7-2 CELLS & HEREDITY
* Non-negotiable Vocabulary is bolded and underlined.
KEY TERM: / DEFINITION:Cell / basic unit of structure and function of a living thing; the smallest unit of life that conducts all life functions
Organelles / structures that are part of a cell that perform life functions
Cell membrane / thin, flexible, outside covering of a cell
Diffusion / one way in which materials move across the cell membrane
Osmosis / the diffusion of water across a membrane
Cytoplasm / all the gel-like fluid, or living material, inside a cell
Nucleus / cell structure that directs all activities of the cell; contains DNA
Vacuole / large, round sac in the cytoplasm of a cell; the storage center(s) in the cell
Chloroplasts / food-making structures within a plant cell; contain chlorophyll that enable plant to perform photosynthesis
Mitochondria / rod-shaped structures the are referred to as the powerhouse of the cell; use oxygen to release energy from food – respiration takes place here
Cell wall / outermost boundary of plant cells that is made of cellulose; provide extra support and shape for plant cells
Organism / entire living thing that carries out all the basic life function
Bacteria / unicellular microorganism that does not have a nucleus;
three shapes – round, rod, and spiral
Protists / organisms of the kingdom Protista; usually one-celled, have a nuclear membrane, live in moist conditions
Flagella / protists, like the euglena, move through the use of a long whip-like structure
Cilia / protists, like paramecium, move by beating tiny hair-like projections
Pseudopods / protists, like the amoeba, move by extending their bodies with finger-like projections, false-feet, and then pulling the rest of their body forward
Virus / an infectious structure that can only grow and reproduce by invading a living cell; are not cells themselves but do contain genetic material wrapped in a protein coat
Photosynthesis / a survival process in a plant that allows it to make its own food
Respiration / a survival process in which simple sugars are broken down, and the energy they contain is released
Waste elimination/ Diffusion / a survival process by which food molecules, oxygen, water, and other materials enter and leave a cell through the membrane
Mitosis / the process of cell reproduction by which the nucleus divides into two nuclei, each containing the same number of chromosomes that the parent cell had; enables a cell to make an exact copy of itself
Genetics / the study of heredity
Trait / physical characteristics passed on from parent to offspring
Genes / the basic cellular unit of heredity
Chromosomes / structures found in the nucleus of a cell that contain genetic information
Inheritance / Heredity / the passing of traits from one generation to another
Allele / each form of a gene
Phenotype / visible characteristic of an organism; encompasses an organisms physical and behavioral characteristics
Genotype / a set of genes carried by the organism
Inherited traits / characteristics of an organism that are passed from parent to offspring
Dominant / the stronger trait in genetics; masks the recessive trait in a chromosome pair
Recessive / the weaker trait in genetics; it is fully or partially masked in a chromosome pair
Punnett square / tool used to show probability of allele combinations
Probability / the likelihood of a certain outcome expressed as a probability
Monohybrid cross / the inheritance of a single characteristic
Purebred / when two alleles for a trait are the same, e.g. TT, or tt
Hybrid / when two alleles for a trait are different, e.g. Tt
Acquired traits / any characteristic or behavior that is not genetic/inherited is said to be the result of environmental factors; e.g. temperature, diet/nutrients, disease, medical care, or living conditions
7-3 HUMAN BODY SYSTEMS & DISEASE
* Non-negotiable Vocabulary is bolded and underlined.
KEY TERM: / DEFINITION:Cell / the smallest unit of an organism that can perform life functions; may be specialized such as nerve, blood, or bone cells
Tissues / similar type cells that perform the same function (e.g. all muscle tissue contracts); four types – nerve, muscle, epithelial, connective
Organs / a structure made up of different types if tissues that work together to do a specific job; e.g. the heart is made of muscle and connective tissue
Organ systems / a group of two or more organs working together for a specific job; e.g. the digestive system
Circulatory system / the body system responsible for carrying materials through out the body; major organs include heart, blood vessels
Respiratory system / the body system in which oxygen is brought into the body and carbon dioxide is released; major organs include nose, trachea, bronchi, lungs, diaphragm
Digestive system / the body system that takes in, breaks down, and absorbs nutrients that are necessary for growth and maintenance; major organs include mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestines, large intestines, rectum/anus
Excretory system / the body system that helps rid the body of wastes, toxins, and excess water or nutrients; major organs include kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra
Nervous system / the body system of specialized cells that carry messages throughout the body; directs behavior, movement, and processes of the body; major organs include brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves
Muscular system / the body system that supports the body and enables it to move; major organs include skeletal muscles, smooth muscles, cardiac muscles
Skeletal system / the body system that protect and supports the body; has five functions – provides shape and support, allows movement, protects tissues and organs, stores certain materials, produces blood cells; major organs include the bones
Integumentary system / the body system that covers and protects the body; major organ is the skin
Disease / condition in which the normal function of some part of the body is disturbed
Infectious disease / a disease that can be spread from one person to another
Pathogen / tiny organisms that cause infectious diseases; may be bacteria, viruses, fungi, or protists
Immune system / parts of the body that act together to protect the body against infection or disease; is responsible for distinguishing between different kinds of pathogens and reacting to each according to its type
Colds / an illness caused by a viral infection located in the respiratory system
Flu / Influenza / a highly contagious viral infection of the respiratory system
Strep-throat / bacterial disease caused by streptococcus that invade cells in the throat
Athlete’s foot / a common fungal infection of the skin of the feet
AIDS / acquired immunodeficiency syndrome; is a viral disease that attacks the cells in the immune system making the body unable to fight off other pathogens that may attack the body
Noninfectious disease / a disease that is not caused by a pathogen and cannot be spread from person to person
Diabetes / noninfectious disease in which the body either secretes too little insulin or isn’t able to use the insulin that it does secrete
Asthma / a disorder in which the respiratory passages narrow causing shortness of breath
Parkinson’s disease / a movement disorder that occurs when nerve cells in the brain die or become damaged
Skin cancer / a disease in which cancer cells are found in the outermost layers of the skin
**SDE Science Support Guide function definitions for the organs of the body
System / Major Organs / Function (s)Circulatory / Heart / Causes blood to flow through the body by its pumping action
Blood vessels (arteries, capillaries and veins) / · Tubes that carry blood throughout the entire body.
