Answers to Review Questions
to accompany
Environmental Geology
Seventh Edition
Carla W. Montgomery
Northern Illinois University
Instructor’s Manual to accompany
environmental GEOLOGY, sixth edition
carla W. montgomery
Published by McGraw-Hill Higher Education, an imprint of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1221 Avenue of the Americas,
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Contents
List of Transparencies
List of Slides
Section I Foundations
1 An Overview of Our Planetary Environment 1
2 Rocks and Minerals—A First Look 3
Section II Internal Processes
3 Plate Tectonics 4
4 Earthquakes 6
5 Volcanoes 8
Section III Surface Processes
6 Streams and Flooding 10
7 Coastal Zones and Processes 12
8 Mass Movements 14
9 Geology and Climate: Glaciers, Deserts,
and Global Climate Trends 15
Section IV Resources
10 Water as a Resource 18
11 Soil as a Resource 20
12 Mineral and Rock Resources 21
13 Energy Resources–Fossil Fuels 23
14 Energy Resources–Alternative Sources 25
Section V Waste Disposal
15 Waste Disposal 27
16 Water Pollution 29
17 Air Pollution 31
Section VI Other Related Topics
18 Environmental Law 33
19 Land-Use Planning and Engineering Geology 35
Montgomery: Environmental Geology, 6/e Transparency List
Transparency # Figure # Title
1 1.3 A Chemically Differentiated Earth
2 1.4 Earth History Equated to a 24-Hour Day
3 1.14 Population Distribution by Region
4 1.17 Global Population Density Distribution
5 2.7A Interlocking Silica Tetrahedra in a Sheet Silicate
6 2.12 Rock Cycle
7 3.5 Locations of Volcanoes and Earthquakes
8 3.6 Principal World Lithospheric Plates
9 3.7 Shaded Relief Map of the World
10 3.9 Formation of Magnetic "Stripes" on the Sea Floor
11 3.10 Age Distribution on Sea Floor
12 3.11B A "Polar-Wander Curve"
13 3.19 Hawaiian-Emperor Volcanic Chain
14 3.20 Current Motions of Major Plates
15 3.22 The Rock Cycle Interpreted Through Plate Tectonics
16 4.3 Elastic Rebound
17 4.5 World Seismicity, 1979-1988
18 4.9 Zones of Different Mercalli Intensity from 1886 Charleston
Earthquake
19 4.14 Ground Shaking from Loma Prieta Earthquake
20 4.18 Tsunami Travel Times to Hawaii
21 4.24 Anatolian Fault Zone
22 4.25 California Earthquake Probabilities Map
23 4.26 Waste Disposal Correlated with Earthquakes Near Denver
24 4.29 U.S. Seismic-Risk Map
25 4.30 Seismic-Wave Propagation
26 4.32B Earthquakes of Magnitude Over 3.0 in Western Canada
27 5.2 Relationships of Volcanic Activity to Plate Tectonics
28 5.3 Common Volcanic Rocks and Their Plutonic Equivalents
29 5.5 Selected "Hot Spots" Around the World
30 5.17 Pyroclastic Volumes and Casualties from Major Volcanic
Explosions
31 Box 5 Fig. 1A Hazard Map of Kilauea's East Rift Zone
32 5.31 Cascade Volcanoes
33 5.32 Historic Mudflows from Mount Rainier
34 5.35B Yellowstone Caldera
35 5.36 Track of North America Over Yellowstone Hot Spot
36 6.2 Streams and Drainage Basins
37 6.3 Discharge Equals Channel Cross Section Times Velocity
38 6.10 Meandering and Floodplain Development
39 6.14 Mississippi River Hydrographs
40 6.18 Flood-Frequency Curves
41 6.27 Consequences of Deliberate Flooding of Grand Canyon
42 7.6 Tides
43 7.9 Effects of Longshore Currents on Sand Movement
44 7.11A Sediment Redistribution Around Breakwater
45 7.22 Shore Profile Alteration Due to Storms
46 7.26 Coastal Topography After Hurricane Dennis, Rodanthe,
NC
47 8.1 U.S. Landslide-Hazard Map
48 8.19 Effects of Development on Slope Stability
49 8.22 Geologic Cross Section, Vaiont River Valley
50 8.23 Vaiont Slide
51 9.4 Longitudinal Profile of Glacier
52 9.5B Sediment Deposition as Glacier Retreats
53 9.14 Atmospheric Circulation Patterns
54 9.22 Loess Distribution in Central U.S.
