S ENV343 WATER SUPPLY
Dr Nick Chappell, LEC, Lancaster University
http://www.es.lancs.ac.uk/people/nickc/343
S ENV343 WATER SUPPLY fact sheet 1
Lecture outline
This course examines how to design and then operate water supply systems (particularly in the UK context) with some consideration of wider socio-environmental issues, through the study of:
A. Supply System Design
1 Water resource, drought and water supply: Issues of spatial and temporal variation in water resources in England and Wales. Types of drought.
Water demand (use): Water uses in England and Wales and elsewhere. Use of Public Water Supply (PWS) in the England and Wales, and forecasting changing use of PWS.
2 -5 Water source development: Early water source development in the UK, development and features of direct supply reservoirs, regulating reservoirs, integrated surface supplies, pumped-storage reservoirs, estuary storage reservoirs and inter-basin transfers. Groundwater sources and the integration of surface and groundwater sources by river augmentation, artificial recharge and full conjunctive use (including a detailed discussion of the Lancashire Conjunctive Use System). Benefits of water source development (e.g., increased yield, security of supply, coping with inter-regional resource-demand problems, multiple use, etc.) are described with reference to specific case studies.
6 Source yield. How to calculate the likely yield of (a) groundwater, (b) river intakes and (c) surface reservoir sources (using e.g., the CMR method, Rippl method, synthetic minimum method, and control curves applied to the local Stocks reservoir).
B. Supply System Operation
7 Source to consumer (Waterworks): Description of the features and operation of source works (river intakes, dams and boreholes), raw-water treatment works, service reservoirs and distribution systems
8 Raw water treatment: Detailed discussion of the methods of raw water treatment including the possible processes of storage, filtration (slow sand, rapid gravity, pressure), chlorination, ion exchange, three stage treatment, and the new granular activated carbon filtration. Illustrated with specific examples of WTWs.
9 Saving supplies: Discussion of leakage and its control, and the use of consumer restrictions during drought conditions
10 Water source protection: Catchment-wide protection via groundwater vulnerability classification, land-purchasing and catchment authorities to local protection via source protection zoning (and planning recommendations), nitrate sensitive areas, and statutory water quality objectives and Local Environment Agency Plans.
11-12 Water management: Rationale and for the development of regional management of water supply and protection in the UK. National management of water in the UK. The conflicts (particularly in the developing world) arising from a lack of international water management.
... continued
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S ENV343 WATER SUPPLY fact sheet 2
C. Environment and Development
13-14 Water industry environmental impacts: A discussion of the need for water source development (particularly in developing countries) but with due consideration of the environmental (ecological and social) effects of river impoundment, river channelisation and ‘over-abstraction’, with examples.
15 'Rural water supply' development: A discussion of the small-scale technologies appropriate for application within rural areas of the developing world where resources are limited, including rainwater harvesting, sand dams, hand-dug wells and tube-wells.
Practicals
There are three elements of practical work:
1 Guided visit to a United Utilities water source and treatment works: Wednesday or Friday trips available to a selection of works (e.g., Franklaw WTW, Sweetloves WTW, Thirlmere reservoir and Dunmail Raise WTW, or Hasligden Grane WTW) in weeks 7, 8, 9 or 10. Meet at the bottom of the Sports Centre Avenue (back of Environmental Science).
2 Seminars: 5-minute summary (using overheads/Powerpoint) of a journal paper, symposia, or government report (no internet pages) selected from the reading list (below). See workbook for further details. You could arrange to make a joint presentation with up to 3 people covering the reviews of up to 3 journal papers/reports (max 15 mins) if you prefer. Seminars will be in ES-SLT in week 9 or 10 in two groups of up to 20 people. The seminars start at 1:55 pm prompt and MS Powerpoint facilities, OHP and slide projectors will be available.
3 Workbook: additional reading time is allowed for the completion of the exercises in a 'workbook' that covers the WTW site visits (plus other WTW descriptions), the short answer questions and seminar presentation. Do make full use of the extensive reading list on Fact Sheets 2-7b. Reading on Fact Sheet 2-3 is readily available in the short loan section of the library.
Assessment
Your assessment comprises of an assessed seminar presentation (20 %) and the completion of a workbook (80 %). The seminar must be presented on the set days, and the workbook should be submitted by 4 pm, Thursday 14th December 2006.
