Sexually Transmitted Diseases and HIV/AIDS

Chapter 24

Sexually Transmitted Diseases and HIV/AIDS

What are STDs?

· ___________________________ – infections spread from person to person through sexual contact

· also know as sexually transmitted ______________________ (STIs)

· communicable diseases spread through engaging in ______________activity that involves direct genital contact or the exchange of ___________or other body fluids with someone infected with an STD

· ________________ STDs can be cured with medication

· viral STDs are ____________________

· early _________________ and __________________ are crucial for controlling or curing as STD

· several of the most common are ___________________ – individuals show no symptoms, or the symptoms are mild and disappear after the onset of the infection

· a person with an undiagnosed STD may _____________________ pass it on to partner(s)

· risk of contracting an STD _________________ with the number of sexual partners increases

· approximately ________________ people between 15-24 yrs. old will become infected with a STD each year

· _______________ more likely to suffer complications from STDs and the effects are more serious

· Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimates direct medical costs linked to STDs are more than _____________________ a year

· approximately _______ different STDs worldwide

Common STDs

· Genital HPV Infections

- caused by _______________________ (HPV)

- HPV: a group of more than _________kinds of viruses, _______ of which are transmitted through sexual contact

- close to ________________ people in U.S. infected each year

- can cause _________________ (bumps or growths on or near genitals)

- most infections are _________________ and will disappear without medical treatment

- some infections if not diagnosed and treated, may cause abnormal ________ tests or result in certain types of _______________

- vaccine treatment for ________________ is available, but it is not a cure

· Chlamydia

- ________________ infection that affects the reproductive organs of both males and females

- about ________________ new cases each year

- affects young females ___________times more often than males

- less than half of cases are ______________

- often asymptomatic

- most common STD among _______________

- if left untreated if females ® _____________________________ (PID), chronic pelvic pain, _____________________

- if left untreated in males it can lead to ________________

- infected pregnant females can deliver __________________, infants may develop eye disease, ________________, or fatal complications

- infected females are 5 times more likely to become infected with _______ if exposed to virus

· Genital Herpes

- caused by the ___________________ virus

- herpes simplex _____ usually causes cold sores in or near mouth

- herpes simplex _____typically causes genital sores

- both types can infect mouth and genitals

- _________________ people ages 12 and up, in the U.S., have genital herpes

- often asymptomatic

- if symptomatic, first outbreak usually appears as ____________ on genitals or rectum within ________________ of virus being transmitted

- blisters break, leaving ________ that can take several weeks to heal

- future outbreaks are usually shorter and less severe, but can occur on and off for _________

- antiviral treatments can ____________ frequency of outbreaks, but there is ________ CURE

· Gonorrhea

- _______________ infection that usually affects mucous membranes

- ___________most commonly reported infectious disease in the U.S.

- an estimated 700,000+ Americans are infected each year ® only half of these are ______________

- males symptoms are often _________________, female symptoms are usually mild

- if untreated, can lead to ______________, spread to bloodstream and cause permanent ____________damage, females can pass it on to offspring during childbirth causing eye infections that lead to __________________

· Trichomoniasis

- caused by a microscopic ______________that results in infections of the vagina, urethra, and bladder

- about _______________ new cases every year in U.S.

- may not produce symptoms, some males have a temporary irritation inside __________, mild discharge, or slight burning during and after ________________ or ejaculation

- females often experience ______________(inflammation of vagina with discharge, odor, irritation and itching); also more likely to contract HIV if exposed

- babies born to infected mothers are often premature and have low birth weights

· Syphilis

- infection caused by a small bacterium called a ________________

- attacks many parts of the body

- sores develop in genital area that last several weeks

- passed through direct contact with the _____________ during sexual activity

- 3 stage of syphilis:

§ primary stage:

· sore appears on external genitals or vagina

· can be easily ______________at this stage

· without treatment - sores heal, infection still ______________

§ 2nd stage:

· skin rash

· untreated rash will disappear, but infection remains

§ 3rd stage:

