POL105Lecture 1216.11.98

Views of the Future (your future & the world’s)

  1. Your future – Exam Review

A. lecture notes --

  1. 350th Anniversary of the Treaty of Westphalia (1648)

1. Thirty Years War (1618-1648) –

Religious war fought in central Europe

  1. Treaty of Westphalia

a)Agreement to Cease Religious War

Cuius regio eius religio

Religious authority granted to monarchs

Territorial sovereignty

b) Treaty of Westphalia and the Nation-state

i)established the legal basis for the sovereign state

ii)justice and power of a state monopolized by a monarch (absolutism)

iii)shift of international law above the states

to a law among states

C. state of nature -- social order vs. anarchy

  1. Hugo Grotius

established international law as a discipline

International society of states

Natural law of international law and states

each state founded on a social contract, established by its citizens

respect for treaties

  1. Thomas Hobbes

Right of nature – self-preservation

The Leviathan exercises absolute power within states

Putting an end to a state of nature between individuals within the state reestablishes a state of nature among states

Sovereignty and Power

rulers are the state

International state of nature and

the Balance of Power

freedom of ruler to break treaties and shift alliances

3. Rousseau

a. state of nature

total freedom and innocence

The Stag Hunt – rabbits v. stag

b. causes of war – not human nature

c. international system – focus on “system”

  1. balance of power is self-equilibriating
  2. self-sustaining
  3. self-regulating
  4. principle of order, but Not Peace

d. International Peace

  1. will only be achieved with the abolishment of the sovereign state
  2. need a social contract between states

4. Kant

  1. Reason – human rationality
  1. Ruler’s interests clash with those of the citizens’
  1. Democratic “republican” peace
  2. Upward spread of norms from citizens to rulers to international society
  1. International politics is only the appearance of the relations between states
  1. international society
  1. states are not individuals
  2. reason and international society

the role of learning

progress through learning

Link to Russett

5. Hegel

  1. ideas v. materialism
  2. ideas and history
  1. dialectalism – every given thought will contain aspects that are inherently contradictory that will produce its own negation --. Thesis and antithesis
  1. synthesis of the thesis and the antithesis  progress

e. Dialectalism of War

  1. progress and war
  2. the constructive aspects of war
  3. national unity, technological growth (peace leads to softness)

Link to Fukuyama

  1. Ideologies & IR paradigms
  1. Liberalism

a continuation of enlightenment thought

focus on the individual

  1. Conservativism

a reaction against enlightenment thought and policies

focus on tradition and community

  1. Radicalism

a reaction against enlightenment thought and policies

Revolution

Focus on social transformation and community

Marx & Engels

  1. Realism: interests, states, and balance

Thucydides

Hobbes

Morgenthau

Waltz

  1. Power -- balance of power
  1. International Anarchy – international self-help system
  1. Nation-state is principle actor in international politics
  1. Idealism

normative theory -- rooted in liberalism

appeal to greater goodness of humanity

Collective security working towards global peace

universalistic

global community

global unity, freedom for individuals

cooperation & collective action

  1. League of Nations & Woodrow Wilson
  1. collective security – collective action problem
  1. international organization
  1. failure – free-rider problem
  1. Neo-liberalism
  1. Complex Interdependence (Keohane & Nye)
  1. Interdependence

– mutual interests & interconnectedness

  1. relevance of non-state actors
  1. Issue Areas & non-fungible power

economics vs. military

fungible means that you can shift power from one issue area to another. Non-fungible means that you can not shift power from one issue area to another.

  1. Security is not the dominant goal

3. Collective Action Problems

a. Free-rider problems – public goods

b. Common property problems

c. Externalities

  1. Radicalism
  1. Marxism
  2. Theories of Imperialism
  1. Hobson
  2. Lenin
  3. Dependenciá theories
  4. World Systems Theories

Galtung

Wallerstein

Cox

  1. International division of labor
  2. International modes & means of production
  3. Base vs. superstructure
  1. Post-modern Perspectives in World Politics
  1. Archaeology of Knowledge
  1. Foucault

–focus on power, institutions impose power

  1. Knutsen

-- excavate a site of knowledge

  1. Genealogy

3.De-construction / semiotics

-- Derrida

-- reverse the hierarchy and undo pairing

  1. Constructivism
  1. Relativism

no external reality

all social phenomena are socially constructed

  1. Empiricism

there is an external reality

human agents construct reality

nature of social sciences

  1. Paradigmatic ambiguity

5.Feminist Perspectives in International Relations

  1. The concept of gender
  1. androcentric – male centered theory
  1. the inhospitable environment of international relations
  1. Global Futures
  1. Democratic Peace -- Russett
  1. The End of History -- Fukuyama
  1. Clash of Civilizations -- Huntington
  1. Nuclear Proliferation

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