55 9.23 The World's Arid Lands
56 9.26B Degradation of Drylands
57 Box 9 Fig. 2 Temperatures in Year 2000 vs. 1951- 1999
58 9.28 Oxygen-Isotope Fractionation in Precipitation
59 9.31 Shoreline of North America During Ice Age
60 9.32 Greenhouse Effect
61 9.33 Rising Atmospheric CO2 Levels
62 9.36 Ice-Core Isotope, Gas, Temperature Data
63 9.37 Record of Rising Global Temperature
64 9.39A El Niño
65 R.2 GNP Correlation with Energy Consumption
66 10.1 Porosity and Permeability
67 10.2 Subsurface Water Nomenclature
68 10.3 Surface and Subsurface Drainage
69 10.8 Potentiometric Surface of Northern Illinois Aquifer System
70 10.11A Surface Subsidence Near Galveston
71 10.12 Saltwater Intrusion
72 Box 10 Fig. 1 Periodic Table
73 10.18 U.S. Water Budget
74 10.19 U.S. Precipitation
75 10.20 U.S. Regional Variations in Water Use
76 10.22 Water Sources and Disposition by Major Users
77 10.23 Withdrawal of Surface and Ground Water
78 10.24 Water Use for Irrigation
79 10.26 World Precipitation Trends
80 10.28 Changing Water Levels in Ogallala Formation
81 11.4 Generalized Soil Profile
82 11.8 Distribution of Major Soil Types
83 11.20B U.S. Soil Erosion by Wind and Water
84 11.23A Soil Degradation Worldwide
85 12.1 Distribution of Nonfuel Mineral Reserves
86 12.6B Precious-Metal-Producing Areas of U.S.
87 12.11 U.S. Per-Capita Mineral Consumption
88 12.13 U.S. Share of Global Consumption of Selected Minerals
89 12.14 Proportion of U.S. Mineral Needs Supplied by Imports
90 12.16 Groundwater Sampling for Mineral Exploration
91 12.18 Aerial Survey for Mineral Prospecting, Cuprite, Nevada
92 12.19 Mineral Exploration
93 13.1 Growth in Energy Consumption with Technological
Development
94 13.2 U.S. Energy Consumption, 1949-1999
95 13.4 Petroleum Traps
96 13.5 World Oil and Gas Reserves
97 13.6 U.S. Energy Production by Source
98 13.15 World Coal Reserves
99 13.17 Distribution of U.S. Coal Fields
100 13.25 Canadian Deposits of Unconventional Petroleum Sources
101 13.26 Canadian Petroleum Resources
102 14.1 World Energy Production by Source
103 14.2 Regional Variations in U.S. Energy Consumption
104 14.3 Actual and Projected Vehicle Ownership
105 14.4 World Energy Consumption, Historic and Projected
106 14.5 Schematic of Nuclear Fission
107 14.9 Radioactive Iodine Cloud Spread After Chernobyl
Accident
108 14.13 Percentage of Nuclear Electricity by Country
109 14.15 Distribution of Insolation Over U.S.
110 14.20 Use of Geothermal Energy
111 14.22 Geothermal Power Plants Worldwide
112 14.27 Hydropower Generation in U.S.
113 14.28 U.S. Use of Renewable Energy
114 14.32 Shares of Fossil and Nonfossil Fuels in World Energy
Consumption
115 15.1 Principal Sources of Solid Wastes
116 15.2 Industrial Solid-Waste Sources
117 15.3 Municipal Solid Waste Composition
118 15.4A Sanitary-Landfill Design
119 15.8 Disposal of Municipal Waste in Selected Countries
120 15.12 U.S. Municipal-Waste Trends
121 15.15 Trends in Municipal Waste Disposal
122 15.17A Secure Landfill Design
123 15.19 Septic Tank System
124 15.26 Waste-to-Energy Facility Design
125 15.27A Waste Isolation Pilot Plant Design
126 15.31 Seismicity in Southwestern U.S.
127 16.1 Calcium Cycle
128 16.2 Point Sources of Pollution
129 16.5 Arsenic in U.S. Ground Water
130 16.6B Widespread Occurrence of Herbicides and Pesticides in
U.S. Waters
131 16.10 Dissolved Oxygen in U.S. Surface Waters
132 16.12B Potential Nonpoint-Source Pollution from Fertilizer
133 16.15A U.S. Surface-Water Pollution, Point Sources
134 16.15B U.S. Surface-Water Pollution, Eutrophication
135 16.16 Variability in Groundwater Flow Rates
136 16.17 Groundwater Pollution in U.S.
137 16.24A Minerals Acidity
138 16.24B Acidic Conditions of Metals
139 16.25 Airborne Spectroscopic Scan
140 17.1 Global Carbon Cycle
141 17.2 U.S. Air Pollutant Sources
142 17.4B Reduction in Sulfur-Dioxide Emissions
143 17.7 Portion of Electromagnetic Spectrum
144 17.8 Seasonal Ozone Variations
145 17.9A Ozone Over Southern Hemisphere Since 1979
146 17.10 Negative Correlation of Ozone with ClO
147 17.11 CFCs and Ozone Destruction
148 17.12 Ozone Depletion Over Northern Hemisphere
149 17.16 Acidity of Rainfall Over U.S.
