Murang’A East District Joint Examination – 2013

KIHARU/KAHURO DISTRICT JOINT EXAMINATION – 2013

312/2 – GEOGRAPHY MARKING SCHEME PAPER 2

SECTION A:

1. (a) Definition of forest. (1 mark)

It is a continuous growth of tree and undergrowths covering a large area/track

of a land. Or Plantation of tree growing close together on large track of land.

(b) The characteristics of planted forest. (4 marks)

· Fast maturing hence more profitable to plant and exploit.

· Normally it is in vows hence easy to maintain and exploit.

· Grows uniformly since they are grown at the same time hence easy to exploit

using cutting way method.

· Trees of some species hence easy to exploit.

2. (a) State three reasons why paper milling industries are located near rivers. (3 marks)

· The industries need large amount of water for cleaning.

· The industries use water for cooling machines.

· The industries dispose off their waste material through water.

· Water provide cheap means of transport.

· Some industries are located near large rivers that may provide HEP.

· Water is used as a raw material.

· Some industries use water to debark the logs. (Any 3)

(b) Name two industries in Kenya that use agricultural non-products as raw materials. (2 marks)

· Tobacco processing.

· Pyrethrum processing.

· Textile industry/plant fibre processing.

· Saw milling.

· Paper making.

· Leather tanning

· Non-edible oil processing.

· Glue making industry.

· Footwear making.

· Pharmaceuticals.

· Rubber based industries. (Any 2)

3. (a) State three factors that influenced the location of Perkerra Irrigation Scheme. (3 marks)

· To utilize the excess water of river Perkerra which used to go to waste.

· To control the seasonal floods of river Perkerra.

· Presence of flat and gently sloping terrain which enables easy flow of by gravity.

· Fertile loamy soils.

· The dry conditions of the area necessitated use of irrigation.

(b) Name two rivers used for irrigation in Mwea Tebere Irrigation Scheme. (2 marks)

· R. Nyamindi.

· R. Thiba.

· R. Murubara

4. (a) Definition of manufacturing industr ies? (2 marks)

The process in which an industry changes raw materials into other semi-processed

or finished products.

(b) State three main characteristics of cottage industries in Kenya. (3 marks)

· Use of locally available materials to make various products.

· Involves using hands and simple tools to make products.

· Acquisition of skills informally to make products.

· Mainly found in urban centres and others in rural areas.

· Mostly of the products are sold through co-operatives.

· Most of the products are cheaper than those from the formal industries.

5. (a) Apart from pollution, name two other environmental hazards experienced in Kenya. (2 marks)

· Floods.

· Lighting

· Windstorms

· Pests and diseases.

· Drought.

· Desertification.

· Epidermics.

(b) State three ways in which industrial pollution is health hazard. (3 marks)

· Some industries emit toxic gases such as sulphur dioxide which is harmful to people lives

· Pollution leads to formation of acid rain which damage vegetation and aquatic organisms.

· Heavy smoke from industries lead to formation of smog which is harmful to peoples health.

· Industrial effluents promotes the rivers and lakes making the water unfit for use by man.

· Some industries produce a lot of noise which affect peoples sense of hearing.

SECTION B :

6. (a) (8 marks)

Geography Paper 2 2

(b) R easons for the general decline in the number of tourists since 1997. (4 marks)

· Insecurity which discourages potential tourists from visiting.

· Ethnics skirmishes in the tourist attraction areas.

· Illegal hunting of wild animal such as the elephants and the Rhino killing the

popular tourist sites.

· Terrorist attacks on a number of occasions making tourists not to visit Kenya.

· Human activities such as agriculture, mining and road construction destroys the

wildlife flora forcing animals to migrate reducing number of tourists visiting may

parks and sanctuaries.

It is the environmentally friendly tourism in which the tourist enjoys watching nature

and while at the same time protecting the natural environment.

(ii) State two objectives of eco-tourism. (2 marks)

· To avoid pollution of the tourist attraction sites.

· To avoid erosion by protecting the vegetative cover.

(d) (i) Factors hindering tourism in Kenya.

· Pollution in the parks rendering such sites ugly, dirty and safe to visit since

such sites and less attractive

· The high travel costs mainly air fares from and to other parts of the

world and increasing (unaffordable to many potential tourists).

· Tourist attacks scaring away tourists from visiting Kenya reducing the

number of tourists who travel to Kenya.