· can damage internal organs, cause brain dementia and may cause __________

The STD Epidemic

· each year an estimated ______________ people in the U.S. are infected with an STD

· ___________ are under age 24

· many STDs go undiagnosed and untreated because of:

o __________________________________

o __________________________________

o __________________________________

§ state law requires health care providers to report certain STDs

§ people who contracted HPV infections or genital herpes are not required to report their infections or inform any partners of their condition

Prevention Through Abstinence

· ______________infections can be treated with ________________ – a class of chemical agents that destroy disease-causing micro-organisms while leaving the patient unharmed

· viral infections are ________________

· any STDs that are not diagnosed early and treated can result in serious ________________or long-term health consequences

· only method 100% successful in preventing the contraction and spread of STDs is _______________

· to protect your health and committed to abstinence:

o set personal limits on physical affection

o __________________________________________________________________________

o avoid situations where you may feel pressured to engage in sexual activity

o ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

o choose group outings where you can enjoy the company of friends and avoid pressure to engage in sexual activity

o ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

o practice refusal skills – use words and body language to resist the pressure to engage in sexual activity

Avoiding High-Risk Behaviors and STDS

· being sexually active with more than one person

· engaging in _________________sex

- even protected sex is not __________ effective in preventing the transmission

· engaging in sexual activity with ______________ partners

- those with a history of being sexually active with more than one person

- injected illegal drug users

- a person’s _____________ about their past behavior is not wise

· using alcohol and other drugs

- lowers ___________________

HPV Vaccine

- vaccine that can prevent ______________cancer, pre-cancerous genital lesions (or sores), and genital warts caused by genital HPV infection

- protects against __________types of HPV infections

- recommended for females ______________ years old

- studies are being done to learn its benefits for males

- ________vaccines available for any other type of STD

Diagnosing and Treating STDs

- if you believe you may be infected, talk to a health care ______________________

- many public health clinics provide information and treatment ___________ of charge

- STDs _____________ be cured with common household products, homemade remedies, or over-the-counter treatments

- taking medications prescribed to others is always ______________

- report any known infections for help to locate past partners

- it is the __________________ of any person infected with an STD to notify everyone with whom he or she has had sexual contact…it could save a life

What is HIV/AIDS

- Human _________________________ virus (HIV)

- virus that attacks the _______________system

- finds and destroys all ___________ blood cells that fight _______________

- final stage = acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS): disease in which the immune system is

weakened

- one of the deadliest diseases in human history

- 25 _____________ worldwide died as a result of this disease, _______________ Americans

- an estimated 40 million worldwide currently have this disease

- approximately 12 million of the people who have HIV/AIDS are in the _____________ age group

- every ____________about 7,000 young people become infected

- considered a ________________(a global outbreak of infectious disease)

- many of the young people infected do not ______________ it

Understanding HIV/AIDS

- HIV cannot live ______________the human body

- exposure to air at room temperature ___________the virus

- cannot be spread through _______________ transmission, casual contact or insect bites

- virus has been found in sweat, tears and saliva but amount is too ___________to be dangerous

- transmitted among humans when one person’s infected ____________, ____________, or ________________secretions comes in contact with another person’s broken skin or mucous membranes (found in the mouth, eyes, nose, vagina, rectum and opening of the penis)

- HIV is spread in three ways:

· _________________________________________

o enters ____________________ through microscopic openings in tissues of the vagina, anus, mount, or opening of penis

o people infected with other STDs are more vulnerable to HIV infection because STDs cause changes in certain membranes

· _________________________________________

o virus enters directly into bloodstream

o drug use, body piercing and tattoo needles can be contaminated

· _____________________________________

o can pass to unborn baby through ___________________________

o expectant mothers can take medication that might prevent her child from contracting HIV

o during childbirth, doctors work to prevent child from coming in contact with mother’s __________________

o infected mother should not _______________her baby

o number of infected infants has declined in U.S. since pregnant mothers are routinely _________________ for HIV

How HIV/AIDS Affects the Immune System

- attacks body’s immune system by destroying __________________(specialized white blood cells that perform many immune functions, such as fighting pathogens)

