A.Child Logsc.Field Notes

A.Child Logsc.Field Notes

Chapter 1

Quick Quiz

  1. These systematic, detailed observations of individual children done by scientists, including Darwin, in the nineteenth century paved the way for today’s objective, analytic research.

a.child logsc.field notes

b.baby biographiesd.infant observations

  1. In child development, an organized set of ideas that is designed to explain and make predictions about development is known as a(n)

a.hypothesis.c.systematic observation.

b.scientific observation.d.theory.

  1. According to this theory, development reflects a specific and prearranged scheme or plan within the body.

a.maturational theoryc.psychodynamic theory

b.ethological theoryd.psychosocial theory

  1. When 4-year-old Caryn realizes that taking another child’s toy is wrong, she is demonstrating which component of personality according to Freud?

a.idc.superego

b.egod.self-concept

  1. Rashid is 7 years oldand is working hard to learn basic skills and how to work well with others. According to Erikson’s theory, Rashid is in what stage of psychosocial development?

a.autonomy versus shame and doubtc.industry versus inferiority

b.initiative versus guiltd.identity versus identity confusion

  1. Telling a child that she doesn’t have to fold the laundry because she cleaned up her room is an example of

a.positive reinforcement.c.positive punishment.

b.negative reinforcement.d.negative punishment.

  1. The four stages of Piaget’s cognitive development theory are, in chronological order:

a.sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational.

b.preoperational, sensorimotor, formal operational, and concrete operational.

c.formal operational, concrete operational, preoperational, and sensorimotor.

d.concrete operational, formal operational, sensorimotor, and preoperational.

  1. Locke’s view that children are a blank slateon which experience writes, is an illustration of which theme in child development?

a.continuity-discontinuityc.active-passive child

b.nature-nurtured.connections between developmental domains

  1. Children who are attractive tend to have more friends than children who are not as attractive. That is, attractiveness is associated with having more friends. This is an example of a

a.positive correlation.c.cause-and-effect relationship.

b.negative correlation.d.manipulated independent variable.

  1. Weaknesses of longitudinal studies include all of the following EXCEPT:

a.cohort effects.c.practice effects.

b.selective attrition.d.inability to examine individual development over time.

Chapter 1

Quick Quiz Answers

1.Chapter Module: Setting the Stage
Answer: b / Page(s): 5 / Type: Factual / Diff: Easy
Rationale:Baby biographies are detailed, systematic observations of individual children.
2.Chapter Module: Foundational Theories of Child Development
Answer: d / Page(s): 7 / Type: Factual / Diff: Easy
Rationale:A theory is an organized set of ideas that is designed to explain and make predictions about development.
3.Chapter Module: Foundational Theories of Child Development
Answer: a / Page(s): 8 / Type:Factual / Diff: Easy
Rationale:Maturational theory states that child development reflects a specific and prearranged scheme or plan within the body.
4.Chapter Module: Foundational Theories of Child Development
Answer: c / Page(s): 9 / Type: Applied / Diff: Moderate
Rationale:The superego emerges during the preschool years and is an internalization of adult standards of
right and wrong.
5.Chapter Module: Foundational Theories of Child Development
Answer: c / Page(s): 10 / Type: Applied / Diff: Hard
Rationale:This is the challenge and age group represented by the industry vs. inferiority stage — learning basic skills and working with others.
6.Chapter Module: Foundational Theories of Child Development
Answer: b / Page(s): 11 / Type: Applied / Diff: Hard
Rationale:This is negative reinforcement because you are taking away something undesirable (folding
clothes) to increase (reinforcement) the chance of the behavior (cleaning the room) occurring again.
7.Chapter Module: Foundational Theories of Child Development
Answer: a / Page(s): 13 / Type: Factual / Diff: Easy
Rationale:Order given by text from first to last stage.
8.Chapter Module: Themes in Child-Development Research
Answer: c / Page(s): 17 / Type: Conceptual / Diff: Hard
Rationale:Locke’s view illustrates the passive side of the active-passive child issue.
9.Chapter Module: Doing Child-Development Research
Answer: a / Page(s):24-25 / Type: Applied / Diff: Moderate
Rationale:As one variable goes up (attractiveness) the other variable (number of friends) also increases, so
this is a positive correlation.
10.Chapter Module: Doing Child-Development Research
Answer: d / Page(s):30 / Type: Conceptual / Diff: Moderate
Rationale:Longitudinal designs give you the ability to examine individual development over time, which is a strength of this method, not a weakness.

Chapter 1

The Science of Child Development

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

1.1Viewing infants as tabula rasas suggests that

a.infants will develop naturally unless the environment interferes.

b.experience will mold infants into unique individuals.

c.nature is more important than nurture.

d.infants are born with a sense of morality.

