Government of Chad/The World Bank
Chad : Agricultural Services and Producers Organizations Project ASPOP
prepared by
Anthony Youdeowei
Integrated Pest Management Consultant
Revised August 2002
Contents
Acronyms and Abbreviations 3
The Pest management Plan 4
1 Introduction
1.1 Pest and Pesticides management implications of ASPOP project activities
1.2 Environmental consequences of Pest Management practices
2 Pest Management approaches in Chad 8
2.1 Overview of crops cultivated and pest problems
2.2 Current pest management approaches
2.3 IPM experience
3 Pesticide use and management 12
3.1 Pesticide use in Chad
3.2 Circumstances of pesticide use and competence to handle products
3.3 Assessment of risks
3.4 Promoting IPM in the context of current pest control practices
4 Policy, regulatory framework and institutional capacity 15
4.1 Plant Protection Policy
4.2 National capacity to develop and implement IPM
4.3 Control of the distribution and use of pesticides
5 Implementing the pest Management Plan: Strengthening national
capacities 18
5.1 Activities of the PMP
6 Actors and partners 20
7. Institutional arrangements for implementation of the PMP 21
8. Phasing Plan 23
9. Sustainability 24
10. Monitoring and evaluation 24
11 . Cost estimates 26
12. Acknowledgements 26
Annex 1 List of Pesticides approved for importation and use in Chad. 27
Annex 2 Documents consulted in the preparation of this PMP. 30
Annex 3 Persons Encountered. 31
Acronyms and Abbreviations
ASPOP Agricultural Services and Producers Organizations Project
CILSS Comite Inter-Etat de Lutte Contre la Secheresse au Sahel
COTONTCAD Compagnie cotonniere du Tchad
CBLT Commission du Basin du Lac Tchad
DPVC Direction de la Protection des Vegetaux et du Conditionnement
EUREP-GAP European-Retailer-Produce Working Group Requirements on food safety and environmental protection as well as Good Agricultural Practice
FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
IPM/FFS Integrated Pest Management/Farmers Field Schools
ONDR Office national de developpement rural
PAD Project Appraisal Document
PNLAP Programme National de lutte Antipaludique
PO Producer Organizations
SODELAC Societe de developprment du Lac
SONASUT Societe nationale sucriere du Tchad
PMP Pest Management Plan
TOT Training of Trainers
IPM Integrated Pest Management
ITRAD Institut Tchadien de Recherche Agronome pour le developpement
MRL Maximum Residue Limits of pesticides
NGO Non-Governmental Organizations
The Pest Management Plan
1. Introduction
1.1 Pest and pesticide management implications of ASPOP project activities
Examination of the draft PAD for this project revealed a number of ASPOP project activities that have implications for pest and pesticides management; these implications are summarized in figure 1.The aim of the proposed pest management plan, PMP is to address the concerns relating to the risks associated with potential increases in the use of pesticides for agricultural production, increases in disease vector populations which would arise from the construction of dams and irrigation schemes and to strengthen national capacities to implement mitigation measures to minimize the risks.
The PMP also identifies national agencies and international partners that could effectively collaborate in, as well as the institutional arrangements for implementing the plan.
This PMP will be a distinct component of the ASPOP project and its structure is consistent with the requirements for compliance with the Bank’s Safeguard Policies, OP 4.09 and BP 4.01 Annex C. It is built on existing national institutions and relevant government policies, regulations and operations which can be strengthened by the ASPOP project. In particular, Direction de la Protection des Vegetaux et du Conditionnement, DPVC, which is responsible for all national plant protection matters, will be the national government institution that will undertake supervision of the implementation of the PMP. Furthermore, the proposed structure dovetails into the approved ASPOP project management system.
A distinguishing feature of pest management in a project of this nature is that because crop pests and diseases can often infest crops across and throughout a range of regions, districts or communities, implementation of the pest management plan must be based on a wide national coverage rather than only in the selected project sites. This is to minimize pest infestation in areas that would otherwise not be covered by the pest management efforts of the ASPOP project. One direct consequence of crop diversification and intensification in cropping areas for agricultural production envisaged in the ASPOP project is the likely availability of abundant food sources for pests and diseases.
Furthermore, Chad is prone to invasion by migratory pests, such as locusts, armyworms and Quelea grain eating birds which can completely wipe out field crops being promoted by the ASPOP project and grown by members of the Producers Organizations.
1. increase in agricultural increased use and reliance
productivity while conserving on chemical pesticides
the natural resource base
2. increase in incomes from change in current pest
agricultural production management practices
3.agricultural diversification change in pest control and intensification practices and reliance on pesticides
4. training in agricultural intensification inclusion of IPM methods
techniques in training curriculum
5. promoting agricultural exports reliance on chemical
pesticides jeopardize product quality(MRLs, & EUREP-GAP requirements)
6. seed and plant nurseries increased use of pesticides to protect seedlings.
