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Roden’s APUSH Unit 5 Review
Why was Cotton King up until 1860?
§ Cotton was 2/3 of the total export trade of the U.S.
Election of 1860:
§ 4 political parties = Northern Demo., Southern Demo., Constitutional Union & GOP
o Why did the Demo. Party split? Compromise of 1857 upset South
§ GOP (Lincoln) wins because the two Demo. Parties split Demo. Vote
What state seceded 1st from the Union in Dec. of 1860?
§ South Carolina
What was the Crittenden Compromise of 1861 & why did it fail to bring the seceded states back into the Union?
· It was basically the Missouri Compromise to the Pacific.
· The GOP refused to compromise on slavery in the territories.
· Too little too late.
Where were the 1st shots of the Civil War fired and who fired them 1st?
§ Fort Sumter, SC;
§ SC fired 1st on the Union
What was Lincoln’s main purpose for fighting the Civil War when it started in 1861?
§ To preserve the union
What did Lincoln say in his 1st inaugural address in 1861?
· Lincoln's inaugural address combined a number of measures.
1. Promoted a spirit of reconciliation to the seceded states. He had no interest in anything concerning the slave laws: "I have no purpose, directly or indirectly, to interfere with the institution of slavery in the States where it exists. I believe I have no lawful right to do so, and I have no inclination to do so."
2. He pledged to "hold, occupy, and possess the property and places belonging to the government"—a reference that includes Fort Sumter.
3. He argued that the Federal Union was not dissolvable.
§ The Constitution was established "to form a more perfect union" than the Articles of Confederation had been, and was explicitly perpetual in name. He added that even were the Constitution construed as a simple contract, it could not be legally rescinded without an agreement between all parties.
4. He promised that — while he would not be the first to attack — any force of arms used against the United States would be regarded as rebellion and met with force.
What did Lincoln say in his 2nd inaugural address in 1865?
§ “With malice toward none, with charity for all, with firmness in the right as God gives us to see the right, let us strive to finish the work we are in, to bind up the nation’s wounds, to care for him who shall have borne the battle and for his widow and orphan, to do all which may achieve and cherish a just and lasting peace among ourselves and all nations.”
What was the Union’s plan for defeating the South?
§ Winfield Scott’s Anaconda Plan:
o Blockade the Atlantic & Gulf of Mexico
o Gain control of the Mississippi River dividing the C.S.A. in two (Vicksburg)
o Take control of the interior of the South (Sherman’s March to the Sea)
o Last objective accomplished when the Union captured the CSA capital of Richmond
Northern advantages over the South during the war:
§ More industry,
§ naval superiority,
§ more railroads,
§ more guns,
§ dominance in foreign trade overall,
§ more population
How did the Civil War affect the economy of the U.S.?
§ Created a more uniform national banking system (National Banking Act)
§ Caused runaway inflation in the South
o Inflation in the north controlled with Greenbacks
§ Allowed trusts (monopolies) as a form of business organization to develop
o Monopoly = one company controls an entire industry
§ Initiated the building of the transcontinental rr (Pacific RR Act)
C.S.A. = GA, TX, LA, Miss, AL, FL, SC, NC, VA, Ark, TN
What were Border States?
§ Slave states separating the Union & C.S.A. that did NOT join the C.S.A.
§ Border States are in the Union but have slavery.
How and why were civil liberties denied to Border States during the Civil War?
§ Lincoln suspended writs of habeas corpus (Maryland)
§ To make sure they didn’t join the C.S.A.; to control them
How and why were civil liberties denied to Northerners during the Civil War?
§ Northerners drafted against their will into the military (or forced to pay a substitute)
§ Necessary to win the war
What was the Trent Affair?
· Trent was a British ship impressed by the Union off the coast of Cuba for harboring CSA diplomats.
· Britain threatened war if the ship and crew were not released.
· Lincoln released them and sent the CSA diplomats back to the South to avoid a war with Britain.
· 1 war at a time Lincoln said.
Britain & France saw advantages in a divided Union:
· But pursued cautious policies toward the Union and the CSA during the Civil War.
The Union was most afraid b-w 1861-1863 of:
· The British recognizing the C.S.A. as sovereign nation.
What were the major battles of the Civil War?
