Psychology Is Defined As the Science Of

Psychology is defined as the science of:
a. sensation and perception.
b. experience and mental illness.
c. culture and group dynamics.
d. behavior and mental processes.

Who is considered the "father of psychology" by his establishment of the first psychology lab?
a. Wilhelm Wundtb. William Jamesc. Sigmund Freudd. E. B. Tichener

William James:
a. was the first American psychologist.
b. wrote the first psychology textbook.
c. believed psychology should study the functions of consciousness.
d. all of the above.

Which of the following is considered the founder of the psychodynamic perspective in psychology?
a. Wilhelm Wundtb. William Jamesc. Sigmund Freudd. E. B. Tichener

The behaviorists believed:
a. psychology should emphasize the study of healthy people.
b. psychology should only study observable and objectively described acts.
c. psychology should study the self examination of inner ideas and experiences.
d. all of the above.

Who established the first psychology lab in the United States?
a. G. Stanley Hallb. William James
c. Francis Cecil Sumnerd. Mary Whiton Calkins

Sue believes the field of psychology should study various methods of problem solving, how people memorize facts, and what changes our thinking structure. Sue would be described as coming from which perspective of psychology?
a. social-culturalb. behavioral
c. humanisticd. cognitive

Jim, in his approach to psychology, stresses that individuals continually strive to reach their full potential. Jim would be described as coming from which perspective of psychology?
a. social-culturalb. behavioralc. humanisticd. cognitive

Martin E.P. Seligman felt the field of psychology should emphasize:
a. the curing of mental illness.
b. making life more productive and fulfilling.
c. self-report reflections over the scientific method.
d. how evolution has changed human behavior.

Jim is a researcher for a local business. He believes that research should be "problem centered" in that it tries to solve specific problems in the world. Jim is an advocate of:
a. applied research.b. self-report research.
c. behavioral research.d. basic research.

Amber is researching possible causes of suicide. For each committed suicide in the county, Amber does an in-depth study of the person's life and behaviors prior to their suicide. Amber is conducting what type of study?
a. naturalistic observationb. correlational study
c. cross sectional studyd. case study

A correlation indicates:
a. the degree to which one variable is influenced or caused by another.
b. how random a sample is of the population.
c. whether the experiment can be replicated or not.
d. the degree of relationship between two variables.

Throughout childhood people's height increases as their age increases. This relationship between age and height would be called a(n):
a. positive correlation.b. negative correction.
c. open correlation.d. cause effect relationship.

Which of the following might create a biased survey?
a. taking a random sample of the population
b. taking too large of a sample
c. social desirability
d. designing the survey's questions carefully to avoid any bias

A developmental psychologist wants to study the effects of poverty on one's self concept. To do this, a group of subjects from the central city are interviewed once every five years over the period of 30 years. The same subjects are interviewed throughout the 30 years. This study is an example of what type of research?
a. cross sectional studyb. longitudinal study
c. correlational studyd. naturalistic observation

Which of the following research methods can a researcher draw a cause and effect conclusion?
a. experimentb. naturalistic observation
c. surveyd. correlational study

Consider the following experiment: Children are divided into two groups. One group watches episodes of "Sesame Street." The other group watches cartoon episodes. Both are then given a test that measures activity in children. In this study, the independent variable is:
a. what the child watches on TV.
b. how the child scores on the activity test.
c. what type of family the child comes from.
d. the child's economic class.

In an experiment which receives the independent variable?
a. the confounding variableb. the population
c. the control groupd. the experimental group

In an experiment which group would be given a placebo?
a. the populationb. the random sample
c. the control groupd. the experimental group

Which of the following is NOT considered one of the four basic principles for human participation in an experiment?
a. informed consentb. confidentiality
c. debriefingd. replication

Any non-genetic influence, from prenatal nutrition to the people and things around us, is the definition of:
a. a mutation.b. natural selection.
c. the environment.d. heritability.

Each human cell is composed of how many chromosomes?
a. 46b. 43 pairc. 43d. 23

One's chromosomes are made up of:
a. nucleotides.b. genomes.c. nurtures.d. DNA.

Having a predisposition to a given genetic disease implies that:
a. the person will definitely develop that disease.
b. the person has the possibility of developing the disease.
c. the person will always pass the gene on to offspring.
d. the gene will be mutated when passed on to any offspring.

