Integrated Pest Manamegment Plan/ASSP ERC, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
E2852 v2
THE UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA
AGRICULTURAL SECTOR DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM
(ASDP)
AGRICULTURE SERVICE SUPPORT PROGRAMME
(ASSP)
INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT PLAN (IPMP)
FINAL REPORT
August 2004
Executive Summary
The integrated pest management plan (IPMP) addresses the Agricultural Services Support Progtam (ASSP)’s need to monitor and mitigate negative environmental impacts of the project by promoting biological and ecosystem based pest management. The overall project objective is for all farmers (including rural poor and women) to have better access to, and use of relevant agricultural knowledge and technologies, which through sustained partnership with service providers, contribute to higher productivity and profitability. The program is estimated to reach national coverage over a 7-year period, comprising an initial three-year phase, followed by a four-year phase. The program is expected to achieve its objective through the implementation of three components: (i) improving demand for services through farmer empowerment; (ii) improving supply of services through institutional reform, capacity building, and more effective provision; and (iii) ensuring effective monitoring, quality control and program management.
It is anticipated that pest management measures may be involved, such as use of pesticides. It is in this context, the World Bank Operational Policy OP 4.09 of December 1998 and Tanzania and Zanzibar’s Agricultural Sector Policy of 1997 and 2000 respectively have triggered the formulation of this IPMP (synonym to IPPM i.e. Integrated Production and Pest Management in Zanzibar). Both policies recognized the role IPM approach in controlling pests.
The management aspects of pests and diseases of the key major crops have been discussed in detail. These include in Tanzania Mainland food crops such as maize, sorgum, beans, banana, sweet potatoes, finger millet, rice; cash crops: coffe, cotton, cashem nutst, etc. horticultural crops: coconuts, managoes, citrus, pinapples, tomatoes, onions and brasiccas (cabbages and kale) and migratory and outbreak pests: rodents, birds (quelea quelea spp) and armeworms. In Zanzibar are included food crops: cassava, banana, sweet potato, maize, sorghum and legumes; cash crops such as cloves, mango and coconuts and horticultural crops such as vegetables and migratory and outbreak pests like rodents and armyworms.
The Government of Tanzania (GoT) and the Revolutionary Government of Zanzibar (RGZ) have taken deliberate measures for promotion of IPM in all crop production systems. In 1977, the GoT formulated and introduced the Agriculture and Livestock Policy of 1997 and the National Environmental Policy of 1997. In line with this, a new Plant Protection Legislation was encacted in 1997 followed by its regulations of 1999. A framework legislation the Environmental Management Act, 2004 which was submitted to parliament and is now with the Attroney General for final endorsement. Alll these policies and legislation emphasise use of sustainable production approaches particularly IPM. In Zanzibar, the RGZ formulated the Agricultural Policy of 2002, the Environmental Policy and Program of 1992, Environmental Management for Sustainable Development Act of 1996 and Plant protection Act of 1997 which support sustainable agricultural production systems and IPM.
The IPM Plan for ASSP is based on the experiences gained during the implementation of IPM experience in Tanzania Mainland and Zanzibar and information obtained through review of published materials and discussion with crop experts, researchers, farmers and extension workers. The PMP provides a framework for the development of IPM programme for food, cash and horticultural crops in the ASSP to identify, understand and manage pest problems in the components, reduce human and environmental health risks associated with pesticides use, and protect ecosystem by conserveing beneficial agents such as natural enemies of pests use, and protect ecosystems by conservering beneficial agents such as natural enemies of pests and pollinators to increase productiviey. The IPMP also provides guidelines for pest management purposes in accordance to the IPM approach. It augments the biological, chemical and cultural control aspects of the management of pests and diseases. Implementation of this PMP will lead to compliance with the WB Policy OP 4.09.
Collaboration and synergies between this PMP and other projects, regional and international research systems and NGOs would be expored and awareness will be raised at national, zonal, district and village levels.
Implementation of pest management strategies and pilot PMP are recommended. The main core activities of PMP are:
Coordination
Development of IPM packages for the pilot districts PMP
IPM oreintation workshops
Training of trainers and Farmer groups training
Public awareness and promoting the adoption of IPM practices
Field guides/training materials for production, purchase and distribution
Farmers field days
Field visits and study tours
Database for human-health and environmental contamination
Crop pest surveillance and updating pest/disease database at PHS
Annual workshops on progress and lesson learnt
Participatory IPM research and development
Monitoring and evaluation
Based on the research and technical support needs of the ASSP’s farmers group, the Zonal Agriculture Research and Development Institutes (ZARDI) will develop IPM packages for economically important food, cash and horticultural crops (and livestock) systems, deliver a training program (in collaboration with IPM units of Plant Health Services (PHS) of MAFS with the aid of demonstration, adaptive research trails and experiential learning in the farmer fields. The ZARDI and PHS will also train the trainers and district specialist and assist the ASSP in designing a monitoring and evaluation (M&E) program with M&E specialist. The ASSP facilitation team will be the coordinator for the implementation of this PMP.
