III stepen, saradnik: Milica Vukovic
Present Simple
Form
Affirmative: I/you/we/they read he/she/it reads
Interrogative: Do I/you/we/they read? Does he/she/it read?
Negative: I/you/we/they do not read He/she/it does not read
I/you/we/they don’t read He/she/it doesn’t read
3rd person singular (he/she/it) take –s in the affirmative: reads, drinks, knows…
But: Verbs ending in –ss, -sh, -ch, -x, -o take –es: kisses, teaches brushes, fixes, goes
Verbs ending in consonant + y take –ies: fly – flies, cry – cries
Present Continuous
Form
Affirmative: I am reading, he/she/it is reading, you/we/they are reading
Interrogative: Am I reading? Is he/she/it reading? Are we/you/they reading?
Negative: I am not reading, he/she/it is not reading, we/you/they are not reading
he/she/it isn’t reading we/you/they aren’t reading
Verbs ending in –e, drop the –e: dance-dancing (but see-seeing)
Verbs ending in one stressed vowel between two consonants, double the last consonant: sit-sitting, get-getting, run-running
In British English, verbs ending in –l double it: travel-travelling
Verbs ending in –ie: lie-lying, die-dying
Present Simple or Present Continuous?
The simple present tense
The simple present tense is used for:
Habits (navike):
Young-Mi goes to class every day. "Every day" is a habit. (svaki dan)
It rains a lot in Vancouver. This means that it rains often. (?esto)
Santos always talks about his family. "Always" means this is a habit. (uvjek)
Jerry spends Christmas with his parents. This implies that he spends Christmas with his parents every year. (svake godine)
States (stanja)
Bianca lives in Florida. This is a state, because it doesn't change.
Jean-Paul has red hair. Someone's hair colour doesn't usually change.
Martin likes chocolate. When we like something, usually we will always like it.
Anna believes in God. Beliefs and opinions are states. They don't often change.
Signal words:
usually, always (za ucestalost), every day/week…, on Mondays/Tuesdays…, in the morning/evening…, at night/weekend…
The present continuous tense
A temporary action happening now
Something which is going on right now (but it w ill stop in the future) (radnja se de?ava trenutno, sada, ali ?e prestati u budu?nosti).
John is winning the game. Right now, John is winning, but the game isn't finished yet. (Trenutno je bolji, ali igra i dalje traje, jo? nije pobijedio)
It's raining outside. It's raining right now (but it may stop soon).
Sonja's working in the library. She's working there right now.
Simon is spending Christmas with his family. He's spending Christmas with his family right now, this year. (Maybe next year he won't.) (Ove godine je sa porodicom, ali to ne radi stalno)
A definite plan for the future
Something we intend to do, usually in the near future (za budu?nost , planove za buducnost ).
I'm playing soccer tomorrow. This plan is already arranged and definite. ( sigurno ?u igrati sjutra fudbal, sve je ve? ugovoreno)
Sarah's leaving for San Francisco on Friday. She has probably already bought her ticket.
The Olympics are taking place here next year. This is already certain. (sigurno i ugovoreno)
I'm having a party next week. All the plans have been made. (sve je isplanirano)
R epetition and i rritation with always
She is always coming to class late. (to ?to ona kasni nervira govornika)
He is constantly talking. He annoys everyone.
Signal words:
now, at the moment, these days, at present, always (za iritaciju), tonight, still…
** Certain Verbs
These verbs usually have only simple forms:
· state (gl. koji izra?avaju stanje): be, cost, fit, mean, suit
· possession (posjedovanje): belong, have
· senses (?ula, percepcija): feel, hear, see, smell, taste, touch
· feelings (osje?anja): hate, hope, like, love, prefer, regret, want, wish
· brain work (mislj enje, vjerovanje) : believe, know, think, understand
· introductory clauses for d irect speech (uvodni glagoli kod direktnog govora): answer, ask, reply, say
Passive
Pasiv se gradi od glagola be u istom vremenu koje je u aktivnoj re?enici i pro?log participa (V+ed ili tre?a kolona nepravilnih glagola):
Present Simple: am/is/are + V-ed/3rd column
I read books. – Books are read.
Present Continuous: am/is/are + being + V-ed/3rd column
She is typing the letters. – The letters are being typed.
Somebody is following me. – I am being followed.
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