150 17.18B Thermal Inversion
151 Box 17 Fig. 1 Indoor Air Pollution Sources
152 Box 17 Fig. 2 Ranges of Radon Activity
153 18.4 U.S. Exclusive Economic Zone
154 18.6 Possible Resources in U.S. EEZ
155 18.7 Conflicting Antarctic Land Claims, Pre-Treaty
156 18.12 Better Building Codes Reduced Kobe Earthquake Damage
157 18.18B Alternatives to Trans-Alaska Pipeline
158 19.1A Land Use in U.S.
159 19.1B Land Converted to Developed Land
160 19.5 Land Ownership by State
161 19.9 Digital Representation of Geologic and Other Data
162 19.11 Areas of Rapid Development
163 19.26 Benefits and Issues Involved in Dam Construction
164 A.8 Combined Application of "Absolute" and Relative Dating
165 B.1 Contours and Relief
166 B.4 Sample Topographic Map
167 B.5 Sample Geologic Map (Wisconsin)
168 B.11B Geologic Cross Section
169 B.12 Development of Satellite Imagery
170 B.18 Use of Satellite Imagery to Map and Monitor Lahars,
Mount Pinatubo
Montgomery: Environmental Geology, 6/e Slide List
Slide # Figure # Title
1 1.2C Jupiter
2 1.11 Sandstone in Zion National Park
3 1.16 Landslide Below Cantagalo Rock, Rio de Janeiro
4 1.20 View from Mars Pathfinder
5 2.2D Calcite Crystals
6 2.3C Halite Crystals
7 2.10A Granite
8 2.10B Obsidian
9 2.10D Porphyry
10 Box 2 Figure 2 Chrysotile Asbestos
11 2.11B Shale
12 2.11C Sandstone
13 2.11D Conglomerate
14 2.11E Bryce Canyon, Utah
15 2.12C Schist
16 2.12D Gneiss
17 3.16 Satellite Image of Lake Tanganyika
18 3.18 Folded, Faulted Rock - Cook Inlet, Alaska
19 4.1A Collapse of I-880 in Loma Prieta Earthquake
20 4.11A Freeway Damage from 1971 San Fernando Earthquake
21 4.11B Freeway Damage from Northridge Earthquake
22 4.13 Pancake-Style Collapse after Mexico City Earthquake
23 4.16 Effects of Soil Liquefaction, Japan Earthquake
24 4.17 Sand Boils After Loma Prieta Earthquake
25 4.19 Flooding in Portage, Alaska, 1964
26 4.27C Turnagain Heights Landslide, 1964
27 4.27D Tsunami Damage, Kodiak, 1964
28 Chapter Opener 5 Weathered Ash Spires at Crater Lake
29 5.1A Wahalua Visitors' Center Aflame, Kilauea, 1989
30 5.7B Flood Basalts – Coulee City, Washington
31 5.8C Hawaiian Lavas
32 5.9A Mauna Loa, Low-Angle View
33 5.9B Hawaii, Satellite View
34 5.10B Dome, Mount St. Helens
35 5.11 Volcanic Breccia
36 5.12A Paricutin Volcano Erupting
37 5.12B Paricutin Showing Cinder-Cone Shape
38 5.13B Composite Volcano in The Aleutians
39 5.14 Formation of Lava Trees, Kilauea
40 5.16 Aftermath of 1980 Eruption of Mount St. Helens
41 5.20 Abacan River Mudflows, Pinatubo
42 5.21 Pyroclastic Flow, Mount St. Helens
43 5.25 Mount Pinatubo Erupting, June 1991
44 6.6A Mississippi River Delta
45 6.6B Alluvial Fan, Rocky Mountain National Park
46 6.8 Gravel Point Bar
47 6.9 Braided Streams
48 6.12 Damage from Big Thompson Canyon Flooding
49 6.13A Flooding, Davenport, Iowa, 1993
50 6.17 Mississippi River Flooding, 1993
51 Box 6 Figure 1 Antelope Canyon
52 6.25A Breached Levees
53 7.2 Oregon Coast with Rocky Cliffs
54 7.3B Beach Profile, Hawaii
55 7.4C Breakers on Oregon Coast
56 7.5A Sea Arch
57 7.7B Wave-Cut Platforms
58 7.8 Drowned Valley
59 7.13 Wave Refraction
60 7.14B Seawall
61 7.15 Barrier Islands
62 7.18B Cape Hatteras Lighthouse Before Move
63 7.25A Coastal Changes After Hurricanes, North Carolina
64 7.25B Coastal Changes After Hurricanes, North Carolina
65 7.25C Coastal Changes After Hurricanes, North Carolina
66 Chapter Opener 8 Slide in Denali National Park
67 8.3B Slope, California Coast
68 8.4A Cinder Cones, Haleakala Volcano
69 8.4B Sand Dune Slip Face
70 8.5 Venezuelan Landslide Damage
71 8.9A Nevados Huascaran Avalanche, 1970
72 8.9B Nevados Huascaran Avalanche, 1970
73 8.12 Talus, Devil's Postpile
74 8.16 Earthflows
75 8.17 Debris Avalanche, Alaska 1964
76 8.18 Thistle, Utah Slide, 1983
77 8.24B Mountainous Terrain Near Venezuelan Coast
78 8.27C Avalanche-Protection Structure
79 8.29B Slide Retention Structure