Course texts on short loan
Acreman, M. (2000) The hydrology of the U.K. : a study of change. Routledge [DRHea] 1 copy on S/L
Annon. 1991. Water treatment handbook. - 6th ed. Paris : Degremont. [UGHw] 1 copy on S/L ISBN: 2950398413
Checkley, J. 1997. UK water projects 1997. APP. [UGHeac oversize book] 1 copy on S/L
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S ENV343 WATER SUPPLY fact sheet 3
Cook, H.F., 1998. The protection and conservation of water resources, Wiley. [UGH] 4 copies on S/L ISBN: 0471976814.
Currie, J.C. and Pepper, A.T.. 1993. Water and the environment. Ellis Horwood. [UGH] 1 on copy S/L, 4 other copies. ISBN: 0139506926
Environment Agency. 2001. A scenario approach to water demand forecasting. Environment Agency [UGHea Oversize Book] 1 copy on S/L.
Environment Agency. 2001. Managing water abstraction: The catchment abstraction management process. Environment Agency [UGH Oversize Pamphlet] 1 copy on S/L, 1 other copy.
Environment Agency. 2001. Water resources for the future: A strategy for Anglian region. Environment Agency [UGHefe Oversize Book] 1 copy on S/L.
Environment Agency. 2001. Water resources for the future: A strategy for England & Wales. Environment Agency [UGHea Oversize Book] 1 copy on S/L, 3 other copies.
Environment Agency. 2001. Water resources for the future: A strategy for North West region. Environment Agency [UGHeq Oversize Pamphlet] 1 copy on S/L, 4 other copies
Gleick, P.H. (ed) 1993. Water in crisis: a guide to the world’s fresh water resources. Oxford University Press. [UGH Oversize Book] 1 copy on S/L, 1 other copy ISBN: 0195076273
Gleick, P.H., 1998. The world’s water 1998-1999. Island Press [UGHg Oversize book] 1 copy on S/L 1 copy on pop loan ISBN: 1559635924.
Gray, N.F. 1994. Drinking water quality : problems and solutions. Wiley. [UGHea] 1 copy on S/L ISBN: 0471948179
Gray, N.F. 1997. Water technology. Arnold [UGH] 1 copy on S/L ISBN: 0340676450.
Kerr, C., 1989. Community Water Development, Intermediate Technology Publications, London. p57-65. [UGH] 2 copies. ISBN: 0946688230
McCann, B. and Appleton, B.1993. European water : meeting the supply challenges. London : Financial Times Business Information [UGHdw Oversize book] 1 copy on S/L ISBN: 1853341916
National Water Council (1980) Leakage Control Policy and Practice. NWC/DoE. [S/L counter] 1 copy on S/L
Open University - PT272. 1975. Water, origins and demand; and Conservation and abstraction. Milton Keynes : Open University Press. [UGH86 Oversize Pamphlet] 1 copy on S/L ISBN: 0335060013
Parker, D.J., Penning-Rowsell, E.C.(1980) Water Planning in Britain. Allen and Unwin. [UGHea] 1 copy on S/L ISBN: 0047110066
Radford, J., ed. 1993. UK water projects 1993. Macclesfield, Cheshire : APP Publishing Consultants [UGHea Oversize] 1 copy on S/L ISBN: 0951769499
Shaw, E.M. 1989. Engineering hydrology techniques in practice. Chichester : Ellis Horwood [UGH] 1 copy on S/L ISBN: 0853129436
Smith, K. 1972. Water in Britain : a study in applied hydrology and resource geography. Basingstoke : Macmillan [UGHea] 1 copy on S/L ISBN: 0333135520
Tebbutt, T.H.Y. 1983. Principles of water quality control. - 3rd ed. Pergamon, [UGH] 1 copy on S/L, 2 other copies ISBN: 0080287050
Twort, A.C., Ratnayaka, D.D., and Brandt, M.J. 2000. Water supply. 5th ed. Edward Arnold, [UGH] 6 copies on S/L. ISBN: 0340720182. Almost identical is: Twort, A.C., Law, F.M., and Crowley, F.W. 1994. Water Supply, 4th ed.. Edward Arnold. [UGH] 13 copies
Viessman, W. and Hammer, M.J. 1993. Water supply and pollution control. - 5th ed. HaperCollins College. [UGH] 1 copy on S/L ISBN: 0065000587
