PROFORMA FOR REGISTRATION OF SUBJECTS
FOR DISSERTAION
1. / NAME OF THE CANDIATE ANDADDRESS / Mr.Rajashekhar.Kumbar.
s/o C.C.kumbar,Nr.Durga Devi Temple, Jorapur Peth,Bijapur.586101
2. / NAME OF THE INSTITUTION / Smt.M.C.Vasantha College Of Nursing.Bidar
3. / COURSE OF STUDY AND SUBJECT / 1st Year M.Sc. Nursing
Pediatric Nursing
4. / DATE AND ADMISSION TO COURSE / 2-11-2009
5. / TITLE OF THE TOPIC / A study to assess the effectiveness of structure teaching programme regarding prevention of dental caries among primary school teachers in selected school at Bidar.
6 / BRIEF RESUME OF THE INTENDED WORK
6.1 / NEED FOR THE STUDY
Oral Health is an integral component of general health. It has also become clear that causative and risk factors in oral diseases are often the same as those implicated in the major general diseases. The overall health, well being, education and development of children, families and communities can be affected by oral health. Though there has been considerable improvement in the oral health of children in the last few decades, dental caries (tooth decay) still remains one of the most commonly occurring oral health problems in the children all over the globe. A considerable population of children in the developing nations is being affected by tooth decay and most of the time their proper treatment is given the last priority owing to limited access to oral health services. The lack of availability and affordability of oral health services not only results in aggravation of the disease but also enhances the cost of treatment and care. There is no single country that claims to have caries free children. Adverse experience during childhood may lead dental phobia, impacting on attitudes to oral health and self care as well as availing oral health care services for life. Poor oral health in childhood often continues into adulthood, effecting economic productivity and quality of life. In many countries, a large number of children and parents have limited knowledge of the causes and prevention of the most common oral diseases. Similarly, the schoolteacher’s oral health knowledge has also not been satisfactory. It is evident that cultural beliefs and social taboos play an important role in the perception of the causes of dental decay and gum diseases. In India, a very less percentage of mothers have received proper advice on oral care of the children from dentists or health care workers. In many countries, the number of children brushing their teeth is very unsatisfactory including India. A small proportion of children do not clean their teeth at all, some may not have access to a toothbrush and many are using the traditional cleaning aids like datun, salt and oil, coal ash and locally made powders etc. This high prevalence of dental caries has also caused increase in the
absenteeism of school hours and loss of working hours and economy for the parents. Apart from this, the treatment of dental caries is not available to all due to lack of facilities in their areas. This has further caused an increase in tooth loss before time, resulting in malocclusion and other problems.The availability, affordability and quality of Fluoride tooth paste remains a major problem in many developing countries. Only a small proportion of population is using fluoridated toothpaste and moreover because of high concentration of fluoride in drinking water in certain parts of India, also has a prohibiting effect as use of fluoride toothpaste. The high prevalence of Dental Caries has been brought under control in many developed countries during the last three decades. This was possible only through community or school based organized primary preventive programmes essentially composed of generation of oral health awareness through education of the public and school children at large. Presently India is also passing through the same phase where Sweden, Norway Denmark, USA and UK were in 1970’s. Parkash et al (1993) did a study in 10-15 year old School children using WHO (1987) criteria and reported an average DMFT of 2.61 for the effected children.
School is a place of learning for the children and is in fact microcosms of the larger community. Schools are the ideal setting for integrating oral health instructions in the curriculum. At the school age, children are receptive to guidance and familiar with the learning environment and culture. School teachers can effectively influence student’s knowledge, attitude and practices regarding oral health and can bring change in behavior. It is very important to target oral health education to the children since the lifestyle and hygiene practices once established at an early age can go a long way in spending rest of the life in a healthy way. They should be empowered to take control of their own health early in their lives and encouraged to develop positive attitude towards preventive measures.
Oral health educational programmes implemented through schools have the additional advantage of imparting primordial and primary preventive instructions to all the children of all socio-economic status. Based on this background, an attempt has been made to develop an accessible and sustainable module for prevention of dental caries among school children using existing educational infrastructure and to find out the feasibility of such a primary preventive module for prevention of dental
caries in school children of Delhi.
Therefore the investigator have been worked in community & rural area had seen that the primary school teachers come in contact with the mother of under five children’s, the parents of the children’s, the parents of various schools. By educating the primary school. Teachers it will be possible for them to communicate the message of prevention dental caries to the people.
6.2 / REVIEW OF LITERATURE
A study was conducted in 1979, the Canadian Task Force on the Periodic Health Examination using the evidence then available made recommendations concerning the prevention of dental caries. Since then, significant reductions in the prevalence of dental caries have occurred in Canada, and we have new understanding of its epidemiology, diagnosis, risk factors and prevention. In 1989 the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force published guidelines for the prevention of dental caries<2> and a more recent Canadian publication has provided more specific preventive guidelines that are similar to those of the U.S. Task Force1.
A study was conducted to assess the prevalence of dental caries in large group of preschool children, to examine the association between demographic and socioeconomic factors and the prevalence of caries, and to compare these findings with those from previous studies of preschool population in the United States.Dental caries exams were performed 5171 children ages 5 months through 4 years,and parent or other care giver was asked to complete a questionnaire giving information about the child and her or his household.The data show that dental caries is highly prevalent in this preschool population, with little of the disease being treated. Timing of diagnostic examinations and prevention strategies for preschool children need to be reconsidered especially for children identified as having a high risk of caries2.
