Why are cells small?
If cell is too big?
Asexual reproduction
Sexual Reproduction
Chromosomes
in Prokaryotes
Chromosomes in Eukaryotes / MITOSIS AND CELL DIVISION
ü  avoid ______
·  nucleus can ______.
ü  efficient ______with environment
·  ______into cell
·  ______out of cell
ü  ______
·  maximum amount of ______
ü  ______
ü  single-celled organisms
·  results in ______
·  ______cell division
ü  multi-celled organisms
·  ______breaks off
·  grows into ______
ü  most ______
·  offspring have ______
·  provides ______

ü  ______chromosome
·  floats in ______
ü  ______chromosomes
·  made of ______
·  ______: coils of chromatin/histones
·  coiled again and ______in chromosomes.
·  helps ______during cell division
Cell Cycle
Purpose
Prokaryotes
Eukaryotes
/ ü  ______of cell
·  cell ______
·  DNA ______
·  cell ______.
ü  ______.
ü  ______.
ü  ______
ü  4 stages: ______
______
ü  Interphase
·  G1 phase: ______
·  S phase: ______
·  G2 phase: ______
·  M phase: ______
Ø  mitosis: ______
Ø  cytokinesis: ______
4 stages of Mitosis
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase / 1.  DNA ______, chromosomes ______.
2.  nucleolus ______, nuclear membrane ______
3.  centrioles ______.
4.  ______
ü  sister chromatids: ______
ü  centromere: ______
ü  centrioles: ______
1.  chromosomes ______.
2.  ______chromosomes to ______
1.  sister ______
1. ______around each new group of
chromosomes.
2.  ______
3.  ______.
CYTOKINESIS
Happens during telophase
Regulation of cell cycle
Apoptosis / ü  daughter ______
·  animal cells: ______to divide cytoplasm (cleavage furrow).
·  plant cells: ______to divide cytoplasm
ü  regulatory ______.
ü  internal regulators
·  respond to ______cell
·  ______(go or stop)
·  eg. are chromosomes all ______
·  eg. are spindle fibers ______
ü  external regulators
·  respond to ______
·  ______cell cycle
·  eg. ______speed up cell division for ______.
ü  ______
·  response to ______
·  ______
How often do cells divide?
How long can cells live?
What is cancer?
What is a tumor?
How does cancer start?
Genes / ü  different types of cells ______.
·  bacteria: ______.
·  yeast ______
·  skin: ______
·  liver: ______
·  nerve: ______
ü  telomeres: repeated ______of chromosomes.
·  ______.
·  when ______.
ü  telomerase: ______.
·  cancer and stem cells ______.
·  some cells can ______
ü  ______CELL DIVISION.
·  group of ______.
·  ______.
·  causes: ______.
ü  ______.
·  benign: ______.
·  malignant: ______.
ü  cell ______growth.
·  ______cell cycle.
·  ______.
ü  ______that
·  hold ______.
·  have ______that cell makes.
·  switch ______.
·  ______: G1, S, G2, M, C.
What is a mutation?
Genes that control cell division:
Proto once genes
Tumor suppressor genes
Backup mechanisms
DNA repair genes
Apoptosis / ü  ______causes defect in gene(s)
·  caused by -______
-______
-______
- ______
ü  Normal situation = ______
·  tell cells ______.
·  regulate ______.
·  regulates ______
ü  Mutated = ______
·  uncontrolled ______
·  ______.
ü  Normal situation = ______
·  ______.
ü  Mutated = ______
·  uncontrolled ______.
·  ______.
ü  code for ______
·  ______after DNA copied.
·  ______
·  errors ______.
ü  ______mechanism
·  some tumor cells ______and ______to conventional treatment.