§ 1st Bull Run = CSA wins; Stonewall Jackson a hero; 1st major battle
§ 2nd Bull Run = CSA wins again
§ Antietam = bloodiest single day battle of the war; in Maryland; effects: McClellan is fired & the Emancipation Proclamation
§ Shiloh = Union wins; Grant wins this bloody battle in Tennessee
§ Vicksburg = 1863 turning point battle; Grant splits CSA in half taking control of the Miss. River
§ Gettysburg = 1863 turning point battle; bloodiest battle of the Civil War; PA; CSA now on the defense
§ Atlanta = 1864; Sherman’s March to the sea; helps Lincoln get re-elected
§ Petersburg = 1865; Cold Mountain crater scene; one step closer to Richmond
§ Richmond = 1865 almost over; CSA capital falls; Lincoln visits devastation
Who was the most effective Union General?
§ Ulysses S. Grant (Vicksburg & Lee surrenders to him at Appomattox Court House)
What was the bloodiest single day battle of the Civil War (25, 000 casualties)?
§ Antietam, Maryland (1862)
Emancipation Proclamation (Jan. 1863):
§ Lincoln wanted to deliver it after a Union victory (Antietam) to give the North a better moral purpose, which is now to fight for freedom and liberty for all men (not to just preserve the Union).
§ Only slaves in the rebellion states were set free
Why didn’t Lincoln emancipate the slaves in 1861?
§ Afraid he would lose the border states
After Congress passed the Conscription Act in 1863, riots by Irish and violence against black people occur in what major city? NYC
Who were copperheads?
§ Northerners who wanted peace at any price. Did NOT support the war effort at all.
Monroe Doctrine (1823):
§ What did it state? No more colonizing in the Western Hemisphere
§ What country challenged it during the Civil War by taking over Mexico? France
What legislation was passed by the Republican Congress during the Civil War?
§ AP History Makes Me Nauseas
o Abolition of slavery;
o Pacific RR Act,
o Homestead Act,
o Morrill Tariff,
o Morrill Land Grant Act (2nd period)
o National Banking Act (B.U.S. #3)
Before the Homestead Act of 1863, what was the general trend regarding price & minimum # of acres to purchase federal lands?
§ Prices were rising and # of minimum acres were rising as well in the West
B/c of the Pacific Railway Act, who is going to immigrate in large numbers to work in the railway industry?
§ Chinese
What was the bloodiest battle of the Civil War?
· Gettysburg (Pennsylvania) = about 60,000 casualties
What is the turning point of the Civil War?
§ The Union victories at Gettysburg & Vicksburg (July 1-4, 1863)
Who did Lincoln run against for president in 1864?
§ Gen. George McClellan
What political party was Lincoln in the election of 1864?
§ Union Party
Why does Lincoln win re-election in 1864?
· Gen. Sherman’s March to the Sea and victories in the South
What are the two types of Reconstruction?
§ Presidential Reconstruction (Lincoln’s 10% Plan & AJ’s 10%+ Plan)
§ Congressional Reconstruction (Radical Reconstruction = legislation = Military Reconstruction Act of 1867)
What was the purpose of the Freedman’s Bureau pushed by Lincoln?
§ To feed, adjust, & educate the former slaves, thus aiding their adjustment to freedom (4th)
§ Promised them 40 acres and a mule but they never received them (at least never the mule)
§ Northerners who came to the South were called carpetbaggers by the South, some good some bad
§ Supposed to help freedmen make economic adjustment to freedom.
§ Tried to help them sign & negotiate labor contracts
What is the difference between a carpetbagger and a scalawag?
§ Carpetbagger = Northerner who came to the South after the Civil War; image is they get rich off the South & hurt the them
§ Scalawag = Southerner who sympathized with the North and the freedmen
What are sharecropping, tenant farming and the crop lien system? (1st)
· Former slaves rented the land of the plantation owners to survive in the South.
1. They could work the land and keep the profits.
2. Borrowed money from the plantation owner to buy seed and farming equipment.
§ Sometimes they promised to pay a certain share of their profits to the land owner for the loan.
3. Promised to pay the plantation owner back the loans with interest, plus the rent. (But most of the time they couldn’t afford to do it.)
§ Most of the time the former slave would be in debt and working the land for no profit.
4. Causes a cycle of poverty for black farmers in the south dependent upon their former planation masters. L
5. All sharecroppers are tenant farmers but all tenant farmers are not sharecroppers. J
What was Pres. Lincoln’s 10% Plan for Reconstruction and why was it lenient?
§ When 10% of the voting pop. of a state (based on the 1860 census) swear an oath of allegiance to the Union, that state can regain it’s rights in the Union.
What was the Wade-Davis Bill (1865)?
