Chaetodon auripesa / Benthivore / J / Benthic invertebrates / Myers and Pratchett 2010a
Chaetodon citrinellusb / Benthivore / A / Facultative corallivore, algae,
and benthic invertebrates / Myers and Pratchett 2010b
Chaetodon flavirostrisa / Benthivore / A / Facultative corallivore,
benthic invertebrates and microalgae / Randall et al. 1997; Carassou et al. 2008;
Chaetodon kleiniib / Benthivore / A / Facultative corallivore and hydroids
(occasionally zooplankton) / Randall et al. 1997
Chaetodon vagabundusb / Omnivore / A, J / Anemones, coral polyps,
polychaete worms and algae / Myers and Pratchett 2010c
Heniochus acuminatusb / Planktivore / J / zooplankton, benthic invertebrates / Rocha et al. 2010
F. Labridae
Labroides dimidiatusa / Ectoparasite feeder / A, J / Ectoparasites and fish mucus (V) / Potts 1973; Luiz et al. 2016
Stethojulis bandanensisb / Benthivore / A / Crustaceans and benthic invertebrates / Lieske and Myers 1994
Stethojulis interrupta terinaa / Benthivore / J / Benthic invertebrates / Horinouchi and Sano 2000
Thalassoma janseniib / Benthivore / A / Benthic invertebrates / Sano et al. 1984
F. Lutijanidae
Lutjanus russelliib / Piscivore / A / Fish and pelagic invertebrates / Salini et al. 1994
F. Pomacentridae
Abudefduf bengalensisa / Omnivore / A / Crabs, gastropods, benthic algae
and zooplankton / Froese and Pauly 2015
Abudefduf sexfasciatusa / Plankivore / A, J / Zooplankton and algae / Froese and Pauly 2015
Abudefduf vaigiensisa / Planktivore / A, J / Zooplankon (R; V),
invertebrates and algae / Beck 2014; Froese and Pauly 2015
Abudefduf whitleyia / Planktivore / A / Zooplankton / Froese and Pauly 2015
Amphiprion clarkiib / Planktivore / J / Zooplankton / Froese and Pauly (2015)
Chromis weberib / Planktivore / J / Zooplankton / Froese and Pauly 2015
Plectroglyphidodon leucozonusa / Herbivore / A, J / Benthic algae / Sano et al. 1984
Pomacentrus australisb / Herbivore / A / Benthic algae / Froese and Pauly 2015
Pomacentrus bankanensisb / Herbivore / A / Primarily benthic algae,
copepods, isopods, and tunicates / Allen 1991
Pomacentrus coelestisa / Planktivore / A, J / Primarily zooplankon, sometimes algae / Allen 1991
Pomacentrus nagasakiensisa / Planktivore / A, J / Primarily zooplankon, sometimes algae21 / Froese and Pauly 2015
F. Siganidae
Siganus fuscescensd / Herbivore / J / Turf algae, seagrass, some invertebrates (J) / Pitt 1997
F. Tetraodontidae
Canthigaster rivulatac / Omnivore / J / (assumed similar to other Canthigasterdae) / Froese and Pauly 2015
F. Zanclidae
Zanclus cornutusb / Benthivore / A, J / Benthic invertebrates, including sponges26,27 / Anderson and Hafiz 1987; Kuiter 1993
aFrequencies significantly greater in non-macroalgal habitat (P < 0.05; Binomial test)
bSpecies only found in non-macroalgal habitat (low sample numbers precluded statistical analysis)
cNo difference in frequency found in non-macroalgal and macroalgal habitats (P > 0.05; Binomial test)
dFrequencies significantly greater in macroalgal habitat (P < 0.05; Binomial test).