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Final Report
Integrated Pest Manamegment Plan/ASSP ERC, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
Table of Contents
Executive Summary ii
Table of Contents iv
List of Tables vi
Abbreviations and Acronyms viii
1. BACKGROUND 1
1.1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.2 APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY 2
2. DESCRIPTION OF PROPOSED PROGRAM 4
2.1 TANZANIA MAILLAND 4
2.2 ORGANIZATION AND IMPLEMENTATION ARRANGEMENTS 5
3. BACKGROUND INFORMATION AND JUSTIFICATION 7
3.1 THE EXISTING LANDUSE PATTERN, AGRO-ECOLOGICAL AND FARMING ZONES 7
3.2 PEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES 8
4. EXISTING AND ANTICIPATED PEST PROBLEMS 10
4.1 INTRODUCTION 10
4.2 MAINLAND 10
4.3 ZANZIBAR 63
5. PEST CONTROL AND MANAGEMENT OPTIONS 80
5.1 INTRODUCTION 80
6. EXPERIENCES ON IPM IN TANZANIA 87
6.1 MAINLAND 87
6.2 ZANZIBAR 94
7. POLICY, REGULATORY AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK FOR IMPLEMENTING PMP 97
7.1 INTRODUCTION 97
7.1.3 Plant Protection Act no 13 (1997) 98
7.1.4 Environmental Management Act of 2004 98
7.2 RELATED POLICIES AND REGULATORY FRAMEWORK IN ZANZIBAR 99
8 IMPLEMENTING STRATEGIES AND PESTICIDE MANAGEMENT PLAN (PMP) 100
8.1 INTRODUCTION 100
8.2 PMP IMPLEMENTATION 101
8.3 IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGY 102
8.3.1 Capacity Building 102
8.4 PILOT DISTRICT PMP IMPLEMENTATION 103
8.5 INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS 103
8.6 SUSTAINABILITY 104
9. MONITORING AND EVALUATION ARRAMGEMENTS 104
10. WORKPLAN AND BUDGET 105
11. RECOMMENDAITONS 106
ANNEXES 113
ANNEX 1: PERSONS MET 113
ANNEX II: An IPM Checklist for Planning and Implementing Pest Control on Crops 119
Annex III: Pesticide Classification List – WHO 122
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Integrated Pest Manamegment Plan/ASSP ERC, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
List of Tables
Table 3.1: Zone, Altitude and rainfall classes
Table 4.1: Summary of major food, cash and horticulture crops grown in different agro-ecological zone of Tanzania
Table 4.2: Major maize pest problems and recommended management practices
Table 4.3: List of pesticides recommended for use on maize in all zones
Table 4.4: Important weeds in Tanzania
Table 4.5: Major pests of rice and recommended management practices
Table 4.6: Sorghum major pests and recommended management practices
Table 4.7 The major pests of pearl millet and recommended management practices
Table 4.8: Banana major pest problems and recommended management practices for Lake and Northern Zones
Table 4.9: Cassava major pests and recommended management practices
Table 4.10: The major pest problems of beans and recommended management practices
Table 4.11: The major pests of sweet potato and recommended management practices
Table 4.12: Coffee pest problems and recommended management practices
Table 4.13 List of recommended pesticides for use in coffee
Table 4.14: Cotton pest problems and recommended management practices in the WCGA
Table 4.15: List of pesticides recommended for use on cotton in the WCGA
Table 4.16: Cotton pest problems and recommended management practices in the ECGA
Table 4.17: List of pesticides recommended for use on cotton in the ECGA
Table 4.18: Pesticides recommended for use on cashew
Table 4.19: Major pests and recommended control practices for coconut
Table 4.20: Key pests of mangoes and current farmer practices to reduce losses
Table 4.21 Major pest problems of citrus and recommended management practices
Table 4.22: Major pest problems of pineapples and recommended management practices
Table 4.23: Major pests of tomatoes and recommended management practices for northern zone
Table4.24: List of pesticides recommended for use on tomatoes
Table 4.25 Major pest problems and recommended management practices
Table 4.26: Major pests of brassicas and recommended practices
Table 4.27: Rodent control 2003
Table 4.28: Quelea Quelea invaded regions year 2003
Table 4.29: Quelea quelea outbreaks and cereal damage in some regions of Tanzania, 1998-2002
Table 4.30: Invaded area and treatment used
Table 4.31: Armywork outbreaks in Tanzania
Table 4.32: Damage of various croups by armyworms during the 2001/2002 cropping seasons in some region of Tanzania
Table 4.33: Acreage of Food crops in Zanzibar
Table 4.34: Production of the common food crops in Zanzibar in tons, 1990/1991 –1999/2000
Table 4.35: Supply of rice in Zanzibar, 1984/1985 – 1994/1995
Table 4.36: Major pests of rainfed rice and their recommended management practices
Table 4.37: The average rice yield of different varieties under rainfed production system
Table 4.38: Major pests of irrigated rice and their recommended management practices
Table 4.39: Major pests of cassava and their recommended management practices
Table 4.40: Major pests of banana and their recommended management practices