- 2 types of lymphocytes: _____cells and _____cells

- Helper T cells stimulate B cells to produce ______________, which help destroy pathogens that enter the body

- HIV enters certain cells, including lymphocytes, ___________________itself and eventually destroys the cell

- immune system becomes weaker as more and more cells are destroyed → body becomes vulnerable to AIDS-_________________________ (infections that body could fight off it the immune system were healthy)

Stages of HIV Infection

· _______________________ stage

- can last for _______ years or more

- virus largely confined to lymph nodes, where it invades and takes over ________________________

- no _________________ signs of infection

· Middle stage

- occurs in about ______________ of infected patients

- experience fever, _______________, sore throat, rash, diarrhea, and enlarged lymph nodes

· _______________________stage

- Helper T cells fall to 200 to 400 per milliliter of blood

- __________________ symptoms: headache, fever, body aches, swollen, glands, diminished appetite, weight loss, skin rashes

· AIDS stage

- Helper T cells drop to less than _______________

- one or more ___________________________ are present

Giving or Receiving Blood

- in U.S., health care professionals always use ________________ needles to draw blood

- all donated blood has been tested for HIV since _____________

- U.S. blood supply is among the _______________ in the world

Preventing HIV/AIDS

- more than _____________________ Americans estimated to be living with HIV

- ______________ infected each year

- ______________ new cases young people between the ages of 13 and 24

- being _______________ active and/or an intravenous drug user increases your risk of contracting it

- cannot tell if a person is infected just by looking at them

- many ________________ that they are HIV-positive can unknowingly spread the virus to others

- behaviors that will help protect you from infection:

§ ________________________________________

§ ________________________________________

§ __________________________________________________________________________

§ ______________________________ when you feel pressured to engage in risky behaviors

Diagnosing HIV/AIDS

- if you believe you have been exposed – get tested…everyone who is sexually active should be tested regularly

- testing available in a doctor’s office, local health department or hospital and sites that specialize in HIV testing

- some health departments will do the test for ____________

- a ______________sample or an __________ specimen from between the inside of the cheek and gum is collected and sent to a laboratory for analysis

- results usually known within _____ weeks

Types of Laboratory HIV Tests

- samples are screened for HIV _________________

- a person’s body does not ________________ have HIV antibodies→ produced only in presence of an infection

- most common tests:

· _______________ (enzyme immunoassay)

o first test usually run

o test that screens for the presence of HIV antibodies in the blood

o if results are _______________ → HIV antibodies present → EIA is repeated

o 2nd test positive → Western blot test is run

o both tests more than __________ accurate

· ____________________

o test that detects HIV antibodies and confirms the results of earlier EIA tests

o used only after EIA tests produce positive results

o if results of 2 EIA tests and the Western blot tests are all positive, a person is diagnosed with __________________

o combined tests are expensive

o many health departments and HIV/AIDS information and counseling centers will pay

o for the costs of these test

*Additional tests:

· _____________

o viral load test

o shows how many copies of the virus are circulating in the blood

· ____________

o looks at number of white blood cells in a sample of blood

· __________________

o HIV test that produces results in only 20 minutes

o used in situations where the infected person might ________________ to learn results

o blood sample immediately analyzed on site

Home Testing Kits

- marketed on Internet, newspapers and magazines

- most are not _________________

- make sure test is approved by the ___________

- FDA approved tests requires providing a spot of dried __________, which is then mailed to an approved lab for analysis

- results __________ accurate and available within 2 weeks

- appropriate counseling and referrals provided with results

Benefits of Early Diagnosis

· begin proper medical care early to ___________ the progress of the virus

· avoid behaviors that could ____________ HIV to others

· gain peace of mind when the results are negative

Treating HIV/AIDS

· medications slow the growth of HIV/AIDS, but there is ______ cure

· many drugs used to treat opportunistic infections (pneumonia and some types of cancers)

· the combination of drugs used know as __________________________________________ (HAART)

· in 2006, FDA approved a once-daily, single-pill treatment for HIV/AIDS