· Insecurity in some parks where tourists are attacked and then property

stolen from them scaring the tourists who visit Kenya.

· Stiff competition from other main tourist destinations causing a

reduction in the number of tourist visiting Kenya. (3 x 2)

(ii) The measures the Kenya government has taken to promote tourism.

· Aggressive promotion by the ministry of tourism, Kenya tourism board

and other stakeholders in the industry mount exhibition abroad to promote Kenya

as a tourist destination.

· Lowering of tariffs changed to hotels, game parks and airport taxes so as to encourage

more tourists to visit Kenya and spend more holidays in Kenya.

· The Kenya government and other stakeholders in the industry should make concerned effort to improve security in tourists attraction sites reducing causes of tourist attacks.

· Maintaining the infrastructure to ensure efficiency and safety in service provision

to the tourists encouraging more tourists visiting the country.

· Encouraging eco-tourism which contributes to the conservation of the environment

· The government should work hard in promoting domestic tourism through electron

print media by showing documentaries on Kenyan tourist sites especially

during the peak season. (1 x 5)

7. (a) (i) Name the minerals mined at the following marked areas. (4 marks)

· P – Trona Kenya.

· Q – Limestone Kenya.

· R – Diamonds (Tanzania)

· S – Oil (Uganda)

(ii) T hree types of minerals. (3 marks)

· Metallic.

· Non-metallic.

· Energy minerals.

(b) P lacer method of mining is carried out. (5 marks)

· The method involves mixing the required deposit with water in a pan. The mixture is rotated until light particles such as sand, mud and small stones are washed off leaving mineral particles such as gold, platinum and diamonds.

· Minerals are picked for storage.

· Mombasa.

· Dar-es-Salaam

Geography Paper 2 3

(ii) Three ways in which mining derelicts can be reclaimed. (3 marks)

· Planting trees.

· Creating a park to attract tourists.

· Introducing aquaculture.

· Refilling the holes.

· Landscaping for settlement or farming.

(d) Four ways in which gold mining has contributed to the economy of South Africa. (8 marks)

· Gold mining has generated employment opportunities which raise the standard

of living of the people.

· Gold is a medium of exchange in the world is used in South Africa as a means of

paying international debts.

· Gold mining has led to the development of industrial mining skills that are useful

in other sectors of the economy.

· Gold mining has led to the development of industrial mining skills that are useful

in other sectors of the economy.

· Gold mining has led to the development of towns in the Rand and the Orange

Free State creating a large demand for agricultural products/provision of social

amenities.

· Gold is highly priced thus it earns foreign exchange when exported which is used

to improve other sectors of the economy.

· Gold provides raw materials for industries that make jewellery and other highly

valued items thus promoting industrial expansion.

· Mining of gold has led to expansion of infrastructure such as transport and

communication which has led to cheaper/faster movement of goods/services.

(Any 4 x 2 = 8 marks)

8. (a) (i) Name the ocean currents marked X and Y. (2 marks)

· X – Cold Oyashio Current

· Y – Warm Kurosiwo Current

(ii) Name two main countries involved in fishing in the North West Pacific fishing ground

· Japan

· China

· Korea - North Korea

- South Korea

· Russia/USSR (2 marks)

(iii) Explain three human factors which favour fishing in the North West Pacific fishing

ground. (6 marks)

· Advanced technology has resulted in highly developed ship building/fishing

vessels are equipped with modern preservation facilities, thus making it possible

for fishermen to carry out large scale fishing.

· The hinterland is densely populated thus provide ready/large market for fish.

· Availability of capital for purchasing equipment required for deep sea fishing/for

the development of the industry.

· The long history of sea farming e.g. in Japan thus people are highly experienced

in fishing.

· Most settlements are found along the Coast and the main occupation of the

people there is fishing

(b) (i) Describe how the method is used in catching fish. (5 marks)

· A net resembling a gill net is cast into the water by the drifter.

· The net hangs vertically in the water

· The upper part of the net is kept afloat by corks/floats.

· Weights are fitted at the bottom of the net. This helps to stretch it like a tennis

net.

· The net is held close to the surface of the water where fish swim in large shoals.

· As the fish try to swim past the net, they are trapped by their grills.

· Once sufficient fish has been caught, the net is hauled onto the drifter to empty

the fish.

· The net is attached to a drifter.