Chapter Module: Setting the Stage
Answer: b / Page(s): 4 / Type:Factual / Diff: Easy
Rationale:Locke’s tabula rasa is the idea that infants are blank slates on which experience writes.

1.2The idea that the mind of the human infant is a tabula rasa at birth reflects the belief that

a.experience molds each person into a unique individual.

b.children should be left alone so that their good natures can unfold.

c.heredity plays a major role in an individual’s development.

d.infants cannot think because their minds are blank.

Chapter Module: Setting the Stage
Answer: a / Page(s): 4 / Type:Conceptual / Diff: Moderate
Rationale:Locke’s tabula rasa is the idea that infants are blank slates on which experience writes.

1.3If parents believe that children are tabula rasas at birth, they are likely to

a.leave their children alone so their virtuous natures can unfold.

b.be very permissive with their children.

c.assume that nothing they do will have any influence on their children’s development.

d.plan their children’s experiences from the moment of their birth.

Chapter Module: Setting the Stage
Answer: d / Page(s): 4 / Type:Applied / Diff: Moderate
Rationale:Locke believed that experience was important to development; therefore parents play an important role in planning their children’s experiences.

1.4The French philosopher, Jean Jacques Rousseau, believed that

a.the human infant is born a tabula rasa.

b.infants were born with an innate sense of justice and morality.

c.experience molds each human into a unique individual.

d.parents should teach their children rationality and self-control.

Chapter Module: Setting the Stage
Answer: b / Page(s): 4 / Type:Factual / Diff: Easy
Rationale:Rousseau believed that infants are born with an innate sense of justice and morality.

1.5Heather believes her 12-month-old daughter will develop optimally if Heather gives her freedom to grow naturally and does not try to shape her development.Heather’s beliefs about child rearing are most similar to those of

a.Sigmund Freud.c.John Locke.

b.Erik Erikson.d.Jean Jacques Rousseau.

Chapter Module: Setting the Stage
Answer: d / Page(s): 4 / Type:Applied / Diff: Moderate
Rationale:Rousseau believed in a natural unfolding of a child’s innate sense of justice and morality, a philosophy that formed the basis of the maturational theory.

1.6Detailed, systematic observations of individual children are referred to as

a.blank slates.c.mental tests.

b.baby biographies.d.critical periods.

Chapter Module: Setting the Stage
Answer: b / Page(s): 5 / Type:Factual / Diff: Easy
Rationale:Baby biographies are detailed, systematic observations of individual children. The observations in the biographies were often subjective and the conclusions were sometimes reached on the basis of minimal evidence.

1.7______based his ideas about child development on evolutionary theory and was interested in age-trends in children’s beliefs and feelings.

a.John Lockec.G. Stanley Hall

b.Jean JacquesRousseaud.Alfred Binet

Chapter Module: Setting the Stage
Answer: c / Page(s): 5 / Type:Factual / Diff: Easy
Rationale:Hall generated theories based on evolutionary theory and conducted studies to determine age trends in children’s beliefs and feelings about a range of topics.

1.8______uses developmental research to promote healthy development, particularly for vulnerable children and families.

a.Family policy

b.Applied developmental science

c.A quasi-experimental design

d.The Index of Social Health for Children and Youth (ISHCY)

Chapter Module: Setting the Stage
Answer: b / Page(s): 6 / Type:Factual / Diff: Easy
Rationale:A new branch of child-development research has emerged that is known as applied developmental science, which uses developmental research to promote healthy development.

1.9An organized set of ideas that is designed to explain development is referred to as a

a.theory.c.tabula rasa.

b.criticalperiod.d.case history.

Chapter Module: Foundational Theories of Child Development
Answer:a / Page(s): 7 / Type:Factual / Diff: Easy
Rationale:Theories are organized sets of ideas that are designed to explain and make predictions about development.

1.10The view that development is a result of the unfolding of a specific and prearranged scheme or plan within the body is characteristic of

a.Konrad Lorenz’s ethological theory.

b.Sigmund Freud’s psychodynamic theory.

c.Erik Erikson’s psychosocial theory.

d.Arnold Gesell’s maturational theory.

Chapter Module: Foundational Theories of Child Development
Answer: d / Page(s): 8 / Type:Factual / Diff: Moderate
Rationale:This describes maturational theory, which was put forth by Gesell.