References
Allen GR (1991) Damselfishes of the world. Mergus Publishers, Melle, Germany
Anderson C, Hafiz A (1987) Common reef fishes of the Maldives. Part 1. Novelty Press, Republic of Maldives
Basford AJ, Feary DA, Truong G, Steinberg PD, Marzinelli E, Vergés A (2016) Feeding habits of range-shifting herbivores: tropical surgeonfishes in a temperate environment. Mar Freshw Res 67:75–83
Beck, HJ (2014) Tropical fish recruitment success varies among temperate reefs, potentially impacting their range expansion. Ph.D.thesis, University of Technology Sydney, p 156
Carassou L, Kulbicki M, Nicola TJ, Polunin, NV (2008) Assessment of fish trophic status and relationships by stable isotope data in the coral reef lagoon of New Caledonia, southwest Pacific. Aquat Living Resour 21:1–12
Choat, JH, Clements KD, Robbins WD (2002) The trophic status of herbivorous fishes on coral reefs. 1. Dietary analyses. Mar Biol 140:613–623
Choat JH, Robbins WD, Clements KD (2004) The trophic status of herbivorous fishes on coral reefs. Mar Biol 145:445–454
Froese R, Pauly D (2015) FishBase. (accessed 09 Oct 2015)
Green AL, Bellwood DR (2009) Monitoring functional groups of herbivorous reef fishes as indicators of coral reef resilience – A practical guide for coral reef managers in the Asia Pacific region. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland
Horinouchi, M., Sano, M. (2000). Food habits of fishes in Azostera marina bed at aburatsubo, central japan. Ichthyol Res47:163–173
Ishihara M, Kuwamura T (1996) Bigamy or monogamy with maternal egg care in the triggerfish, Sufflamen chrysopterus. Ichthyol Res 43:307–313
Kuiter RH (1993) Coastal fishes of south-eastern Australia. University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu, Hawaii
Lieske E, Myers RF (1994) Coral reef fishes. Indo-Pacific and Caribbean including the Red Sea. Harper Collins Publishers, New York, USA
Luiz OJ, Madin EMP, Madin JS, Baird AH, Grutter AS (2016) Interactions between tropical and temperate reef fishes in a biogeographic transition zone: implications for range shifts of a specialist species. Front Ecol Environ 14:110–111
Myers RF (1991) Micronesian reef fishes: a comprehensive guide to the coral reef fishes of Micronesia. Coral Graphics, Barrigada, Guam
Myers R, Pratchett M (2010a) Chaetodon auripes. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2015.2. 31 Aug 2015)
Myers R, Pratchett M (2010b) Chaetodon citrinellus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2015.2. 31 Aug 2015)
Myers R, Pratchett M (2010c) Chaetodon vagabundus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2015.2. 31 Aug 2015)
Pitt, JM (1997) The feeding ecology of rabbitfish (Siganidae) at Green Island reef: ontogenetic and interspecific differences in diet, morphology and habitat utilisation. PhD dissertation, James Cook University of North Queensland, Townsville, Australia
Potts G (1973) The ethology of Labroides dimidiatus (Cuv. & Val.) (Labridae, Pisces) on Aldabra. Anim Behav 21:250–291
Randall JE, Clements KD (2001) Second revision of the surgeonfish genus Ctenochaetus (Perciformes: Acanthuridae), with descriptions of two new species. Indo-Pacific Fishes 32:33
