BIOLV01 Study Guide Summer 2009
Algiers, K
Biology Study Guide
For Final
(50% accumulative)
Chapter 1 Introduction to Life on Earth
Definitions: Biology adaptation living fossils extinct species biodiversity
Discovery vs. hypothesis based science; qualitative vs quantitative data
Scientific method (steps, difference between the steps)
Fig 1-1 (definitions)
Theory vs hypothesis
Theory of Evolution
DNA and mutations and their role on evolution
Three domains of life
Prokaryote vs. Eukaryote
How to write a scientific name correctly
Chapter 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Life
Definitions: atom, element, compound, molecule, isotopes, free radical, antioxidants
Subatomic particles (electrons neutrons protons)
o which is in the nucleus?
o # of electrons for each energy level
o which is + - neutral
atomic # vs. atomic weight
How to read the atomic # and mass on periodic table
ionic covalent hydrogen bonds
polarity (covalent bonds only)
Properties of water (and examples)
Solution solvent solute surface tension buffer pH acidic basic hydrophobic hydrophilic
Chapter 3 Biological Molecules
Define: organic inorganic monomer polymer
dehydration synthesis vs. hydrolysis
carbohydrates (1C:2H:1O)
o monosaccharide (glucose fructose galactose)
o disaccharides (glucose + glucose = maltose; glucose + fructose = sucrose; glucose + galactose = lactose)
o polysaccharides (examples: starch chitin cellulose glycogen)
o OH is polar = carbs are hydrophilic
lipids:
o oils fats waxes; oil is unsaturated; fats are saturated. Why? Fats and oils have 3 fatty acid chains and glycerol
o phospholipid structure: 2 fatty acid chains 1 glycerol 1 phosphate group. Hydrophilic/hydrophobic
o Steroid structures = 4 rings of carbon fused together
proteins:
o subunits are amino acids: 20 diff types
o One amino acid structure (chemical make up)
o Peptide bond
o Protein vs. polypeptide vs. peptide
o 4 levels of structure
o Enzymes are proteins
nucleic acid
o Structure: 5C sugar attached to N containing base & phosphate grp
o DNA vs. RNA (know structures & differences
o ATP NADH NADPH FADH2 are nucleic acids
Review your worksheet on ‘organic molecules’
Chapter 4 The Cell
Cell theory
Light microscope, Electron microscope (SEM and TEM)
Common features of cells (small in size plasma membrane cytoplasm Cytosol DNA obtain energy/nutrients from environment)
Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes differences?
Fig of prokaryotic cell eukaryotic animal cell eukaryotic plant cell in book.
Be able to label parts (see pg 60, 61, 76)
Know functions of: cell membrane cell wall chloroplast cytoplasm DNA endoplasmic reticulum (ER; rough and smooth) Golgi complex lysosomes mitochondria Nucleus ribosomes vacuole vesicles. (Review your worksheet)
What is the path a molecule travels through the cell as it is synthesized?
(see fig on pg 71)
Table 4-1 pg 62 is a good review table
Know your worksheet on ‘the cell’
Watch the Bioflix on “The Animal Cell” and “The Plant Cell”
Chapter 5 Cell Membrane
Plasma membrane’s 3 functions; which part of the membrane does which?
fluid mosaic model
phospholipids-which side is hydrophilic? hydrophobic? How do they arrange in a bilayer? What determines how fluid?
Hemotoxin - phospholipase
Cholesterol’s functions in the plasma membrane
Glycoproteins-what are they?
5 groups of proteins:
o receptor, recognition, enzymatic, transport (channel & carrier), attachment
diffusion vs osmosis
passive diffusion
o simple diffusion
o facilitated diffusion
o osmosis (hypotonic, hypertonic, isotonic) pg 90 Fig 5-10
active transport, endocytosis, exocytosis
water always goes from hypotonic to hypertonic
what type of transport is energy required for?
What is the diffusion of water called?
endocytosis & exocytosis (define; do they require energy?)
Water balance and vacuoles
Table 5-1 pg 86
Summing Up Diffusion (pg 86)
Chapter 6 Energy Flow
kinetic vs. potential energy (give examples of each)
2 laws of thermodynamics (quantity and quality of energy)
Define: entropy, chemical reaction, metabolic pathway, metabolism
reactant vs. product
exergonic vs. endergonic reactions
what’s ATP? ADP?