Water Resources Board. 1973. Water resources in England and Wales, Vol. 1. London : H.M.S.O. [DRHea Oversize Pamphlet] 1 copy on S/L, 1 other copy ISBN: 0117800120
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S ENV343 WATER SUPPLY fact sheet 4
Key journal
The key water supply journal, Water and Environmental Management, has changed its name on 5 occasions; the library holds all issues:
1948-1974 Institution of Water Engineers Journal, Vol 2-28. Vol 23 is on S/L [DG6 Serial] ISSN: 6000203556
1975-1986 Institution of Water Engineers and Scientists Journal, Vol 29-39, 40(1-5). Publisher: IWES, [DG6 Serial] ISSN: 6003091600
1987-1994 Institution of Water and Environmental Management Journal, Vol.1-8. [DG6 Serial] ISSN: 6009517359
1995 only Chartered Institution of Water and Environmental Management Journal, Vol.9. [DG6 Serial] ISSN: 6X00067385
1996 - Water and Environmental Management. Vol.10-, Publisher: Chartered Institution of Water and Environmental Management. [DG6 Serial] ISSN: 6X00069159
Pre-lecture reference listing
1 Water resources, drought and water supply. Water demand (use)
Acreman, M. (2000) The hydrology of the U.K. : a study of change. Routledge - Chapter 1 and 10 [DRHea] 1 copy
Arnell, N.W. (1994) The implications of climate change for the NRA. HMSO. [DSROea Oversize Pamphlet]
Beran, M. (1987) Data collection and use for modelling, simulation and forecasting of drought. Water Supply, 5, 11-21. [not avail]
Cech, T.V. 2003 Principles of water resources. New York : John Wiley & Sons. [UGH] 2 copies.
Clarke, K.F. (1980) Forecasting methods and forecasts in England and Wales. In Institution of Civil Engineers (1980) Water Resources: A Changing Strategy [UGH5 Oversize Book]
Cook, H.F., 1998. The protection and conservation of water resources, Wiley. [UGH] 4 copies on S/L
Dam, J.C. van. 1999. Impacts of climate change and climate variability on hydrological regimes. Cambridge ; New York : Cambridge University Press. [DSRO]
Deason, W.O. et al. (eds) 1994. Proceedings. of the Earth Summit Workshop, U.S. Committee on Irrigation and Drainage. [UGH5 Oversize Pamphlet]
Department of the Environment (1991) Digest of Environmental Protection and Water Statistics. HMSO. [DUHNea97 Oversize Book] ISBN 0117524158.
Department of the Environment (1992) The UK Environment. Chapter 6. HMSO. [DUHNea97 Oversize Book] ISBN 0117524204.
Doornkamp, J.C., and Gregory, K.J. eds (1980) Atlas of drought in Britain 1975-76 (Institute of British Geographers, London).[DRHea Atlas]
Environment Agency. 2001. A scenario approach to water demand forecasting. Environment Agency [UGHea Oversize Book] 1 copy on S/L.
Environment Agency. 2001. Managing water abstraction: The catchment abstraction management process. Environment Agency [UGH Oversize Pamphlet]
Frederick, K.D. (1993). Balancing water demands with supplies. World Bank [UGH Oversize Pamphlet]
Gardiner, V. and Herrington, P., eds (1986) Water Demand Forecasting. - esp Chapters 1, 3, 7. [UGH]
Gleick, P.H. (ed) 1993. Water in crisis: a guide to the world’s fresh water resources. Oxford University Press. [UGH Oversize Book] 1 copy on S/L, 1 other copy ISBN: 0195076273
Goin. P (ed) (1992) Arid Waters. University of Nevada Press. [DTTb]
Herbst, P.H., Bredenkamp, D.B. and Barker, H.M.G. (1966) A technique for the evaluation of drought from rainfall data. J. Hydrology, 4, 264-272. [DG6 Seial]
Institution of Civil Engineers (1980) Water Resources: A Changing Strategy - Chapters 5, 6 [UGH5 Oversize Book]
Kay, M., Franks, T., and Smith, L. 1997. Water: economics, management and demand. [UGHk] 1 copy.