Randall JE, Allen GR, Steene RC (1997) Fishes of the Great Barrier Reef and Coral Sea. University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu, Hawaii
Rocha LA, Pyle R, Craig MT, Pratchett M, Carpenter KE (2010) Heniochus acuminatus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2015.2. (accessed Aug 2015)
Salini JP, Blaber SJM, Brewer DT (1994) Diets of trawled predatory fish of the Gulf of Carpentaria, Australia, with particular reference to predation on prawns. Mar Freshw Res 45:397–411
Sano M, Shimizu M, Nose Y (1984) Food habits of teleostean reef fishes in Okinawa Island, southern Japan. University of Tokyo Press, Tokyo
Table S2Results of distance-based linear modelling of biophysical variables within temperate reefs on vagrant tropical fish assemblages
Variable / SS / Pseudo-F / P / Proportion (%)Barren / 35217 / 17.779 / 0.0001 / 17.82
Overall temperate fish abundance / 27262 / 13.12 / 0.0001 / 13.79
Overall Macroalgae cover / 23249 / 10.931 / 0.0001 / 11.76
Temperate omnivore density / 18551 / 8.4935 / 0.0004 / 9.39
Temperate planktivore density / 17348 / 7.8898 / 0.0002 / 8.78
Phyllospora comosa cover / 12936 / 5.7429 / 0.0019 / 6.55
Turfing algae cover / 12085 / 5.3405 / 0.002 / 6.11
Overall temperate fish richness / 11538 / 5.0837 / 0.0033 / 5.84
Sargassum spp. cover / 10583 / 4.6391 / 0.0059 / 5.35
Temperate piscivore density / 2189.2 / 0.91846 / 0.4015 / 1.11
Wave exposure / 2094.8 / 0.8784 / 0.418 / 1.06
Temperate herbivore density / 1654.7 / 0.6923 / 0.5557 / 0.84
Ecklonia radiata cover / 1496.1 / 0.62545 / 0.6157 / 0.76
Temperate benthivore density / 1348 / 0.56312 / 0.6648 / 0.68
Reef rugosity / 1301.1 / 0.54339 / 0.6927 / 0.66
Table S3 Ranked best solutions from distance-based linear modelling of environmental factors (within 2 AICc values from the best overall model), which explained variance in vagrant tropical fish assemblages throughout southeastern Australia in 2014. Bold values denote the top model—the lowest AICc and the least number of variables within 2 AICc units of the overall best model. Selections: 1 = Temperate planktivore density, 2 = Temperate herbivore density, 3 = Temperate benthivore density, 4 = Temperate omnivore density, 5 = Temperate piscivore density, 6 = Reef rugosity, 7 = Overall temperate fish abundance, 8 = Overall temperate fish richness, 9 = Overall Macroalgae cover, 10 = Ecklonia radiata cover, 11= Sargassum spp. cover, 12 = Phyllospora comosa cover, 13 = turfing algae extent, 14 = Barren extent, 15 = Wave exposure
AICc / R2 / RSS / No. Variables / Selections634.76 / 0.265 / 145250 / 3 / 7,14,15
634.83 / 0.304 / 137650 / 5 / 5-7,9,14
634.85 / 0.284 / 141550 / 4 / 6,7,9,14
634.86 / 0.284 / 141560 / 4 / 7,9,14,15
634.91 / 0.283 / 141640 / 4 / 5-7,14
634.96 / 0.283 / 141730 / 4 / 7,10,14,15
634.97 / 0.263 / 145610 / 3 / 7,9,14
635.13 / 0.262 / 145890 / 3 / 6,7,14
635.14 / 0.242 / 149790 / 2 / 7,14
635.23 / 0.281 / 142180 / 4 / 4,7,14,15
635.25 / 0.300 / 138340 / 5 / 6,7,10,14,15
635.28 / 0.319 / 134510 / 6 / 4-7,9,14
635.31 / 0.280 / 142320 / 4 / 6,7,14,15
635.33 / 0.280 / 142350 / 4 / 5,7,14,15
635.34 / 0.280 / 142360 / 4 / 5,7,9,14
635.34 / 0.299 / 138490 / 5 / 4-7,14