· Most arteries carry blood that has oxygen and nutrients to all the parts of the body.
· Most veins carry waste products (for example carbon dioxide) from all the parts of the body back to the heart.
· Capillaries are very small vessels where oxygen and nutrients leave the blood to go into the cells and carbon dioxide and other waste products enter the blood from the cells.
· Blood is composed of red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and plasma that have different functions.
Respiratory / Nose / Collects air from the environment and moistens and heats the air before it enters the trachea
Trachea / The windpipe; moves air from the nose to the lungs
Bronchi
(sg., bronchus) / Tubes that move air from the trachea to the lungs; one bronchus leads to each lung; part of each bronchus is outside the lung and part is inside.
Lungs / The main organs where gases are exchanged between air and the blood; the alveoli in the lungs are where the gas exchange takes place.
Diaphragm / The muscle that aids in the breathing process
Digestive / Mouth / Begins to break down food into smaller pieces through mechanical digestion; saliva in the mouth starts the process of chemical digestion
Esophagus / The transport tube that carries chewed food to the stomach
Stomach / Continues the process of mechanical digestion; and secretes gastric juices that continue the process of chemical digestion started in the mouth
Small intestines / The organ where most of the chemical digestion of food takes place; nutrients from food are also absorbed through the small intestines
Large intestines / The organ where water is absorbed from the food and taken into the bloodstream; prepares the remaining undigested food for elimination from the body
Rectum and anus / The rectum is a short tube that stores solid waste until it is eliminated from the body through the anus.
Digestive / Liver / A secondary organ of the digestive system that produces bile, which is used by the body to break up fat particles.
Gallbladder / A secondary organ to the digestive system that functions to store bile produced by the liver.
Pancreas / A secondary organ to the digestive system that functions to produce digestive juices that help to further break down the food in the small intestine.
Excretory (Urinary) / Kidneys / The two kidneys get rid of urea, excess water, and some other waste materials released by the cells. These are eliminated as urine.
Ureters / Tubes which connect each kidney to the bladder
Bladder / A saclike muscular organ which stores urine until it is released from the body
Urethra / Tube through which urine passes before it is removed from the body
Nervous / Brain / An organ of the central nervous system, which has three distinct parts that all serve to control and coordinate the activities of the body.
· The cerebrum controls thoughts, voluntary actions, and the sensations related to the five senses.
· The cerebellum helps with balance and coordination.
· The brain stem is located at the base of the brain and controls vital and involuntary processes (for example, breathing, the beating of the heart, and digestion).
Spinal cord / A bundle of nerves that begins at the brain stem and continues down the center of the back through the vertebrae. It connects with the peripheral nerves.
Peripheral nerves / A network of nerves that branch out from the spinal cord and connect to the rest of the body and transmit signals to and from the brain through the spinal cord.
Muscular / Skeletal muscles / Voluntary muscles attached to bones and provide the force needed to move the bones; tendons connect the skeletal muscles to bones
Smooth muscles / Involuntary muscles that control many types of movement within the body (such as digestion)
Cardiac muscles / Involuntary muscle that forms the heart
Skeletal / Bones / Provide shape and support for the body and protection for many organs and structures; some bones produce blood cells; some store minerals
· Joints occur where two or more bones meet
· Ligaments attach bones at the joints
Integumentary / Skin / Covers the body and prevents the loss of water; it protects the body from infection and injury; it helps to regulate body temperature, get rid of wastes (sweat), receive information from the environment and produce vitamin D.
7-4 ECOLOGY: THE BIOTIC & ABIOTIC ENVIRONMENT
* Non-negotiable Vocabulary is bolded and underlined.
KEY TERM: / DEFINITION:Ecology / the study of relationships and interactions between organisms and with their environment
Environment / all of the surroundings, living and nonliving, with which an organism interacts
Biotic / of or having to do with life or living things
Abiotic / any of the non-living factors that make up the environment in which living organisms occur
Species / group of organisms that are able to interbreed and produce young
Population / all individuals of a species that occur together at a given place and time
Habitat / type of environment in which an organism lives
Niche / role of how an organism fits into its habitat
Community / all the living populations that inhabit an ecosystem
Ecosystem / all populations living together and the abiotic factors with which they interact
Biome / division of an area with similar climate, plants, and animals
Food chain / food and energy links between the different plants and animals in an ecosystem; each kind of organism is a source of food for the next in the series
Trophic level / the position that the organism occupies in the food chain
Food web / all the food chains in an ecosystem that are interconnected; more complicated than a food chain
Energy pyramid / an illustration that shows the amount of energy that moves from one trophic level to another in a food chain
Producer / organism that can make its own food
Consumer / organism that feeds directly or indirectly on producers