Geography Paper 2 4

marine fisheries. (6 marks)

· International conventions are being enforced in order to protect endangered

fish species from extinction.

· Standardizing the size of the nets used in fishing to ensure that only mature

fish are caught.

· Restricting the disposal of untreated waste into the sea to ensure that

the water remains clean for the survival of the fish.

· Patrolling the Kenyan sea waters to ensure that only licensed fishermen operate.

9. (a) (i) Apart from petroleum name two non-renewable sources of energy. (2 marks)

· Nuclear power (from uranium)

· Coal

· Natural gas Any 2 x 1 = (2 marks)

(ii) Give three reasons why Kenya imports her oil in crude form. (3 marks)

· Crude oil is cheaper than refined products.

· Crude oil when refined many by products are obtained. These by products

have many uses.

· Petro chemical industry in Mombasa and Nairobi rely on by-products

of the petroleum.

· Kenya can sell the refined oil to other countries thus earning foreign currency.

· Importation of crude oil reduces the amount of foreign currency a country

spends on the importation of oil. Any 3 x 1 = 3 marks

(b) Explain four ways in which Kenya has benefited from the development of Seven Forks

Hydro-Electric Power Schemes. (8 marks)

· The dams are used for generating electricity which is used for industrial and domestic

purposes.

· The dams are tourist attraction which generates foreign exchange for the country.

· The scheme has led to the development of industries thus creating employment

opportunities.

· Kenyans have been employed in the scheme thus raising their standard of living.

· Some of the dams provide water for irrigation thus improving agricultural product

· India

· Iran

· Egypt

· Taiwan

· Brazil (2 marks)

(ii) State four disadvantages of nuclear energy. (4 marks)

· Construction of nuclear reactions requires a lot of money and expertise.

· Wastes from nuclear power plants are highly radioactive and are difficult

to dispose off.

· Uranium which is a source of this type of energy is non-renewable.

· It can result in disastrous accidents if not well controlled as happened in

Chernobyl in 1986, the effects of the accident were to be felt 15 years after

the explosion.

(d) Give three reasons hindering the expansion of rural electrification programme in Kenya.

· High expenses involved in transmission cannot be met by the rural communities.

Very few people in rural areas can afford electricity.

· Those few who are able are unwilling to meet the high cost of having homes

connected to main power supply.

· Poor housing in rural area. Most houses are still grass thatched.

· The rural population is dispersed over wide areas and some of the areas are far from

power station. Transmission costs are extremely high.

· Shortage of industries in rural areas.

· Inadequate capital from the government to supply electric supply. (6 marks)

Geography Paper 2 5

10. (a) (i) Name two districts to the West of Rift Valley where tea is grown on large scale.

· Kericho.

· Sotik

· Nandi

· Kisii

· Kakamega

· Transnzoia (Cherangani Hills) (2 marks)

(ii) State five physical conditions that favour tea growing in Kenya. (5 marks)

· Cool/warm climate/conditions/10°C - 28°C throughout the year.

· High rainfall/1000 – 2000mm per year.

· Well distributed rainfall throughout the year

· Areas that are frost free.

· Deep, light and well drained soils..

· Gently sloping/undulating land.

· Acidic/volcanic soils/pH of 4 – 6.

· High altitudes/1200m – 2300m

(b) Describe the stages involved in the cultivation of tea from land preparation to harvesting.

· The land is cleared of vegetation.

· The land is ploughed/tilled.

· Seedlings/cuttings are planted in the nursery and allowed to grow to 2cm to 30cm.

· The seedlings are transplanted on the cleared land at the beginning of the rainy

season in rows which are 1.5 metres apart.

· The plants are weeded, mulching/manured regularly.

· Once the bushes start growing, the tips of their branches are pruned regularly to

encourage the plant to form more branches.

· After 1? - 4 years the crop is ready for harvesting.

· The crop is harvested every two weeks once it attains maturity.

· The top two leaves and a bud are plucked. (6 marks)

· Pests such as black tea thrips, weevils/diseases such as root rot attack the plant and lowers the yields leading to low income for the farmers.

· Mismanagement of factories and co-operatives leads to delayed payments thus discourage the farmers.

· Poor feeder roads in some areas leads to delayed delivery of the leaf hence wastage/spoilage/loss.

· Adverse weather conditions such as prolonged drought/frost/hail stones

destroys the crop leading to heavy losses.