635.34 / 0.299 / 138490 / 5 / 7,9,10,14,15
635.35 / 0.260 / 146270 / 3 / 5,7,14
635.36 / 0.299 / 138520 / 5 / 4,7,9,14,15
635.37 / 0.299 / 138550 / 5 / 4,6,7,9,14
635.38 / 0.299 / 138550 / 5 / 6,7,9,14,15
635.40 / 0.299 / 138590 / 5 / 4,7,10,14,15
635.48 / 0.278 / 142600 / 4 / 4,7,9,14
635.51 / 0.298 / 138760 / 5 / 5,7,9,14,15
635.53 / 0.298 / 138800 / 5 / 7,10,13-15
635.54 / 0.298 / 138830 / 5 / 5-7,14,15
635.63 / 0.257 / 146770 / 3 / 4,7,14
635.63 / 0.277 / 142870 / 4 / 4,6,7,14
635.67 / 0.316 / 135150 / 6 / 6,7,9,10,14,15
635.70 / 0.316 / 135200 / 6 / 5-7,9,14,15
635.72 / 0.316 / 135220 / 6 / 5-7,10,14,15
635.72 / 0.316 / 135220 / 6 / 4,6,7,10,14,15
635.72 / 0.296 / 139120 / 5 / 4,5,7,14,15
635.76 / 0.296 / 139180 / 5 / 5,7,10,14,15
635.77 / 0.296 / 139200 / 5 / 7,9,13-15
635.77 / 0.296 / 139200 / 5 / 2,6,7,9,14
635.77 / 0.276 / 143110 / 4 / 4,5,7,14
635.78 / 0.296 / 139220 / 5 / 4,5,7,9,14
635.80 / 0.276 / 143160 / 4 / 7,9,13,14
635.81 / 0.295 / 139260 / 5 / 4,6,7,14,15
635.85 / 0.315 / 135430 / 6 / 2,5-7,9,14
635.86 / 0.275 / 143250 / 4 / 7,13-15
635.89 / 0.314 / 135500 / 6 / 4,7,9,10,14,15
635.90 / 0.295 / 139410 / 5 / 2,5-7,14
635.90 / 0.314 / 135510 / 6 / 4,6,7,9,14,15
635.92 / 0.314 / 135550 / 6 / 4,5,7,9,14,15
635.93 / 0.275 / 143370 / 4 / 7,8,14,15
635.94 / 0.294 / 139480 / 5 / 5-7,10,14
635.96 / 0.314 / 135610 / 6 / 4-7,14,15
635.97 / 0.333 / 131740 / 7 / 5-7,9,10,14,15
635.98 / 0.274 / 143460 / 4 / 2,6,7,14
636.00 / 0.314 / 135670 / 6 / 4,7,10,13-15
636.02 / 0.313 / 135700 / 6 / 5,7,9,10,14,15
636.03 / 0.274 / 143550 / 4 / 1,7,14,15
636.04 / 0.274 / 143560 / 4 / 2,7,14,15
636.05 / 0.293 / 139670 / 5 / 1,7,9,14,15
636.06 / 0.293 / 139670 / 5 / 6,7,9,13,14
636.07 / 0.273 / 143610 / 4 / 6,7,10,14
636.08 / 0.313 / 135810 / 6 / 1,5-7,9,14
636.09 / 0.273 / 143640 / 4 / 1,7,9,14
636.09 / 0.293 / 139730 / 5 / 5-7,13,14
636.10 / 0.332 / 131940 / 7 / 4-7,10,14,15
636.12 / 0.293 / 139770 / 5 / 7-9,14,15
636.12 / 0.293 / 139780 / 5 / 2,7,9,14,15
636.12 / 0.293 / 139780 / 5 / 1,6,7,9,14
636.12 / 0.293 / 139790 / 5 / 6-9,14
636.13 / 0.312 / 135890 / 6 / 6,7,10,13-15
636.14 / 0.332 / 132000 / 7 / 4-7,9,14,15
636.14 / 0.312 / 135900 / 6 / 4,5,7,10,14,15
636.15 / 0.273 / 143760 / 4 / 2,7,9,14
636.15 / 0.312 / 135930 / 6 / 7,9,10,13-15
636.17 / 0.273 / 143780 / 4 / 7,12,14,15
636.19 / 0.252 / 147740 / 3 / 7,13,14
636.19 / 0.272 / 143820 / 4 / 7-9,14
636.20 / 0.292 / 139920 / 5 / 1,5-7,14
636.21 / 0.292 / 139930 / 5 / 7,8,10,14,15
636.22 / 0.272 / 143860 / 4 / 3,7,14,15
636.24 / 0.331 / 132170 / 7 / 4,6,7,9,10,14,15
636.27 / 0.292 / 140030 / 5 / 7,9,12,14,15
636.27 / 0.291 / 140040 / 5 / 1,7,10,14,15
636.28 / 0.311 / 136130 / 6 / 4,7,9,13-15
636.29 / 0.272 / 143980 / 4 / 6,7,13,14
636.29 / 0.291 / 140070 / 5 / 2,7,10,14,15
636.31 / 0.311 / 136170 / 6 / 5-7,9,10,14
636.32 / 0.251 / 147970 / 3 / 2,7,14
636.33 / 0.311 / 136210 / 6 / 4-7,10,14
636.33 / 0.291 / 140130 / 5 / 4,7,9,13,14
636.35 / 0.271 / 144090 / 4 / 7,11,12,15
636.35 / 0.251 / 148020 / 3 / 1,7,14
636.35 / 0.311 / 136240 / 6 / 5-7,9,13,14
636.36 / 0.251 / 148040 / 3 / 7,10,14
636.36 / 0.251 / 148050 / 3 / 7,8,14
636.37 / 0.291 / 140200 / 5 / 3,7,9,14,15
636.37 / 0.291 / 140200 / 5 / 4,7,13-15