Coupled reaction
NADH, FADH2 function as ‘electron carriers’
Define: enzymes catalyst active site coenzyme
Chapter 7 Photosynthesis
Definition: photosynthesis, Autotrophs
Which came first: photosynthesis or cellular respiration? Explain
General formula for photosynthesis (Endergonic or Exergonic?)
leaf adaptations for photosynthesis
o capturing light, preventing water loss, gas exchange
Stomata (singular stoma), guard cells, xylem, phloem
chloroplast and its parts (pg 119): outer membrane, inner membrane, thylakoid, granum, stroma
o Where in the chloroplast does the light/dark reaction take place?
Photons, Pigments (chlorophyll a, b, carotenoids)
light reaction (thylakoid)
o Sunlight & Water go in
o ATP, NADPH, and ½ O2 comes out
o 2 photosystems containing pigments
o 2 electron transport chains that carry electrons
o Water splits and O2 is released
dark reaction (stroma)
o NAPDH, ATP, CO2, and H2O go in
o Glucose comes out (synthesized)
Fig that summarizes photosynthesis on pg 127 is good
Role of NADPH and ATP in photosynthesis (where do they come from? Where do they go?)
Watch the Bioflix on Photosynthesis
Chapter 8 Cellular Respiration
General formula for cellular respiration (Endergonic or Exergonic?)
Where does each reaction take place? (see your worksheet)
o Glycolysis
o Formation of acetyl CoA
o Krebs cycle
o Electron transport chain
o Fermentation
Glycolysis splits sugar to make ATP & NADH
Pyruvate from Glycolysis either enter the mitochondria (cellular respiration) or stays in cytosol (one of the two types of fermentation)
Fermentation: Alcohol vs. lactic acid (know the difference)
Why would a cell do fermentation instead of cellular respiration?
Aerobic vs anaerobic
Parts of mitochondria : outer, inner membrane, matrix, intermembrane compartment, cristae
Role of NADH FADH2 and ATP in cellular respiration
Oxygen we breathe in goes into what reaction?
CO2 we breathe out comes from what two reactions?
Comparing photosynthesis and cellular respiration:
o Where is glucose used or broken down (reactant)?
o Where is glucose made (product)?
o Where is CO2 used (reactant)?
o Where is CO2 made (product)?
o Where is O2 used (reactant)?
o Where is O2 made (product)?
Watch the Bioflix on Cellular Respiration
Chapter 9 DNA (Part I)
Griffith’s Experiment: bacterial transformation
What is DNA? Nucleic acid subunits (nucleotides)
DNA vs. Genes vs. Chromosomes
Thymine, cytosine, adenine, guanine
Chargaff’s Rule
Wilkins and Franklin: X-ray diffraction
Structure of chromosomes
o double helix
o complementary bases held w/ H- bonds
o sugar and bases held with covalent bonds
o 5’ to 3’
Purines vs. pyrimidines
Watson and Crick
DNA replication
o Strands unwind (DNA helicase)
o Free bases are placed in front of templates (DNA polymerase
o Pieces are tied together (DNA ligase)
Types of mutations: nucleotide substitution, insertion, deletion, inversion, translocation
Chapter 10 DNA (Part II)
Genes have info to make proteins; enzymes are proteins
DNA à mRNA à Protein
o Where in the cell does each take place?
o Which is referring to transcription? Translation?
Fig on pg 170 is a great review
What is transcription? What is translation? Where in the cell does each take place?
3 differences between DNA & RNA: sugar, T vs. U, double vs. single strand
3 types of RNA and functions: mRNA, rRNA, tRNA
If I give you a DNA strand and the genetic code, be able to make proteins
Transcription- RNA polymerase does everything
Translation- Need mRNA, rRNA (the enzyme), tRNA (with an amino acid on each) to make proteins
What is a codon?
How many types of nucleotides exist in DNA? In RNA?
What is an anticodon? What molecule is this found on?
What does it mean by ‘transcription is selective’?