7. training of POs in improved training curriculum may
agricultural technologies be strongly biased for pesticide use
8. agricultural research & lack of attention to IPM extension services and non-chemical pest
control methods
9. support to rural organizations neglect of IPM awareness and capacity for IPM implementation
10. construction of dams and irrigation increase in disease vector populations
Figure 1 Potential pest and pest management implications of ASPOP project objectives
1.2 Environmental consequences of Pest Management practices
The adoption of integrated pest management practices, IPM is recognized as the preferred option for pest management under Agenda 21 of the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development UNCED 1992. IPM is the principal component of integrated farming and is described as the “ farmers knowledge and use of the best mix of pest control tools and tactics, taking into account a variety of factors including crop yields, profits, risks, sustainability and safety”.(Tjaart van Veen et al ,1997) IPM does not entirely exclude the use of pesticides but advocates their rational use in the context of environmentally sound pest management practices. In other to achieve sustainable crop production, and disease vector management, pesticide application must be rationalized by developing and promoting integrated pest management approaches which incorporate the use of resistant crop varieties, regular pest and vector monitoring and surveillance, biological control especially using natural enemies of the major crop pests, and improved cultural practices.
Successful IPM is therefore based on sound farmer knowledge of the on-going agro-ecological processes of the farming environment; such farmers are therefore technically empowered to make informed decisions on the most appropriate management strategies to apply at the specific period of the crop development and production cycle. Furthermore, integrated pest management is a farmer-centered management approach that address issues far beyond pest management, and offers the entry point to improvement of the entire agricultural production system. It can be successfully adopted in the presence of a national IPM policy framework and institutional support.
In all instances where pesticides-dependent pest control practices are adopted, pesticides misuse is known to be common and results in the following impacts;
· destruction of pollinators of crop plants leading to poor crop yields,
· elimination of the natural enemies of crop pests and consequent loss of natural pest control that keeps the population of crops pests very low,
· development of pest resistance to pesticides, encouraging further increases in the use of chemical pesticides,
· contamination of the soil and water bodies,
· pesticides poisoning of farmers and deleterious effects on human health,
· unacceptable levels of pesticides residues in harvested produce and in the food chain and
· loss of bio-diversity in the environment, particularly of aquatic non-target species.
Considerable attention must therefore be paid to the environmental consequences of current pest management practices in Chad. As outlined in figure 1, ASPOP project activities have major some major environmental and other implications for pest and pesticides management. Key mitigation measures are therefore required to address these concerns as follows:
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Major Issues Actions required
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1. increased use and reliance (a).promote adoption of IPM
on chemical pesticides practices through farmer education and training;(b) move farmers away from pesticide-dependent pest control practices and promote use of botanical pesticides and biological control
2. change current pest management (a).allocate adequate resources to
practices implement National Plant Protection Policy; (b).increase IPM awareness amongst policy makers and farming community;
(c).abolish free distribution of pesticides to farmers and promote safe handling and application of pesticides.
3. Enforcement of legislation (a).strengthen institutional capacity of DPVC to effectively supervise compliance with pesticide legislation.
4. IPM research and Extension (a). strengthen IPM research at ITRAD;(b) strengthen IPM extension
(c) strengthen collaboration between ITRAD and DPVC for field implementation of IPM;(d) involve NGOs in promoting IPM activities
5. Environmental hazards of (a). create public awareness of
pesticide misuse. the hazards of pesticide misuse through public awareness campaigns; (b) regular assessment of pesticide residues in irrigated agricultural production systems and in harvested produce.(c) monitoring of pesticide poisoning in the farming and rural communities.
6. Increase in vector (a) establish strong collaboration
populations and of vector borne between ASPOP project and national
diseases such as malaria malaria control project PNLAP;(b)conduct regular vector surveillance.
2. Pest management approaches in Chad
2.1 Overview of crops cultivated and pest problems
Details of the crops cultivated in Chad and the key pests and diseases causing significant crop losses have been reviewed by FAO (see Chad : Rapport d’Enquete sur la Protection des Vegetaux du 14 au 21 decembre 1982).This report should be consulted for more details; only a general overview will therefore be presented here.
A wide variety of crops are cultivated in Chad; the type of crop cultivated is largely determined by the agro-ecological conditions which vary from the Sahara in the north through the Sahelian zone in the central parts of the country to the comparatively more humid southern zone around Lake Chad.