Linsley, R.K., Kohler, M.A., and Paulhus, J.L.H. (1975) Hydrology for engineers. McGrawHill.[UGH]
McCann, B. and Appleton, B.1993. European water : meeting the supply challenges. London : Financial Times Business Information [UGHdw Oversize book] 1 copy on S/L ISBN: 1853341916
National Rivers Authority (1994) Water: nature’s precious resources: an environmentally sustainable water resources development strategy for England and Wales. NRA [UGHea Oversize Pamphlet]
National Water Council (1978) Water Industry Review. - esp Annex 2 [UGHea Oversize Book]
Park, C. (1982) The supply of and demand for water. In R.J. Johnston and J.C. Doornkamp. (eds) The changing geography of the United Kingdom. Methuen. [DWea].
Shaw, E.M. (1979) The 1975-76 drought in England and Wales in perspective. Disasters, 3,1, 103-110. [Dept]
Shaw, E.M. (1994) Hydrology in Practice. Chapman and Hall. - Chapters 10 and 19 [DRH]
Shiklomanov, I. A. 2003. World water resources at the beginning of the twenty-first century. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press. [UGH]
Solley, W.B. Pierce, R.R. and Perlman, H.A. (1990) Estimated use of water in the United States in 1990. USGS [UGHb Oversize Pamphlet] ISBN: 0X50953923.
Thackray, J.E., Cocker, V., and Archibald, G. (1978) The Malvern and Mansfield studies of domestic water usage. Inst. Water Engineers and Sci. J., 64, 37-61. [DG6 Serial]
Thackray, J.E., and Archibald, G. (1981) The Severn-Trent studies of industrial water use. Inst. Water Engineers and Sci. J., 70, 403-432. [DG6 Serial]
Thompson, S.A. 1999. Hydrology for water management. Rotterdam : A.A. Balkema. [DRH]. 4 copies.
Twort, T., Law, F.M., Crowley, F.W. (1985) Water Supply. (Arnold) - Chapter 1 [UGH] 5 copies on S/L, 8 other copies ISBN: 0340575875
Twort, A.C., Ratnayaka, D.D., and Brandt, M.J. (2000) Water supply. 5th ed. Edward Arnold - Chapter 1, [UGH] 6 copies on S/L
2-5 Water source development
Abate, Z. (1994) Water resources development in Ethiopia. Ithaca Press. [UGHvve]
Acreman, M. (2000) The hydrology of the U.K. : a study of change. Routledge - Chapter 4 [DRHea] 1 copy
Agnew, C. and Anderson, E. (1992). Water resources in the arid realm. Routledge [DUHDK] may be on S/L
Annon, (1990) Water resources of Latin America and the Caribbean. UN [UGHc]
Bonell, M et al. (1993). Hydrology and water management in the humid tropics. Cambridge University Press [DRH Oversize Book].
British Geological Survey. 2000. The physical properties of minor aquifers in England and Wales. BGS : Keyworth. [DRHUea]
Burrow, D.C. (1971) Conjunctive use of water resources. Inst. Water Engineers J., 25,7, 381-396. [DG6 Serial]
Burt, A.M.(ed) (1978) Thames groundwater scheme. Institution of Civil Engineers [UGHed]
Chapman, G.P. and Thompson, M. 1995. Water and the quest for sustainable development in the Ganges Valley. Cassell. [DUHNqs]
Coates, D.J., and Ruffle, N.J. (1982) The Kielder Water scheme. Inst. Water Engineers and Sci. J. 72, 135-147. [DG6 Serial] - error with reference
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S ENV343 WATER SUPPLY fact sheet 5
Collinge, V.K. (1967) Research on river management. In Issac, P.C. (ed) River Management (MacLaren, London) [UGH]
Cook, H.F., 1998. The protection and conservation of water resources, Wiley. [UGH] 4 copies on S/L
Currie, J.C. and Pepper, A.T.. 1993. Water and the environment. Ellis Horwood. [UGH] 1 on copy S/L, 4 other copies. ISBN: 0139506926
Dobson, R. (1980) The river Ouse water supply scheme. Inst. Water Engineers and Sci. J., 334, 265-290. [DG6 Serial]