Unit 6: Hydrosphere: Section C in the textbook
1) Draw a pie chart to show what percentage of Earth is saltwater and what percentage of Earth is freshwater.
· Where is MOST of the freshwater on Earth found?
Frozen in glaciers and polar ice caps (this includes Greenland)
· Draw a diagram of the water cycle and include the following things labeled: precipitation, condensation, transpiration, evaporation, run-off, accumulation, percolation, groundwater, water table, aquifer, spring, well.
2) Draw and label something that is permeable and something that is impermeable.
· Why is permeable rock necessary for an aquifer to form?
Need an area for water to sit under ground
4) Create a Venn Diagram for point source pollution and non-point source pollution.
· Give at least 2 examples of each type of water pollution within the Venn Diagram.
Point source pollution comes from one location..like a pipe, oil tanker, etc
Nonpoint source pollution comes from a large geographic area, usually as a result of run off
5) Draw the 3 life zones in the ocean and include:
· Write or draw examples of life forms found there
Coastal area (intertidal: clams, mussels neritic: plankton, coral reefs & kelp forests)
Oceanic (open ocean: tuna, mackerel deep ocean: angler fish, bioluminescent ocean life)
Benthic (bottom dwellers: crab, lobster, starfish, etc)
· How do upwelling and downwelling affect ocean life in these zones?
Upwelling brings cold, nutrient-rich water up to the surface. It is driven by winds, the upwellings usually occur near continental slopes. El Nino, which are mild pacific winds, can reduce upwellings. Ocean life depends upon upwellings.
Downwellings take oxygenated surface water to the bottom of the ocean.
· What is the difference between surface currents and deep currents?
Surface currents distribute heat around the globe, are caused by winds and can affect coastal climate.
Deep currents are driven by differences in density (temperature and salinity), they move massive amounts of water at a very slow speed. Density differences due to salinity occur at the equator (where evaporating water makes the remaining water saltier and denser) and the poles (where cold temps make the water denser, and freezing water leaves salt behind and makes the water denser/saltier)
6a) Copy the following sentences into your booklet and fill in the blanks:
· An __estuary_ is when salt water from the ocean mixes with freshwater_ from a river.
· The 3 main gases found dissolved in the ocean are _oxygen_, _carbon dioxide_ & nitrogen.
· Sunlight only penetrates so far through the water, so some organisms use the process of ___chemosynthesis____ rather than photosynthesis to make food.
6b) Why are estuaries important?
They serve as nurseries for ocean life, filter and clean water, reduce flooding, nutrient rich ecosystem
7) What 3 things happen the deeper you go into the ocean? Increase pressure, decreased temperature, darker
· How do we use technology to overcome these challenges? Remotely operated subs, sonar to map the ocean floor
· What have we gained by using technology to explore the ocean? Understanding how materials are circulated through the oceans, connections between ocean ecosystems and terrestrial, discovery of mineral;s
8) Explain the process of eutrophication – what causes it, what happens during the process & what is the outcome? Excess nutrients are washed into surface water through runoff. These nutrients are usually fertilizer or manure (nitrates) This causes and algae bloom. As a result, the water beneath is dark, no photosynthesis can occur so there is an increase in the amount of decay, decomposers use up the remaining oxygen. Eventually the surface water (lake, river area) becomes filled in with decomposed material and becomes a meadow.
9) Describe the steps our wastewater goes through to be cleaned. The water is aerated and bacteria is added, coagulant is added to create larger pieces of suspended materials that will be heavy enough to sink, sedimentation allows the suspended particles to sink to the bottom where they are drained away, the water is filtered, then the water is disinfected.
· Wastewater treatment was established as a part of the Clean Water Act in the 1970’s. Doing our part to take care of Earth is known as stewardship.
10) Match the following water quality indicators with the correct definition AND copy the indicators and their definitions into your book:
__d___ 1. Temperature__f__ 2. Turbidity
__g__ 3. Bio-indicators
__c__ 4. pH
__e__ 5. Nitrates
__a__ 6. Dissolved Oxygen
__b___ 7. Mercury
__h___ 8. Coliform / a. The amount of oxygen in the water
b. An element that can be found in the water that is toxic to humans when they eat contaminated fish
c. Tells you how acidic the water is
d. If the water is too hot or too cold, it will harm or kill the living things in the water. The amount of energy in the water
e. Indicates the amount of nutrients (usually from fertilizer runoff) in the water
f. The measure of how cloudy the water is due to suspended materials (usually dirt or silt)
g. These are specific animals that live in the water that can indicate if the water is healthy or not
h. Indicates the presence of bacteria from fecal matter (poop)
1) How is turbidity related to temperature and dissolved oxygen?
Turbid water causes the temperature of the water to increase. As the temperature of the water increases the amount of dissolved oxygen in the water DECREASES
14) Explain why ground water has different qualities than surface water (cleanliness, hardness).
Ground water tends to be cleaner because soil, sand and gravel have filtered the water as it makes its way to the aquifer. Ground water is also “harder” because it has more dissolved minerals in it (Calcium, magnesium). These are picked up as it moves through underground rocky areas into the aquifer.
15) What is meant by the term “hard water?” What chemicals are responsible for it? See above