Pesticide Residues in fruits and vegetables from Pakistan: A review of the occurrence and associated human health risks

Jabir Hussain Syed1*, Abmreen Alamdar2, Ashiq Mohammad3, Karam Ahad3, Zunera Shabir 4, Haroon Ahmed5, Maria Ali 6, Syed Gul Abbas Shah Sani3, Habib Bokhari 5, Riffat Naseem Malik1, Kevin D. Gallagher7, Iftikhar Ahmad8, Syed Ali Musstjab Akber Shah Eqani5

Supporting Information

Table S1: Diseases, pest, pesticide usage and production seasons of different selected fruits and vegetables in Pakistan

Table S2: Comparsion of pesticides residues in fruits and vegetables of Pakistan with other countries

Table S1:

S/No. / Food Commodity / Diseases / Pests / Months
1 / Apple / Apple Scab, Fire Blight, Cork Spot, Powdery Mildew, Rust, Black Rot and Frog Eye Leaf Spot, Phytophthora Rot, Crown Rot / European Red Mite, Two Spotted Spider Mite, Apple Rust Mite, Oystershell Scale, Spring Feeding Caterpillar, Tarnished Plant Bug, Plum Curculio / July - Nov.
2 / Banana / Banana Aphid, Banana Flower Thrips, Banana Fruit Caterpillars, Banana Rust Thrips, Banana Scab Moth, Banana Weevil Borer,Banana Silvering Thrips, Banana Spotting and Fruit Spotting Bugs, Cluster Caterpillar, Fruit Piercing Moth, Queensland Fruit Fly, Spider Mite, Two Spotted Mite, Spiralling Whitefly, Sugarcane Bud Moth / Rhizome Weevil, Pseudostem Borer, Banana Aphid, Hard Scale, Fruit Rust Thrips, Cut Worm, Tingid / June - August
3 / Dates (Fresh + Dry) / Belaat, Bending Head, Black Leaf Spot, Black Scorch, Diplodia Disease, Fruit Rots, Graphiola Leaf Spot, Inflorescence Rot, Leaf Dieback, Terminal Bud Rot, Wilt of Fruit Bunches / Desneux, Tragioni-Tozzetti, Cockerel, Walker, Fabricius / July - August
4 / Grapes / Bacterial Blight (Bacterial Necrosis), Crown Gall, Pierce's Disease, Alternaria Rot, Angular Leaf Scorch, Angular Leaf Spot, Anthracnose and Bird's-Eye Rot, Armillaria Root Rot (Shoestring root rot), Aspergillus Rot, Botrytis (Grey Rot or Noble Rot) / Bot Canker , Botrytis Bunch Rot, Crown Gall, Downy Mildew, Measles, Powdry Mildew / July - August
5 / Mango / Powdery Mildew, Anthracnose, Decline, Sunburn, Leaf Spot, Edema, Gall, Root Rot, Mango Malformation, Chilling Injury, Leaf Blight, Verticillium Wilt / Red-Banded Thrips, Mango Tip-Borer, Mango Scale, Pink Wax Scale / May - Sept.
6 / Melons / Phytophthora Blight and Fruit Rot, Powdery Mildew, Rind Necrosis, Speckle or Moonspots, Mosaic / Field Crickets, Cutworms, Seedcorn Maggot, Darkling Beetles, Leafminers
7 / Plum / Black Knot, Plum Pockets, Brown Rot, Perennial Canker, apple Scab, Bacterial Spot, Powdery Mildew, Cherry Leaf Spot, X-Disease, Virus Diseases, Winter Injury, Crown Gall / Plum Sawfly, Red Spider Mite, Rust, Silver Leaf, Bacterial Canker, Aphids / April - July
1 / Potato / Bacterial Ring Rot, Bacterial Soft Rot, Blackleg, Comon Scab, Black Dot, Dry Rot, Early Blight, Pink Rot, Potato Wart, Poedery Scab, Rhizoctonia, Seed Piece Decay / Blister Beetles, Colorado Potato Beetle, Flea Beetles, Aphids, Potato Leafhopper, Potato Tuberworm, Vegetable Weevil and Larva / Oct. - April
2 / Tomato / Septoria Leaf Spot, Early Blight, Anthracnose, Fusarium Wilt, Verticillium Wilt, Bacterial Spot, Bacterial Speck, Bacterial Canker, Late Blight / Tomato Fruitworm, Tomato Budworm, Tomato Pinworm, Vegetable Leafminer / April - June
3 / Onion / Botrytis, Leaf Blight, Leaf Fleck, Neck Rot, Downy Mildew, Onion White Rot, Pink Root, Purple Blotch, Smudge or Anthracnose, Smut, Stemphylium Blight / Onion Fly, Lesser Bulb Fly, Thrips / March - June
4 / Red chillies / Bacterial Spot, Bacterial Wilt, Bacterial Canker, Syringae Seedling Blight and Leaf Spot, Crown Gall / Aphids, Red Spider Mites, Slug & Snails, Caterpillars, Capsid Bugs & Thrips / May -July
5 / Garlic / Smut, Penicillium Mold, Powdery Mildew / Wheat Curl Mites, Grasshoppers, Nematodes / May - June

*All the food commodities in this table are treated with pesticide(s), but data on pesticide usage/ amount(s) for these food commodities is (are) unavailable

Table S2:

Location / Samples (N) / Contaminated samples (%) / Samples > MRLs (%) / Reference
Croatia / 866 / 28.5 %(247) / 5.3% (46) / Knezevic et al. 2012
Argentina / 157 / 80(125) / 5 (8) / Hjorth et al. 2011
Brazil / 233 / 67(156) / 13(30) / ,,
Chile / 141 / 85(120) / 5(7) / ,,
Columbia / 81 / 68(55) / 10(8) / ,,
Ecuador / 45 / 71(32) / 4(2) / ,,
Peru / 46 / 39(18) / 9(4) / ,,
Uruguay / 20 / 85(17) / 10(2) / ,,
China / 3009 / 26(782) / 12(353) / Chen et al. 2011
Bangladesh / 210 / 51.30% / 38.89% / Alamgir Zaman Chowdhury et al. 2013
Ghana / 309 / 51(158) / 10 (31) / Bempah et al. 2012
Pakistan
Karachi / 72 / 61(44) / 34(15) / Parveen et al. 2011
Hyderabad / 131 / 40(53) / 2(3) / Latif et al. 2011
Peshawar / 500 / 40(200) / 10(20) / Khan et al. 2005
Nawabshah / 12 / 100(12) / 50(6) / Anwar et al. 2008
Lahore / 25 / 25 / >50 / Tahir et al. 2009