636.39 / 0.271 / 144160 / 4 / 3,7,9,14
636.39 / 0.271 / 144170 / 4 / 6-8,14
636.40 / 0.290 / 140250 / 5 / 3,6,7,9,14
636.41 / 0.290 / 140270 / 5 / 1,5,7,9,14
636.42 / 0.350 / 128540 / 8 / 4-7,9,10,14,15
636.43 / 0.270 / 144230 / 4 / 5,7,13,14
636.43 / 0.290 / 140300 / 5 / 2,5,7,9,14
636.44 / 0.290 / 140310 / 5 / 5,7,9,13,14
636.45 / 0.310 / 136400 / 6 / 3,5-7,9,14
636.45 / 0.270 / 144260 / 4 / 2,5,7,14
636.46 / 0.270 / 144280 / 4 / 1,6,7,14
636.46 / 0.330 / 132510 / 7 / 4,5,7,9,10,14,15
636.46 / 0.290 / 140350 / 5 / 5,7,13-15
636.47 / 0.290 / 140360 / 5 / 2,5,7,14,15
636.48 / 0.310 / 136450 / 6 / 5-9,14
636.48 / 0.270 / 144320 / 4 / 1,5,7,14
636.50 / 0.309 / 136480 / 6 / 5,7,10,13-15
636.50 / 0.290 / 140410 / 5 / 3,5-7,14
636.50 / 0.290 / 140410 / 5 / 6,7,9,10,14
636.52 / 0.289 / 140450 / 5 / 5-8,14
636.52 / 0.289 / 140460 / 5 / 5,7,8,14,15
636.53 / 0.309 / 136530 / 6 / 6-8,10,14,15
636.53 / 0.289 / 140460 / 5 / 2,6,7,14,15
636.53 / 0.309 / 136540 / 6 / 2,4,6,7,9,14
636.53 / 0.249 / 148350 / 3 / 3,7,14
636.55 / 0.289 / 140490 / 5 / 4,6,7,10,14
636.55 / 0.289 / 140500 / 5 / 1,5,7,14,15
636.56 / 0.289 / 140510 / 5 / 6-8,14,15
636.56 / 0.289 / 140510 / 5 / 3,7,10,14,15
636.56 / 0.309 / 136590 / 6 / 4-7,13,14
636.57 / 0.309 / 136590 / 6 / 2,6,7,10,14,15
636.58 / 0.309 / 136620 / 6 / 5-7,9,12,14
636.59 / 0.309 / 136630 / 6 / 1,7,9,10,14,15
636.59 / 0.289 / 140570 / 5 / 6,7,9,12,14
636.59 / 0.289 / 140570 / 5 / 4,7,12,14,15
636.59 / 0.309 / 136640 / 6 / 4,6,7,9,13,14
636.60 / 0.309 / 136640 / 6 / 2,6,7,9,14,15
636.61 / 0.328 / 132740 / 7 / 2,4-7,9,14
636.61 / 0.289 / 140600 / 5 / 6,7,13-15
636.61 / 0.309 / 136670 / 6 / 7-10,14,15
636.61 / 0.269 / 144540 / 4 / 7,9,12,14
636.61 / 0.308 / 136670 / 6 / 2,4-7,14
636.62 / 0.308 / 136680 / 6 / 6,7,9,13-15
636.62 / 0.289 / 140610 / 5 / 1,4,7,14,15
636.62 / 0.289 / 140620 / 5 / 2,4,7,14,15
636.62 / 0.328 / 132770 / 7 / 4,6,7,10,13-15
636.63 / 0.308 / 136700 / 6 / 2,5,7,9,14,15
636.63 / 0.308 / 136700 / 6 / 5,7,9,13-15
636.64 / 0.308 / 136720 / 6 / 7,9,11,12,14,15
636.65 / 0.308 / 136730 / 6 / 2,7,9,10,14,15
636.65 / 0.268 / 144600 / 4 / 7,11,14,15
636.65 / 0.268 / 144610 / 4 / 3,6,7,14
636.66 / 0.328 / 132820 / 7 / 1,4-7,9,14
636.66 / 0.288 / 140690 / 5 / 5-7,12,14
636.67 / 0.308 / 136760 / 6 / 1,4,7,9,14,15
636.67 / 0.308 / 136770 / 6 / 1,5,7,9,14,15
636.68 / 0.288 / 140720 / 5 / 2,4,6,7,14
636.68 / 0.288 / 140720 / 5 / 1,6,7,14,15
636.68 / 0.308 / 136790 / 6 / 1,6,7,10,14,15
636.69 / 0.288 / 140730 / 5 / 5-7,11,14
636.69 / 0.308 / 136800 / 6 / 1,6,7,9,14,15
636.69 / 0.308 / 136800 / 6 / 4,7,9,12,14,15
636.69 / 0.268 / 144680 / 4 / 5,7,10,14
636.70 / 0.328 / 132880 / 7 / 4,7,9,10,13-15
636.70 / 0.288 / 140750 / 5 / 4,7,8,14,15
636.71 / 0.288 / 140760 / 5 / 1,4,7,9,14
636.71 / 0.288 / 140770 / 5 / 7,10,12,14,15
636.71 / 0.308 / 136830 / 6 / 6-9,14,15
636.72 / 0.327 / 132920 / 7 / 4-7,9,10,14
636.73 / 0.268 / 144740 / 4 / 4,7,13,14
636.73 / 0.288 / 140790 / 5 / 7,11,12,14,15
636.73 / 0.288 / 140800 / 5 / 3,4,7,14,15
636.74 / 0.268 / 144760 / 4 / 7,9,10,15
636.75 / 0.307 / 136890 / 6 / 2,4,7,9,14,15
636.76 / 0.287 / 140840 / 5 / 5,7,12,14,15
636.76 / 0.267 / 144800 / 4 / 7,9,10,14
636.76 / 0.287 / 140860 / 5 / 6-8,10,14