1.11______theory states that child development occurs according to a prearranged scheme or plan within the body.

a.Psychodynamicc.Maturational

b.Ecologicald.Cognitive developmental

Chapter Module: Foundational Theories of Child Development
Answer: c / Page(s): 8 / Type:Conceptual / Diff: Easy
Rationale:According to Gesell, maturational theory reflects a specific and prearranged scheme or plan within the body.

1.12Gesell’s maturational theory most closely fits with the ideas of

a.Jean Jacques Rousseau.c.John Locke.

b.Erik Erikson.d.John Watson.

Chapter Module: Foundational Theories of Child Development
Answer: a / Page(s): 8 / Type:Conceptual / Diff: Hard
Rationale:Rousseau believed in a natural unfolding of a child’s innate sense of justice and morality, a perspective very much in keeping with maturational theory.

1.13Which of the following theories has a biological perspective?

a.Freud’s psychosexual theory c.Gesell’s maturational theory

b.Bandura’s social cognitive theoryd.Erikson’s psychosocial theory

Chapter Module: Foundational Theories of Child Development
Answer: c / Page(s): 8 / Type:Conceptual / Diff: Moderate
Rationale:Maturational theory and ethological theory are the two theories with a biological perspective.

1.14An evolutionary perspective is most closely associated with which of the following theories?

a.psychosocialc.maturational

b.psychodynamicd.ethological

Chapter Module: Foundational Theories of Child Development
Answer: d / Page(s): 8 / Type:Conceptual / Diff: Easy
Rationale:Ethological theory is based on Darwin’s theory of evolution.

1.15When a particular type of learning can take place only during a specific time period, not before or after that period, there is a(n) ______for learning that behavior.

a.instinctc.blank slate

b. criticalperiodd.emotional bond

Chapter Module: Foundational Theories of Child Development
Answer: b / Page(s): 8 / Type:Factual / Diff: Easy
Rationale:Ethologists believe that all animals are biologically programmed so that some kinds of learning occur only at certain ages.

1.16According to ethologists, some behaviors can only be learned

a.when the behavior is reinforced and opposing behaviors are punished.

b.through observational learning.

c.during a critical period when the organism is biologically programmed to learn that behavior.

d.when the conflict between biological drives and society’s standards is resolved.

Chapter Module: Foundational Theories of Child Development
Answer: c / Page(s): 8 / Type:Factual / Diff: Moderate
Rationale:One tenet of ethological theory is the idea of the critical period.

1.17Raeann believes that babies are born with tendencies to form emotional bonds with their caregivers because it makes them more likely to survive.Raeann’s beliefs fit most closely with ______theory.

a.maturationalc.learning

b.psychodynamicd.ethological

Chapter Module: Foundational Theories of Child Development
Answer: d / Page(s): 8 / Type:Applied / Diff: Moderate
Rationale:This describes an evolutionary perspective (survival behaviors) that is the foundation of the
ethological theory.

1.18Creating an emotional bond with the mother is sometimes called

a.self-efficacy.c.imprinting.

b.adapting.d.maturation.

Chapter Module: Foundational Theories of Child Development
Answer: c / Page(s): 8 / Type:Factual / Diff: Easy
Rationale:Lorenz theorized that imprinting is the creation of an emotional bond with the mother.

1.19Jill was the first moving object a newly hatched chick saw.The chick later followed her around, just as if Jill were the chick’s mother. The chick’s behavior is a result of

a.maturation.c.self-efficacy.

b.tabula rasa.d.imprinting.

Chapter Module: Foundational Theories of Child Development
Answer: d / Page(s): 8 / Type:Applied / Diff: Moderate
Rationale:Chicks are biologically programmed to follow the first moving object they see, a behavior called imprinting.

1.20Sigmund Freud’s psychodynamic theory

a.emphasizes the influence of early experiences on later development.

b.suggests that learning is the key to understanding development.

c.suggests that behavior should be considered in context.

d.emphasizes the importance of maturation.

Chapter Module: Foundational Theories of Child Development
Answer: a / Page(s): 9 / Type:Conceptual / Diff: Moderate
Rationale:Freud believed that early experiences establish patterns that endure throughput a person’s life.

1.21Freud based his psychodynamic theory on

a.his patients’ case histories.c.correlational research studies.

b.observations of his children.d.experimental research studies.

Chapter Module: Foundational Theories of Child Development
Answer: a / Page(s): 9 / Type:Factual / Diff: Easy
Rationale:Freud was a physician who specialized in nervous system diseases and he kept detailed patient histories on which he based his theory.

1.22The id

a.wants immediate gratification of bodily desires.

b.provides a sense of morality.

c.works to resolve conflicts.

d.presses for socially acceptable actions.

