Unit 7 Study Guide Answers
Defined Terms:
1. Otto von Bismarck: prime minister of Prussia, who led Prussia and helped unite it as the Second Reich, creating Germany
2. Realpolitick: “Politics of reality”
3. Geopolitics: the taking of land for its strategic location or natural resources
4. Berlin Conference: carved up Africa – 14 nations; by 1914, Africa is 90% ruled by Europe
5. Florence Nightingale: leader of professional nurses during the Crimean War
Questions:
1. Nationalism: Forms are 1) Unification, 2) Separation, 3) State-building; the belief that people’s greatest loyalty should not be to a king or an empire, but to a nation of people who share a common history and culture
2. England: small, rural, agricultural
3. Industrialization in England: 1) widened gap between the rich and poor, 2) strengthened economic ties between countries, 3) imperialism spread out of a need for markets to sell goods
4. Enclosure: The legal process of taking several small farms in England and creating one larger farm – bad for farmers à encourages work in cities
5. Why England?: “Workshop of the world”; England had land along rivers, labor from rural areas as people moved to cities, financial capital/wealth to invest in mines, railroads, and factories
6. Which industry?: textiles, in England
7. Which city?: London; almost all cities grown between 1800-1850 due to industrial revolutions
8. Impact on women?: 1) entered schools and professions previously banned, 2) rallied for abolition of slavery and laws to protect women and children, 3) began women’s suffrage movement
9. Process and impact?: Ruhr Valley rich in coal and iron needed for industrialization; by late 1800s, Germany was unified, an industrial and military giant
10. Industrialization in Japan?: Meiji Era; the government financed mills, coal mines, shipyards; industrialization leads to sustained economic growth à strong military; Russo-Japanese war = destroyed Russian navy, Japan gained territory, 1st time Asia beats Europe
11. Living conditions: They were harsh, long hours, with women, men, and children all working together.
12. Adam Smith: Author or “Wealth of Nations”; developed ideas of capitalism
13. Capitalism: laissez-faire = no government interference; supply and demand = “invisible hand”; all based on competition
14. Karl Marx: author of “Communist Manifesto”; developed socialism
15. Marx’s ideas: Capitalism is unfair; government should control/public should own everything; redistribute wealth to everyone; “workers of the world, unite!”
16. Effects on women: 1) workers moved to cities, 2) overcrowded buildings, 3) pollution and disease, 4) settlement houses for poor, 5) laws passed to protect women and children
17. Imperialism: domination by one country of the political and economic life of another country; 1) colony, 2) protectorate, 3) sphere of influence, 4) economic imperialism
18. Forms of imperialism: colony – governed internally by foreign power (direct or indirect), protectorate – local rulers stay in place, sphere of influence – outside powers claim all rights and trade; economic imperialism – controlled by a private business
19. British in Africa: they find gold and diamonds in South Africa; British fight total war with Zulus and Boers; establish apartheid (racial division) until 1991 à INDIRECT CONTROL
20. French in Indochina: Direct control
21. Japanese policies in Asia: brutal control and violent; total control for natural resources
22. Geography: political rivalries and competition for international prestige; need for raw materials; need for new markets to sell goods.
23. Young Turks: Young professional men exhiled to Paris who created a nationalist movement as a reaction to repressive domination of the sultan and called for a return to a constitutional state.
24. Reaction: They wanted to 1) resist the sultan’s rule, 2) restore the constitution, 3) form a new, exclusive Turkish state
25. Japan and China: they avoided them and tried to keep them out whenever possible, fighting them
26. Emperor Meiji: Japanese emperor; Meiji = “enlightened rule”; he modernized the military, industry, and business; “a rich country, a strong military”
27. Matthew Perry: U.S. Commodore who insisted that Japan trade with the United States (using force) – this led to the Treaty of Kanagawa, which allowed the U.S. to trade at 2 Japanese ports
28. China during Opium War: Britain got China to purchase a British product despite their beliefs; Britain gains Hong Kong and 5 ports à unfair
29. Taiping Rebellion: Qing troops got help from British and French – put down the rebellion; Europeans interfered out of self-interest
30. Japan and Commodore Matthew Perry: they were forced into trade after much resistance – ends isolation and forces modernization
31. Russo-Japanese War: Japan beat Russia – gained Korea and Manchuria; treated Koreans brutally; significance: Asian country defeats a European country for the first time.
32. Boxer Rebellion: Boxers = group against privileges of foreigners; GOAL = drive out all foreigners from China; armies from Europe and Japan defeat Boxers à result is increased nationalism