Table 4.41: Major pests of sweet potato and their recommended management practices
Table 4.42: Major pests of maize and sorghum and their recommended management practices
Table 4.43: Major pests of grain legumes and their recommended management practices and their
recommended management practices
Table 4.44: Major pests of cloves and their recommended management practices
Table 4.45: Major pests of coconuts and their recommended management practices
Table 4.46: Major pests of mango and their recommended management practices
Table 4.47: Major pests of citrus and their recommended management practices
Table 4.49: Major pests of pineapples and their recommended management practices
Table 4.50: Pests problems on the major vegetables
Table 4.51: Major pests of vegetables and their recommended management practices
Table 5.1 List of recommended and TPRI registered pesticides for crop production in Tanzania
Table 5.2 List of potential plants that can be used to prepare botanical extracts for pre and post harvest pest control
Table 8.1: Potential implication for pest management under ASSP
Table 10.1: A tentative cost estimates of bugetary requirements
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Integrated Pest Manamegment Plan/ASSP ERC, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
Abbreviations and Acronyms
AIDS / Acquired Immunodeficiency SyndromeASDP / Agricultural Sector Development Programme
ASDS / Agriculture Sector Development Strategy
ASP / Agriculture services providers
ASSP / Agricultural Services Support Programme
AVRDC / Asian Vegetable Research Development Centre
CBB / Coffee Berry Borer
CBD / Coffee Berry Disease
CBO / Community Based Organisation
CBSD / Cassava Brown Streak Disease
CLR / Coffee Leaf Rust
CMD / Cassava Mosaic Disease
CORMA / Client-Oriented Research and Development Management Approach
DADP / District Agriculture Development Plans
DGIC / Directorate General for International Cooperation
DPPO / District Plant Protection Officer
DRDP / District Rural Development Programme
EC / European Community
ECGA / Eastern Cotton Growing Area
ESMF / Environmental Social Management Framework
FAO / Food and Agriculture Organisation
FFS / Farmers Field Schools
FRG / Farmer Research Groups
FS / Field Service
GLS / Grey Leaf Spot
GTZ / Gesellschaft fur Technische Zusammenarbeit
HPR / Host Plant Resistance
ICIPE / International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology
IDA / International Development Agency
IFAD / International Fund for Agricultural Development
IPM / Integrated Pest Management
IPN / Integrated Plant Nutrition
IPPM / Integrated Pest Production Management
JICA / Japan International Cooperation Agency
KAEMP / Kagera Agricultural Environmental Management Project
LGA / Local government authority
LGB / Larger Grain Borer
LVEMP / Lake Victoria Environmental Management Project
LZARDI / Lake Zone Agricultural Research and Development Institute
M&E / Monitoring and Evaluation
MAFS / Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security
MANREC / Ministry of Agriculture, Natural Resources, Environmental and Cooperatives
MARA-FIP / Mara Region—Farmers’ Initiative Project
MCM / Ministry of cooperatives and marketing
MOA / Memorandum Of Agreement
MSV / Maize Streak Virus
MWLD / Ministry of Water and Livestock Development
NAEP / National Agricultural Extension Programme
NALP / National Agricultural and Livestock Policy
NARS / National Agricultural Research Systems
NEMC / National Environmental Management Council
NGO / Non governmental organizations
NPV / Nucleopolyhedrovirus
OPEC / Organization of Petroleum Cooperation
PADEP / Participatory Agriculture Empowerment Project
PCS / Pest Control Services
PHS / Plant Health Services
PMD / Powder Mildew Disease
PMP / Pesticides Management Plan
POP / Persistent Organic Pollutants
PPD / Plant Protection Division
PRA / Participatory Rural Appraisals
RAS / Regional Administrative Secretary
RGZ / Revolutionary Government of Zanzibar
RYMV / Rice Yellow Mottle Virus
SGR / Strategic Grain Reserve
SIIC / Smallholder Irrigation Improvement Component
SMS / Subject Matter Specialist
SPFMV / Sweet potato feathery mottle virus
SPFS / Special Programme for Food Security
SPPD / Strengthening the Plant Protection Division of Zanzibar
SPSVV / Sweet potato sunken vein virus
SPVD / Sweet Potato Virus Disease
SUA / Sokoine University of Agriculture
URT / United Republic of Tanzania
TPRI / Tropical Pesticides Research Institute
UDSM / University of Dar es Salaam
ULV / Ultra Low Volume
VEO / Village Extension Officer
WCGA / western cotton growing areas
WFF / Ward Farmers Forum
WHO / World health organization
ZARDEF / Zonal Agricultural Research and Development Funds
ZARDI / Zonal Agriculture Research and Development Institutes
ZEC / Zonal Executive Committees
ZIDP / Zanzibar Investment Development Policy
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Final Report