SOUTH AMERICA(CHAPTER 5: 222-233)
MAJOR GEOGRAPHIC QUALITIES
PHYSIOGRAPHY IS DOMINATED BY THE ANDES MOUNTAINS AND THE AMAZON BASIN.
POPULATION IS CONCENTRATED ALONG THE PERIPHERY.
CULTURAL PLURALISM EXISTS IN MOST COUNTRIES AND IS EXPRESSED REGIONALLY.
REGIONAL ECONOMIC INTERACTION HAS BEEN MINIMAL IN THE PAST.
PLATE TECTONICS (MAP)
PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT (MAP AND PHOTO)
PRECIPITATION (MAP)
THE INCA EMPIRE
CULTURE HEARTH - INTERMONTANE BASIN AROUND CUZCO (1200-1535 A.D.)
ALTIPLANOS WERE KEY TO SETTLEMENT PATTERNS.
20 MILLION SUBJECTS AT ITS ZENITH
TRANSPORTATION NETWORKS AND INTEGRATION EFFORTS WERE MOST IMPRESSIVE.
A HIGHLY CENTRALIZED STATE
INDIGENOUS PEOPLES AND COLONIAL DOMAINS (MAP)
SOUTH AMERICAN CULTURE SPHERES (MAP)
CULTURE SPHERES (TROPICAL PLANTATION) (MAP)
RESEMBLES MIDDLE AMERICA’S RIMLAND
LOCATIONS, SOILS, & TROPICAL CLIMATES FAVOR PLANTATION CROPS, ESPECIALLY SUGAR.
INITIALLY RELIED ON AFRICAN SLAVE LABOR
CULTURE SPHERES (EUROPEAN-COMMERCIAL) (MAP)
THE MOST “LATIN” PART OF SOUTH AMERICA
INCLUDES THE PAMPAS - TEMPERATE GRASSLANDS
ECONOMICALLY MOST ADVANCED
TRANS NETWORKS AND QUALITY OF LIFE ARE EXCELLENT
CULTURE SPHERES (AMERIND-SUBSISTENCE) (MAP)
CORRELATES WITH THE FORMER INCA EMPIRE
FEUDAL SOCIOECONOMIC STRUCTURE PERSISTS
INCLUDES SOME OF SOUTH AMERICA’S POOREST AREAS
SUBSISTENCE AGRICULTURE MUST CONTEND WITH DIFFICULT ENVIRONMENTAL CHALLENGES.
CULTURE SPHERES (MESTIZO-TRANSITIONAL) (MAP)
SURROUNDS THE AMERINDIAN-SUBSISTENCE REGION
A ZONE OF MIXTURE- CULTURALLY & AGRICULTURALLY
TRANSITIONAL - ECONOMIC CONNOTATIONS
CULTURE SPHERES (UNDIFFERENTIATED) (MAP)
CHARACTERISTICS ARE DIFFICULT TO CLASSIFY.
SPARSELY POPULATED
ISOLATION AND LACK OF CHANGE- NOTABLE FEATURES
DEVELOPMENT OF AMAZONIA MAY PROMPT SIGNIFICANT CHANGES.
SOUTH AMERICAN CULTURE SPHERES (MAP)
ECONOMIC INTEGRATION
MERCOSUR
– LAUNCHED IN 1995
– A SOUTHERN CONE COMMON MARKET
– INCLUDES BRAZIL, ARGENTINA, URUGUAY, AND PARAGUAY
ANDEAN COMMUNITY
– INITIALLY FORMED IN 1969 (ANDEAN PACT)
– RESTARTED IN 1995
– MEMBERS ARE VENEZUELA, COLOMBIA, PERU, ECUADOR, AND BOLIVIA
ECONOMIC INTEGRATION (CONTINUED)
GROUP OF THREE (G-3)
– FORMED IN 1995
– INCLUDES MEXICO, VENEZUELA, AND COLOMBIA
– A FREE TRADE ASSOCIATION WHICH AIMS TO PHASE OUT ALL TARIFFS BY 2005
NAFTA
– LAUNCHED BY THE US, MEXICO, AND CANADA IN 1995
– SEEKING TO EXPAND INTO SOUTH AMERICA TO INCLUDE CHILE
POLITICAL (MAP)
URBANIZATION
THE MOVEMENT TO AND CLUSTERING OF PEOPLE IN TOWNS AND CITIES
THE PERCENTAGE OF A COUNTRY’S POPULATION LIVING IN CITIES
79% - CONTINENT-WIDE IN SOUTH AMERICA
SOUTH AMERICA’s INCREASE BASED ON RATE OF “NATURAL INCREASE” AND INTERNAL MIGRATION
THE “LATIN AMERICAN CITY” MODEL
GENERALIZED MODEL OF THE LATIN AMERICAN CITY (SCHEMATIC)
CBD AND COMMERCIAL SPINE
ELITE RESIDENTIAL SECTOR
ZONE OF MATURITY
ZONE OF IN SITU ACCRETION
ZONE OF PERIPHERAL SQUATTER SETTLEMENTS
DISAMENITY SECTORS
URBAN SCENE (PHOTO)
CARTOGRAM