Darwin's principle of "survival of the fittest" suggests that those members of a species with trait variations that contribute to their survival will live longer and thereby are more likely to pass those traits on to succeeding generations. This follows the concept of:
a. nucleotides.b. behavior genetics.c. heritability.d. natural selection.

Jessie and Kristin are twins that developed from a single fertilized egg. Jessie and Kristin are called:
a. identical twins.b. fraternal twins.
c. fraternal identical twins.d. identical fraternal twins.

A study comparing the divorce rates of twins found that if one twin was divorced, the odds were 5.5 times higher the other twin would get divorced. In analyzing these results it is important to:
a. compare the effects of natural selection on divorce.
b. conclude the results are due to cultural influences.
c. not conclude that divorce is heritable.
d. note any genetic differences in the identical twins studied.

The shared attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors of a group is the definition of:
a. culture.b. individualism.c. collectivism.d. norms.

Sabrina, from Isamanig, Germany, is visiting Germantown High School in Wisconsin with a student exchange program between Germany and the United States. During her visit, Sabrina is having trouble understanding what some of the "proper" behaviors are in the United States versus the "proper" behaviors in Germany. Sabrina is having problems understanding American cultural:
a. nurtures.b. collectivism.c. individualism.d. norms.

A society in which the needs of the group have priority over the needs of the individual is referred to as:
a. norms.b. individualist.c. culture.d. collectivist.

A relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience is the definition of:
a. learning.b. classical conditioning.c. stimulus.d. acquisition.

A type of learning is which the subject learns to associate a stimulus with a given response is:
a. generalization.b. stimulus.c. acquisition.d. classical conditioning.

If a light is dimmed before a person's eye, the pupil will dilate. If a sequence of events is established in which a bell is rung, the light is dimmed, and the pupil dilates, the pupil will eventually dilate with just the ringing of the bell. If this happens, the light dimming is called the:
a. unconditioned stimulus.b. unconditioned response.
c. conditioned stimulus.d. conditioned response.

Rats are exposed to a bright light while being injected with an overdose of insulin. In time, the bright light alone produces a response that is almost indistinguishable from that produced by the insulin. The unconditioned response in this example is the:
a. unconditioned stimulus.b. unconditioned response.
c. conditioned stimulus.d. conditioned response.

In Pavlov's experiment with classical conditioning the dog salivated when a bell was rung, even though the food did not follow. In the case above, the bell is called the:
a. unconditioned stimulus.b. unconditioned response.
c. conditioned stimulus.d. conditioned response.

If you rang a bell to signal your dog that his food is being put on the plate, the dog will learn to come when the bell is rung. If you then cease to feed the dog after ringing the bell, which of the following will eventually take place?
a. discriminationb. extinction

c. generalizationd. spontaneous recovery

Extinction does not destroy the learning of the response. This is demonstrated by:
a. acquisition.b. generalization.

c. discrimination.d. spontaneous recovery.

A boy has been conditioned to be afraid of a bus. He also finds he is afraid of cars and trains. This is an example of:
a. discrimination.b. extinction.

c. spontaneous recovery.d. generalization.

The process in which an organism produces different responses to similar stimuli is:
a. discrimination.b. extinction.

c. spontaneous recovery.d. generalization.

Which of the following would be considered the best form of classical conditioning found in everyday life?
a. animal trainingb. taste aversion
c. learning to drived. studying for a unit test

A type of learning in which the subject associates a particular behavior with its consequence is called:
a. classical conditioning.b. extinction.
c. operant conditioning.d. discrimination.

At an amusement park a duck will turn on a lamp and play a piano every time a coin is put into a slot. He then receives a piece of corn for performing his tricks. The duck is demonstrating:
a. extreme musical talent.b. classical conditioning.
c. imitation.d. operant conditioning.

Eileen, a second grade teacher, is always providing favorable consequences for her students's "good" behaviors and unfavorable consequences for "bad" behaviors. Eileen is working off the principle of:
a. spontaneous recovery.b. extinction.
c. generalization.d. the law of effect.

Any consequence of a behavior that decreases the frequency of that behavior is a:
a. punishment.b. reinforcement.c. operant.d. stimulus.

At the end of football practice the team always has to run 10 laps around the field, which everyone hates. If a player makes a good play the coach tells the player they can run 1 less lap. At the end of practice some players have to run the full 10 laps while others who performed well run less. In this example the removal of running a lap is considered a:
a. punishment.b. positive reinforcement.
c. negative reinforcement.d. extinction stimulus.