§ It was bill passed by the radical Republicans in Congress who wanted to be harder on the South and not be as lenient on them. It required 51% of the pop. of a C.S.A state to take an iron clad oath of allegiance to the U.S. before they could re-enter the Union.
§ Lincoln pocket vetoed it, so it didn’t pass.
Who assassinated Pres. Lincoln at Ford’s Theater (April 15, 1865)?
§ John Wilkes Booth
Who assumes the presidency upon Lincoln’s death?
· VP Andrew Johnson (Southern Unionist)
What was Pres. Johnson’s Plan for Reconstruction?
§ Lenient Plan = 10% Plan + 13th Amendment + amnesty for Confederates except for CSA officers and people who had more than $20,000 (unless they received a presidential pardon)
What did the 13th Amendment do? Abolished slavery J
Why is the Election of 1866 so important?
§ Radical Republicans gain a 2/3rd majority in both houses of Congress and can now override the president’s (AJ’s) vetoes.
Who are the Radical Republican leaders in Congress?
§ Speaker of the House of Rep. = Thaddeus Stevens
§ Senate Majority Leader = Charles Sumner (he got beat by the cane & is back for payback)
What was the big constitutional question after the Civil War?
§ Did the Southern states actually secede or were they merely in rebellion?
§ Radical Republicans believed they actually left, unlike Lincoln & AJ.
What was the Military Reconstruction Act of 1867?
§ Confederate leaders lost rights (like to vote), restricted the power of the president over reconstruction.
§ The South was divided into 5 military districts. The U.S. military occupied the South until Southern states obeyed the following before Congress would allow them to re-enter the Union:
o The state had to ratify the 14th Amend.
o The state had to re-write their state constitution to allow black men to vote & then ratify it.
o U.S. Congress had to approve the new state constitution
o Black men had to be allowed to participate in state conventions & state elections.
What did the 14th Amendment do?
§ Citizenship = Made former slaves and freedmen citizens of the U.S. (nullifies the Dred Scott case J)
§ Privileges & Immunities = states can’t make or enforce laws that deprive citizens of the U.S. of their privileges & immunities they have by being citizens of the U.S.
§ Due Process = states can’t deprive people of life, liberty, or property w/o due process of law
§ Equal Protection of the laws = states can’t deprive people in their state the equal protection of the laws.
Why is Pres. Andrew Johnson impeached by Congress?
§ Impeached by the House of Rep. for violating the Tenure of Office Act by firing Sec. of War Stanton w/o the Senates approval.
§ Radical Republicans hate is guts for being too lenient on the South & trying to block (veto) Congress’s Reconstruction plans to punish the South.
What does Sec, of State Seward purchase for $7 million from Russia in 1867?
§ Alaska (“Seward’s Folly” or “Seward’s Icebox”)
What were “Jim Crow” laws and who greatly supported them?
§ State laws restricting the new civil liberties of African Americans
§ Poor whites in the South loved these laws.
Why did Grant win the Presidential Election of 1868?
§ Civil War Union Hero
§ Votes of former slaves in the South gave him the edge J He will be a BIG supporter of the 15th Amendment passing. J
What is the purpose of state laws requiring literacy tests, poll taxes, and the grandfather clause of LA to vote?
§ To deny black men the franchise (vote) in the South b/c they voted for Republicans (like Grant & they supported Military Reconstruction.)
Pres. Grant’s administrative scandals:
· Gold Ring = Black Friday, September 24, 1869, also known as the Fisk/Gould scandal, was caused by two speculators’ efforts to corner the gold market on the New York Gold Exchange. The Black Friday scandal, which involved Grant's brother-in-law, was a scheme to control the gold market. When it failed, it rocked the United States economy.
· Whiskey Ring = In the U.S., the Whiskey Ring was a scandal, exposed in 1875, involving diversion of tax revenues in a conspiracy among government agents, politicians, whiskey distillers, and distributors. The Whiskey Ring scandal, which involved Grant's personal secretary, was a scheme to defraud the IRS of whiskey taxes.
· Tweed Ring = William Marcy Tweed, aka "Boss Tweed," rose to the head of Tammany Hall, the central organization of the Democratic Party in New York. Tweed gathered around him a small ring of bigwigs who controlled New York City's finances. Tweed's Ring essentially controlled New York City until 1870, using embezzlement, bribery, and kickbacks to siphon massive chunks of New York's budget into their own pockets — anywhere from $40 million to $200 million (or $1.5 billion to $9 billion in 2009 dollars).
o Brought down by Thomas Nast a newspaper cartoonist for his corruption.