Chapter Module: Foundational Theories of Child Development
Answer: a / Page(s): 9 / Type:Factual / Diff: Easy
Rationale:According to Freud, the id is the reservoir of primitive instincts and drives, focused on immediate gratification of bodily desires.

1.23Hedy lives according to the philosophy “If it feels good, do it.” Hedy’s personality appears to be dominated by her

a.ego.c.superego.

b.imprinting.d.id.

Chapter Module: Foundational Theories of Child Development
Answer: d / Page(s): 9 / Type:Applied / Diff: Moderate
Rationale:According to Freud, the id is the reservoir of primitive instincts and drives, focused on immediate gratification of bodily desires.

1.24If an ego could talk, it might say

a.“I want to eat NOW!”

b.“Do you think that is the right and honorable way to act?”

c.“Let’s see if we can discuss this issue calmly and rationally.”

d.“Is that what your mother would do?”

Chapter Module: Foundational Theories of Child Development
Answer: c / Page(s):9 / Type:Conceptual / Diff: Moderate
Rationale:The ego mediates between the superego and the id; it is the rational part of the mind.

1.25The moral agent in a child’s personality is the

a.ego.c.primitive instincts.

b.superego.d.id.

Chapter Module: Foundational Theories of Child Development
Answer: c / Page(s): 9 / Type:Factual / Diff: Easy
Rationale:The superego is the “moral agent” in the child’s personality, which emerges during preschool as children begin to internalize adult standards of right and wrong.

1.26During recess Melissa noticed that another girl dropped the doll she was playing with. According to Freud’s theory, Melissa’s ______would tell her to grab the doll and keep it as her own whereas her ______would tell her that taking another girl’s doll would be wrong.

  1. id; egoc. superego; id
  2. superego; egod. id; superego

Chapter Module: Foundational Theories of Child Development
Answer:d / Page(s): 9 / Type:Applied / Diff: Moderate
Rationale:According to Freud, the id wants immediate gratification of needs and wants, whereas the superego reflects the internalized standards of right and wrong.

1.27Psychosocial theory is associated with

a.Arnold Gesell.c.Erik Erikson.

b.Sigmund Freud.d.Albert Bandura.

Chapter Module: Foundational Theories of Child Development
Answer: c / Page(s): 10 / Type:Factual / Diff: Easy
Rationale:Erikson was the founder of psychosocial theory.

1.28Erikson emphasized

a.psychological and social aspects of development.

b.biological and physical aspects of development.

c.environmental influences on development.

d.cognitive development.

Chapter Module: Foundational Theories of Child Development
Answer: a / Page(s): 10 / Type:Conceptual / Diff: Easy
Rationale:Erikson’s theory deals with eight stages of psychosocial development.

1.29Erikson proposed a ______theoryin which development consists of a sequence of stages, each defined by a unique crisis or challenge.

a.biologicalc.psychosocial

b.learningd.cognitive-developmental

Chapter Module: Foundational Theories of Child Development
Answer: c / Page(s): 10 / Type:Factual / Diff: Easy
Rationale:Erikson’s theory focuses on psychosocial development.

1.30The first of Erikson’s stages focuses on the issue of

a.industry vs. inferiority.c.trust vs. mistrust.

b.autonomy vs. shame and doubt.d.identity vs. identity confusion.

Chapter Module: Foundational Theories of Child Development
Answer: c / Page(s): 10 / Type:Factual / Diff: Easy
Rationale:Erikson’s first stage, from birth to 1 year, is basic trust versus mistrust.

1.31Erikson’s theory suggests that 16-year-old Glenn is likely to be facing the challenge of

a.realizing that he is an independent person.

b.establishing an intimate relationship with another person.

c.developing a sense of trust in the world.

d.developing a sense of his own identity.

Chapter Module: Foundational Theories of Child Development
Answer: d / Page(s): 10 / Type:Applied / Diff: Moderate
Rationale:An adolescent would be in the stage of identity versus identity confusion, where the challenge is to develop an identity.

1.32In Erikson’s psychosocial theory,

a.outcomes of earlier stages influence how well children deal with the challenges of later stages.

b.each stage is self-contained and has no influence on other stages.

c.physical aspects of development are more important than social aspects of development.

d.the same challenges are faced over and over again in each stage.

Chapter Module: Foundational Theories of Child Development
Answer: a / Page(s): 10 / Type:Conceptual / Diff: Moderate
Rationale:Erikson believed that how one resolves conflicts in earlier stages influences later stages.

1.33Jaraan was never really able to answer the question “Who am I?” as a teenager.Erikson would predict that during young adulthood, Jaraan will

a.be likely to view his life as satisfactory and worth living.

b.establish a loving relationship with another person.