The best example of a primary reinforcement is:
a. money to someone poor.b. water to someone thirsty.
c. coupons for a free pass into a movie.
d. tickets from a game which are eventually turned in for a prize.

A learning experiment is set up in the following manner. A rat is in the Skinner Box, and every time the light goes on and the rat presses down on the bar it gets reinforced with food. If the light is off, pressing down on the bar causes no response. This is an example of:
a. discrimination.b. generalization.
c. extinction.d. latent learning.

The occasional small reward for hitting a jackpot keeps the gambler hopeful of hitting another larger jackpot. This is what type of reinforcement schedule?
a. fixed intervalb. variable interval
c. fixed ratiod. variable ratio

Learning without the presence of an apparent incentive or reinforcement is known as:
a. operant conditioning.b. cognitive map.
c. latent learning.d. classical conditioning.

Kelly has loved to read since the first grade and was a constant reader throughout first and second grade. In the third grade, Kelly's teacher gave students candy bars for each hour they read in class. Kelly's fourth-grade teacher didn't have the same reward system as Kelly's third-grade teacher, so Kelly stopped reading. This is an example of:
a. negative reinforcement.b. overjustification effect.
c. latent learning.d. spontaneous recovery.

Learning taking place by watching others is the definition of:
a. classical conditioning.b. operant conditioning.
c. observational learning.d. intuition.

In observational learning the subject mimics the behavior of the:
a. model.b. participant.
c. observer.d. subject.

An American researcher who studied observational learning was:
a. B. F. Skinner.b. Ivan Pavlov.c. Martin Seligman.d. Albert Bandura.

In Bandura's first "Bobo doll" experiment, children became more aggressive than other children towards the Bobo doll after:
a. they were told it was alright to hit the Bobo doll.
b. they witness other children being aggressive towards the dolls.
c. they witness an adult being aggressive towards the dolls and were then frustrated.
d. they were shown a movie of other children hitting the Bobo dolls.

In one of Bandura's "Bobo doll" experiment, children most likely imitated the violent behavior of:
a. the model who was praised.b. the model who was punished.
c. the model who was neither praised nor punished.
d. the model who was both praised and punished.

Learning by seeing the consequence of another person's behavior is the definition of:
a. attention learning.b. consequential learning.
c. vicarious learning.d. motivational learning.

Which of the following list includes all four of the conditions Bandura felt are necessary for observation learning to take place?
a. attention, consequences, ability to reproduce the behavior, and motivation
b. attention, retention, ability to reproduce the behavior, and motivation
c. a model, a subject, a behavior, and a consequence
d. motivation, observation, consequences, and ability to reproduce the behavior

Behavior which is negative, destructive, and unhelpful is considered:
a. prosocial behavior.b. observational behavior.
c. antisocial behavior.d. retention behavior.

Behavior which is positive, constructive, and helpful is considered:
a. retention behavior.b. observational behavior.
c. antisocial behavior.d. prosocial behavior.

Which of the following accurately describes the conclusions of the APA Commission on Violence and Youth?
a. Viewing violence on TV has no appreciable effect on the violence in youths.
b. Children viewing violence on TV has a short-term effect but no lifelong consequences.
c. TV cannot serve as a prosocial force, only as an antisocial force.
d. Viewing of TV shows and commercials affects people's concepts of reality.

Agnes is highly allergic to cats. If she is exposed to a cat for any length of time she will have trouble breathing to the point where she might need hospitalization. Her children brought home a kitten and cannot bear to part with it. Agnes decides to keep the kitten to please her children even though it will be destructive to her. Which of the following would best describe Agnes's decision?
a. disturbingb. unjustifiablec. maladaptived. atypical

Every time Chante opens a can of pop she taps the top eight times before opening the can. If asked, Chante will tell you she has no logical reason for her behavior. Her behavior doesn't hurt her or anyone else in any way. Which of the following would best describe Chante's behavior?
a. disturbingb. unjustifiablec. maladaptived. atypical

Every night before Dwayne, a college freshman, goes to bed, he gargles with mouthwash for two minutes straight. In the beginning of the year Dwayne's roommate, Travis, thought nothing of it but by the end of the semester Travis was extremely annoyed by the behavior. Which of the following would best describe Dwayne's behavior?
a. disturbingb. unjustifiablec. maladaptived. atypical