80 8.30B Failure of Slope-Stabilization Effort
81 8.33A Granite Domes, Yosemite
82 8.34B Avalanche Scars
83 8.35 Slump, Pacific Palisades, California
84 9.2 Aerial View of Alaskan Glaciers
85 9.7 U-shaped Glacial Valley
86 9.9 Glacial Striations
87 9.11 Till
88 9.12B Glacier with Terminal Moraine
89 9.15B Ventifact Rock
90 9.18B Snow Ripples
91 9.19B Migrating Sand Dunes
92 9.20 Crossbeds in Sand Dune
93 9.39A El Nino Conditions
94 10.16 Karst Topography, Satellite View
95 10.31 Mono Lake, CA After Diversion of Surface Water
96 11.3 Tree Roots Breaking Up Rock
97 11.5 Iron-Rich Hawaiian Soil
98 11.17B Gullying on Farmland
99 11.18B Strip Cropping
100 11.19C Terraced Farmland
101 Chapter Opener 12 Bingham Canyon Open-Pit Mine
102 12.2 Pegmatite
103 12.7A "Black Smoker" Chimney
104 12.17A South Africa, Satellite Photo, Dry Season
105 12.17B South Africa, Satellite Photo, Rainy Season
106 12.25A Spoil Banks
107 13.20 Abandoned Coal Strip Mine
108 13.23 Green River Formation Oil Shale
109 Chapter Opener 14 Old Faithful Geyser
110 14.23B The Geysers Geothermal Area
111 14.26 Glen Canyon Dam
112 14.31 Wind-Turbine Array
113 15.27B Waste Isolation Pilot Plant
114 15.29 Yucca Mountain Waste-Disposal Site
115 Box 16 Figure 2 Algal Bloom Covering a Pond
116 16.13 Sediment Pollution in Stream
117 16.14B Settling Pond
118 Box 19 Figure 1 Golf Course Near Chicago Built on Landfill
119 17.21 Air-Pollution Plumes, Satellite View
120 18.14 Development on Barrier Island (Hatteras Island)
121 19.17 Alaska Pipeline, Close-up
122 19.23 St. Francis Dam Failure
123 19.25A Awoonga High Dam, Australia
124 19.25B Awoonga High Dam Billboard
i
Section I Foundations
1 An Overview of Our Planetary Environment
Questions for Review
1. Describe the process by which the solar system is believed to have formed, and explain why it led to planets of different compositions, even though the planets formed simultaneously.
The solar system formed by collapse and condensation of a rotating cloud, or nebula, of gas. Most of the mass coalesced to form the proto-sun; the rest condensed into planets. Because the planets formed in the presence of a temperature gradient created by the young sun, different planets have different compositions, with those forming closest to the sun consisting predominantly of high-temperature minerals, and those farther away, of lower-temperature and hydrous minerals or even gases.
2. How old is the solar system? How recently have human beings come to influence the physical environment?
The solar system is 4.5 to 4.6 billion years old. The earliest hominid remains are 3 to 4 million years old, and Homo sapiens, about half a million years old. Only within the last few centuries, however, has the human population grown to the point that human impacts are significant on a global scale.
3. Explain how the newly formed earth differed from the earth we know today.
The newly formed earth was a solid, and perhaps homogeneous, dust ball, not differentiated internally as it presently is, and lacking oceans and atmosphere. Also, the early atmosphere was initially poor in free oxygen, far different from the modern atmosphere.
4. What kinds of information are used to determine the internal composition of the earth?
The kinds of information used include earth’s density and mass, the known composition of the solar nebula from which the earth formed and models of that formation, geophysical evidence of the earth’s internal layering and of the densities of those layers, and samples of crustal and some upper-mantle rocks.
5. How were the earth’s atmosphere and oceans formed?
The atmosphere and most of the water in the oceans were degassed during heating, melting, and planetary differentiation early in earth’s history. Free oxygen was added to the atmosphere in significant quantity after the evolution of photosynthetic organisms.