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FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE: BIOLOGY - Semester 2
UNIT 6 - Chapters 11 & 14: GENETICS, HEREDITY, MENDEL, HUMAN GENETICS
VOCABULARY (CH 11):
Traits / Gamete / Fertilization / Hybrid / AlleleDominant / Recessive / Law of segregation / Phenotype / Genotype
Homozygous / Heterozygous / Monohybrid cross / Dihybrid cross / Punnett square
Diploid / Haploid / Homologous chrom. / Meiosis / Zygote
Crossing over / Nondisjunction / Sperm vs. egg / Law of independent assortment
VOCABULARY (CH 14):
Pedigree / Carrier / Fetus / Cystic fibrosis / Tay-Sachs diseasePhenylketonuria (PKU) / Huntington’s disease / Incomplete dominance / Codominance / Multiple alleles
Autosome / Sex chromosome / Sex-linked trait / Polygenic inheritance / ABO blood groups
Hemophilia / Down Syndrome / Karyotype
MEIOSIS:
1) Compare the processes of MITOSIS and MEIOSIS:
MITOSIS… / MEIOSIS…How many daughter cells are produced?
If the parent cell has 22 chromosomes, how many chromosomes are in the daughter cells produced?
Are cells produced diploid or haploid?
Does crossing over occur?
If crossing over does occur, WHEN does it happen?
What is the reason or purpose for producing the daughter cells? (what are the daughter cells used for?)
How similar are the daughter cells to each other?
How many phases are in each process? (list them)
WHERE in an animal’s body does this process occur?
2) More MEIOSIS questions:
è what happens during crossing over?
è in what phase do the homologous pairs of chromosomes separate?
è in what phase do the sister chromatids separate from each other in MEIOSIS?
è # of chromosomes in human somatic (body) cell? # of chromosomes in human gamete?
GENETICS:
3) Cross two plants that are heterozygous for green pods. List all possible GENOTYPES and PHENOTYPES in the offspring. (Hint: green pod color, G, is dominant over yellow pod color, g).
offspring genotypes:
offspring phenotypes:
4) You are continuing your study of pea plants and will now conduct a DIHYBRID cross. In addition to the pod color trait in the previous problems (green is dominant to yellow), you also know that tall plants are dominant over short plants. Cross 2 plants, both of which are heterozygous green pod color and heterozygous tall.
CROSS: X .
List the 4 gamete combinations possible in each parent:
EXCEPTIONS TO MENDEL:
5) For each example below, choose from the following answers: Incomplete Dominance Sex-Linked
Multiple Alleles Codominance
è human blood types
è a blue flower and a yellow flower plant are crossed; the offspring are green
è a red flower and white flower are crossed; the offspring are red w/ white spots
è men get hemophilia more often than women
6) A mother with blood type A and a father with blood type B have
a child with blood type O. Complete the Punnett Square to show
how this could happen.
7) A couple who both are normal have a son with hemophilia.
Complete a Punnett Square to show how this could happen.
**Hemophilia is sex-linked & recessive!
8) A red cow and a white bull are crossed to produce roan offspring
(both white and red hairs). Complete a Punnett Square to show
how this could happen.
9) KARYOTYPE: Look at the karyotype shown here.
è What is the sex of this person?
è What chromosomal abnormality do they have?
è What is the cause of this abnormality
and when does it happen?
è How many chromosomes does a normal karyotype have?
***Be able to interpret a PEDIGREE; Review your notes and Genetics study guide!
UNIT 7 - Chapters 16, 17, & 19: HISTORY OF LIFE; EVOLUTION; DARWIN; NATURAL SELECTION
VOCABULARY (CH 16, 17, 19):
Fossil / Paleontologist / Relative dating / Absolute dating / Radioactive datingExtinction / Evolution / Fitness / Biogeography / Index fossil
Half-life / Plate tectonics / Mass extinction / Darwin / Lamarck
Artificial selection / Natural selection / Mimicry / Camouflage / Homologous structures
Analogous structures / Vestigial structure / Embryo / Galapagos Islands / Adaptations
Gene pool / Allele frequencies / Genetic drift / Stabilizing selection / Directional selection
Disruptive selection / Speciation / Geographic isolation / Reproductive isolation / Gradualism
Punctuated equilibrium / Adaptive radiation / Coevolution / Convergent evolution / Bottleneck effect
Founder effect / Sexual selection / Species / Speciation / Behavioral isolation
Temporal isolation / Molecular clock
1) List / describe 5 lines of evidence for evolution.
2) What is a fossil? Describe 2 ways fossils can form.
3) Differentiate between analogous, homologous, and vestigial structures and give an example of each.
> analogous:
> homologous:
> vestigial:
4) A patient is administered 100 milligrams of iodine-131. How much iodine-131 will remain in the patient’s body after 40 days if the half-life of iodine-131 is 8 days?
5) A human jawbone is found at an ancient burial site. It is found to contain 15.625 mg of the original 250.0 mg of carbon-14. Knowing the half-life of carbon-14 is 5730 years, calculate the age of this human jawbone.
6) Describe & give an example of the 3 types of selection (disruptive, directional, and stabilizing).
7) Explain & give an example of the 3 types of isolation that lead to speciation. (geographic, behavioral, and temporal)
9) Explain and give an example of the:
è FOUNDER EFFECT:
è BOTTLENECK EFFECT:
10) Compare GRADUALISM and PUNCTUATED EQUILIBRIUM.