A study was conducted in U.S. The decline in dental caries in US schoolchildren, first observed nationwide in 1979-1980, was confirmed further by a second national epidemiological survey completed in 1987. Mean DMFS scores in persons aged 5-17 years had decreased about 36% during the interval, and, in 1987, approximately 50% of children were caries-free in the permanent dentition. Children who had always been exposed to community water fluoridation had mean DMFS scores about 18% lower than those who had never lived in fluoridated communities3.
An epidemiological study of the oral conditions of 771 schoolchildren aged 6 to 15 years was conducted in 5 departments of South of France. The DMFT and DMFS indices were slightly higher than the national means. The children had a mean DMFT of 0.66 at 6 years and 7 at 15 years. The periodontal conditions were relatively good.Caries prevalence data from recent studies in all European countries showed a general trend towards a further decline for children and adolescents. However, in several countries with already low caries prevalence in primary teeth, there was no further decrease. Regarding the permanent dentition, further reductions were observed in the 12-year age group, these being even more evident at the ages of 15-19 years4.
In order to evaluate suitable strategies for control of dental caries, a longitudinal study of caries progression has been initiated among 12-year-old children in Kaunas, Lithuania. The aim of the present paper was to describe the baseline caries situation in a sample of 12-year-olds, who had been examined using caries diagnostic criteria which differentiate between active and inactive caries lesions at both the cavitated and non-cavitated levels. The mean fluoride concentration in the drinking waters of Kaunas is 0.16 mg/l. A total of 889 children in the 6th grade from seven selected schools were examined.A comparison of the caries profile according to the present caries diagnostic criteria with those recommended by WHO revealed that the WHO criteria yielded much lower DMFS and DMFT values, because this scoring system does not include non-cavitated caries lesions5.
The goal of this cluster randomized trial is to test the effectiveness of a counseling approach, Motivational Interviewing, to control dental caries in young Aboriginal children. Motivational Interviewing, a client-centred, directive counseling style, has not yet been evaluated as an approach for promotion of behaviour change in indigenous communities in remote settings. Methods/design: Aboriginal women were hired from the 9 communities to recruit expectant and new mothers to the trial, administer questionnaires and deliver the counseling to mothers in the test communities. This paper explains the challenges of conducting randomized trials in remote settings, the importance of thorough community collaboration, and also illustrates the likelihood that some baseline variables that may be clinically important will be unevenly split in group-randomized trials when the number of groups is small6.
Dental caries in the primary dentition can have significant damaging effects on a childs growth due to impairment of oral functions. Since the first encounter of a child to a medical environment is often through pediatricians and medical practitioners, it is important that they be aware of the prevention of oral disease that begins early in life. The aim of this article is to diminish the existing ambiguity among pediatricians and medical practitioners regarding oral disease and its prevention7.
A study was conducted among 412 high school students who were voluntary participants of an NCC unit in South India. Knowledge, attitude and practice scores were calculated, and then were correlated with Simplified Oral Hygiene Index (OHI-S) values. Spearman's correlation test was used to measure the correlation. Most of the cadets did not have knowledge about the causes and the prevention of dental diseases. A significant number of participants sought further information, hence it can be said that the cadets had a positive attitude towards oral health. There was no correlation seen between knowledge and attitude scores with that of OHI-S measured, but a significant correlation was noted between practice and OHI-S scores8.
Early Childhood Caries (ECC) is a lifestyle disease that begins when the child's teeth erupt in the oral cavity. The distinctive pattern of decay rapidly spreads from one tooth to another and involves the surfaces of teeth that are usually not at risk. Detection of disease is crucial to control the oral condition using preventive and therapeutic regimes. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of caries in children of age 3-6 years in Ludhiana and to examine the relationship between age and caries experience. A total of 609 children in the age group of 3-6 years were examined using def index. To determine dental care seeking attitude, 105 caregivers were interviewed.The results of the present study can be used mainly for screening child populations in need of treatment, helping public workers and planners to develop dental health programs to aid early intervention and prevention9.
A total of 2000 children (1-14 year age group) attending pediatric OPD, school clinic & well body clinic of Dr. R.N. Cooper Municipal Hospital & K.E.M Hospital, Mumbai were examined for caries prevalence and 35.6% had dental caries. Parental literacy, particularly maternal literacy was shown to influence caries prevalence in children. The prevalence was low in well-nourished children and in those taking vegetarian type of diet. Frequency of sweet consumption was shown to be associated with prevalence of dental caries. In 1-4 year age group it was noted that bottle fed children were more affected by dental caries. Tooth brush with paste was the commonest method used for cleaning their teeth in all age groups in our study. Caries prevalence was low in those children using tooth brush than in those using tooth powder10.
6.3 / STATEMENT OF PROBLEM.
A study to assess the effectiveness of structure teaching programme regarding prevention of dental caries among primary school teachers in selected school at Bidar.
6.4 / OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY.
1. To assess the pre-test knowledge among the primary school teachers regarding the prevention of Dental Caries.
2. To administer structured teaching programme to primary school teachers regarding the prevention of Dental Caries.