The major food crops cultivated are the Cereals namely Maize, Rice, Millet, Wheat and Sorghum; Grain Legumes and Pulses, Cowpea, Groundnuts, and Sesame; and several Vegetables. Commercial crops are mainly Cotton and Sugar cane which are produced by the special development agencies, COTONTCHAD and SONASUT respectively.
Cereals : Cereals are attacked by the standard pests and diseases of cereals which are prevalent in most countries in West and Central Africa. Insect pests and diseases damage the leaves, stems and roots of cereals causing crop losses of up to 50%; in severe cases such as the armyworm Spodoptera exempta infestation, losses of about 80% are experienced. Stem borers include Eldana saccharina, and Sesamia calamistis. Sorghum is damaged by Geromyia penniseti and Contarinia sorghicola. The major pests of rice are Atherigona sp and the stalk eyed fly Diopsis sp, while Pyricularia oryzae and Helminthosporium oryzae are the major diseases. Grain eating birds, Quelea quelea and Passer luteus as well as Ploceus sp are the most important.
Striga the parasitic weed attacks not only cereals abut also grain legumes and pulses especially in the drier Sahelian zone.
Grain legumes and Pulses: Maruca testularis and thrips cause considerable damage to cowpea in the field while the bruchid, Callosobruchus maculatus is the major pest of stored grain.
Vegetables: Vegetables grown include Onion, Garlic, Aubergine, Cabbage, Carrots, Lettuce, Cucumber, Tomato, Sweet potato and Okra. These crops are attacked by a wide range of insect pests such as aphids Brevicoryne brassicae, the Diamond Black moth, Plutella xylostela, Heliothis undalis, whiteflies Bemisia sp and jassids Empoasca sp. Cotton stainers, Dysdercus spp cause considerable damage to okra. In addition to physical damage, aphids and white flies transmit virus diseases. Other diseases caused by fungi and bacteria such wilt disease and damping off disease. Parasitic nematodes in the soil are major problems in tomato production.
Cotton : Major pests of cotton are Diparopsis watersi, Helicoverpa armigera, Earias biplaga and Pectinophora gossypiella, as well as the cotton stainer Dysdercus volkeri. Sylepta derogata, Spodoptera litoralis and Cosmophila flava damage the leaves and cause considerable leaf drop. The mite, Polyphagotarsonemus latus is also important.
2.2 Current pest management approaches
Current pest management activities in Chad are conducted mainly by the Direction de la Protection des Vegetaux et du Conditionnement, DPVC. The operations are divided into two major kinds namely (i) management of general pests and (ii) control of migratory pests.
Pest control for cotton production is excluded from the responsibility of DPVC and strictly organized by the COTONTCHAD which is currently being privatized.
(i) General pests : Technical staff of the DPVC are stationed at 11 Base Phytosanitary distributed all over the country( see Table 1). Most of these staff are at the technicians levels while a few have received training in integrated pest management at the AGRHYMET/DFPV/CILSS Niamey Training Center. These staff are responsible for
· compiling regular monthly reports on the weather conditions, status of crop production, incidence of pests and diseases and the amount of crop damage. The contents of such a report is as follows: Situation Phytosanitaire, Stade phenologique, Situation pluviometrigue.
· storage and distribution of chemical pesticides to farmers
· training farmers on pesticide application methods and the safe and effective use of pesticides
The reports are sent regularly to the DPVC headquarters in N’Djamena where they are compiled and summarized into a Bulletin d’Information sur la situation Phytosanitaire which provides a periodic overview of the pest situation in the regions. Under normal circumstances, the crop protection technicians arrange for farmers, who are organized into Brigade Villageoises Phytosanitaire, to control the pests. In the event of much higher pest infestation, the field staff requests assistance from DPVC headquarters in N’Djamena to bring the situation under control.
Table 1 Distribution of Technicians at Base Phytosanitaire; in brackets
are the names of the old administrative regions, the country is now
divided into 28 Departments.
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Base Phytosanitaire Number of Technicians
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Pala(Mayo-Kebbi) 3
Ati ( Batha) 2
Bol ( Lac) 2
Sarh/Maro(Moyen Chari) 4
Mongo ( Guera) 4
Moundou( Logon) 1
Lai ( Tandjile) 1
Abeche (Ouaddai) 2
Am-Timan (Salamat) 1
Faya(Borkou) 0
N’Djamena(Baguirmi) 2
Total 22
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The crop protection methods promoted by the DPVC technicians are based on the recommendations contained in a computerized crop protection database at DPVC designed by the FAO/UNDP project CHD/88/001. The use of botanical pesticides such neem seed powder and neem leaf extracts for pest management is also strongly being promoted through farmer training.