UNIT 8 - Chapters 20 & 35: VIRUSES & BACTERIA; IMMUNE SYSTEM
VOCABULARY (CH 20)
Virus / Host cell / Capsid / Lytic cycleLysogenic cycle / Provirus / Retrovirus / Reverse transcriptase
HIV and AIDS / Obligate aerobe / Obligate anaerobe / Binary fission
Conjugation / Nitrogen fixation / Antibiotic / Toxin
VOCABULARY (CH 35)
Infectious disease / Vector / Zoonosis / Inflammatory responseHistamine / Interferon / Fever / Immune response
Antigen / Antibody / Humoral immunity / Cell-mediated immunity
B cells / T cells / Plasma cells / Vaccination
Active immunity / Passive immunity / Memory cells / Helper T cells
1) Bacteria reproduce asexually by a process known as: .
2) Some bacteria have a primitive form of sexual reproduction known as .
3) Describe 2 ways in which bacteria are USEFUL to the environment and 2 ways they are useful to humans:
4) List 4 examples of bacterial diseases:
5) Describe two ways that bacteria cause the symptoms of disease:
6) List three ways that bacterial diseases can be transmitted (passed from victim to victim):
7) How are bacterial diseases treated?
8) What are the 2 main parts of a virus?
9) List 4 examples of illnesses caused by a virus.
10) What is a RETROVIRUS? Is it easier or more difficult to make a vaccine for a retrovirus? Explain.
11) What is HIV? What are the target cells of this virus? What happens after prolonged infection with this virus?
12) Summarize the major events of the LYTIC CYCLE.
13) Compare nonspecific and specific defenses.
14) What are antigens and what is their role in immunity?
15) What are antibodies? Describe their form and function.
16) Compare and contrast the humoral immune response and the cell-mediated immune response. (how do they start? what are the main events? what are the cells involved in each?)
17) Compare active immunity and passive immunity. List HOW one acquires each one naturally and artificially.
ACTIVE IMMUNITY: / PASSIVE IMMUNITY:18) List / describe 3 ways to prevent the spread of infectious diseases.
UNIT 9 - Chapters 8-9: PHOTOSYNTHESIS & CELLULAR RESPIRATION
VOCABULARY (CH 8-9)
ADP / Light-dependent reactions / Alcoholic fermentation / Lactic acid fermentationATP / Light-independent reactions / Anaerobic respiration / Mitochondria
Calvin cycle / NADP+ / NADPH / Cellular respiration
Chlorophyll / Photosynthesis / Citric acid cycle (Krebs)
Electron transport chain / Aerobic respiration / Glycolysis
1) What is the difference between ATP and ADP? Which has more energy? (you may use the battery analogy)
2) In the ATP molecule, where is the energy stored? How is it released?
3) Draw the ATP/ADP cycle showing the input and output of energy.
4) What is photosynthesis?
5) Where do the light-dependent and light-independent (“dark”) reactions occur? (what specific part of the chloroplast?)
> light-dependent: > light-independent:
6) Complete the table below comparing the processes of cellular respiration and photosynthesis:
Cellular Respiration / PhotosynthesisLocation in the cell (organelle)
Type of cell (plant, animal, both)
BALANCED equation
Reactants
Products
The names of the two reactions
Main purpose/product
7) Complete the table below comparing the two steps or phases of cellular respiration:
GLYCOLYSIS / RESPIRATION / KREBS CYCLELocation in the cell:
Starts with:
Ends with:
Is oxygen required?
# of ATPs produced:
8) Compare the two types of fermentation: Lactic Acid Fermentation and Alcohol Fermentation
LACTIC ACID FERMENTATION / ALCOHOLIC FERMENTATIONIs oxygen required?
What kind of cell does this?
What is produced?
# of ATPs produced:
UNIT 10 - Chapters 3, 4, 5 & 6: ECOLOGY; COMMUNITIES & BIOMES; POPULATIONS
VOCABULARY (CH 3, 4, 5, 6)
Ecology / Biosphere / Abiotic factor / Biotic factor / PopulationCommunity / Ecosystem / Habitat / Niche / Symbiosis
Commensalism / Mutualism / Parasitism / Predation / Autotroph
Heterotroph / Scavenger / Decomposer / Herbivore / Carnivore
Omnivore / Food chain / Food web / Trophic level / Energy pyramid
Pyramid of numbers / Biomass pyramid / Water cycle / Carbon cycle / Nitrogen cycle
Precipitation / Condensation / Evaporation / Infiltration / Runoff
Transpiration / Photosynthesis / Respiration / Combustion / Nitrogen fixation
Assimilation / Denitrification
Limiting factor / Succession / Primary succession / Climax community / Secondary succession
Biome / Photic zone / Aphotic zone / Estuary / Intertidal zone
Tundra / Permafrost / Taiga / Desert / Grassland
Temperate forest / Tropical rainforest / Salinity
Immigration / Emigration / Demographics / Birth rate / Death rate
Exponential growth / Carryng capacity / Density-dependent / Density-independent / Logistic growth
CH 3, 4, 5, 6 - ECOLOGY
**REVIEW THE TERMS ABOVE & THE UNIT 10 STUDY GUIDE THAT YOU JUST COMPLETED LAST WEEK!