What is a Barr body? Think Calico cats
Watch the Bioflix on Protein Synthesis
Chapter 11 Cell Reproduction
Define: Cell cycle, binary fission, mitosis, meiosis, gamete
Cells divide for: growth, development, asexual reproduction, gamete formation
homologous chromosomes vs. sister chromatids
How many chromosomes do humans cells have? How many pairs?
How many homologous pairs of chromosomes do humans have?
define: chromosome, chromotin, centromere
parts of the cell cycle
o G1 G2 S M
o Which parts make up interphase?
mitosis: IPMAT (interphase is not part of division)
o sister chromatids separate
o start diploid (2n), end diploid (2n)
o all eukaryotic cells except for cells which make gametes
meiosis: two sets of division M1, M2
o MI: homologous chromosomes separate
o MII: chromatids separate
o How many cells form? Are they diploid or haploid? n or 2n?
o Cross-overs, independent assortment, formation of tetrads
Why does the gamete cell have to become haploid for the offspring to be diploid? pre-requisite to sexual reproduction
A fertilized egg is called a zygote
o Is a zygote diploid or haploid?
o Will a zygote go through mitosis? Meiosis?
3 sources of genetic variability
What is a cancerous cell?
Questions at the end of outline
Watch Bioflix on Mitosis, Meiosis
Chapter 12 Patterns of Inheritance
Who was Mendel? Who was Morgan?
Define: gene, locus, allele, character, phenotype, genotype, homozygous, heterozygous, gamete, dominant, recessive
Be able to make a punnett square using monohybrid, dihybrid, and sex-linked traits.
Law of segregation; law of independent assortment
Types of genetics problems you should be able to do
o Simple dominance
o Monohybrid Cross
o Dihybrid Cross
o Linked genes
o Incomplete dominance
o Multiple alleles
o Co-dominance
o Polygenetic inheritance
o Pleiotropy
o Sex-linked
Know the alleles for blood type, how to do a problem using blood types
Know how to get ‘gametes’ for your punnett square
Can a genetic disorder be dominant? Give an example
Non-disjunction (XXY, XYY, XO, XXX, Trisomy 21)
Review you genetics packet and questions at the end of chapter 12
Chapter 26 Population Growth & Regulation
Define: ecology, population, community, ecosystem, biosphere
Biotic vs. abiotic
What three factors contribute to change in population size?
o Birth, death, migration
o What is a stable population?
Biotic potential vs. environmental resistance
Be able to identify or define the following growth curves
o J-curve (exponential growth)
o boom and bust cycle
o s-curve
Carrying capacity
interspecific vs. intraspecific competition
How do predators play a role in population size?
Dispersal patterns: Clumped, uniform, random
Human population curve
o What type is it?
o Why? (due to decrease in some environmental resistance)
Developing vs. developed countries & their contributions to population size
Have we reached the earth’s carrying capacity?
Chapter 27 Community Interaction
Define: diversity, species richness, relative abundance, Coevolution, niche
What is resource partitioning?
Symbiosis: Mutualism, parasitism/predator, commensalisms, competition
Types of predator/prey adaptation
o cryptic coloration, warning coloration, mimicry (and startle coloration), chemical warfare
Keystone species
Exotic species
o How do they affect the ecosystem?
o Why do some exotic species take over a community?
o Cane Toad Exotic to Australia
Chapter 28 How does the ecosystem work?
Define: Autotrophs, heterotrophs, producers, primary and secondary consumers, herbivores, carnivores, omnivores, detrivores & decomposers
trophic pyramid
o energy transfer is only 10% Why?
o Be able to tell me what trophic level an organism on a food chain is
Food chain vs. food web
Nutrition Cycles
o carbon cycle, water cycle
acid rain: what natural element’s cycle is over used? (S, N)
global warming
o greenhouse gasses
o name some things that emit greenhouse gasses
o evidence: warmer temperatures, melting of ice, extreme weathers, ocean water expanding, sea level rising, growing season increasing, wildlife is effected
ozone layer
o what is the ozone layer? What’s the problem with it?
Main causes of biodiversity crisis
o Habitat destruction, Introduced species, overexploitation
What can we do to help? Why should we care?
What is Biophilia ?
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