Maize: Corn Grown by the Iroquois and Other Native Americans. This Crop Was Part of The

Unit 1 Terms

Maize: Corn grown by the Iroquois and other Native Americans. This crop was part of the Three Sister farming system, also planted with beans and squash.

Pueblo Indians: A tribe of Native American people who resided in permanent dwellings in the Southwestern United States, relying on agriculture that was irrigated by man-made ducts and canals. They encountered the Spanish in the 16th century and were named after the Spanish word “pueblo” which means “village.”

Iroquois Confederation: The Iroquois Confederation developed the political and organizational skills to sustain a robust military alliance that menaced its neighbors, Native American (the Algonquin Confederation) and European alike, for well over a century. Located in the Northeast, they were the closest thing to Aztec/Incan Empires in N America.

Mestizo: A part of the Spanish caste system, this term referred to someone who was born of one Native American parent and one European parent

Zambo: A part of the Spanish caste system, this term referred to someone who was born of one Native American parent and one African parent

Columbian Exchange: The exchange that occurred between the new world and the old, including diseases such as small Pox and other goods such as horses, cows, sugar, silver, etc. between Europe and America starting with Christopher Columbus. Neither culture was ever the same afterward.

Portuguese Slave Trade: Also known as the Atlantic Slave Trade, the Portuguese were the first to begin shipping slaves to the Americas in the 16th century to sell them into labor.

Encomienda System: Spanish could enslave Native Americans if they Christianized them. Essentially a form of slavery. Opposed by Las Casas.

Columbus: Italian who sailed with 3 small ships from Spain; October 12, 1492 sighted Bahamas (San Salvador) and thought he had found the “Indies” → Native Americans known as Indians. Returned to Hispanola with 17 ships. Sought gold and slaves.

Bartolome de Las Casas: Spanish missionary that opposed the encomienda system and denounced Spanish actions and atrocities toward Native Americans in the new world.

Spanish Mission System: The Spanish set up various missions in order to spread Christianity to the “heathen” Native Americans, including 21 in California. Father Serra founded the first 9 of these. These were not popular among the Natives who were reluctant to abandon their culture.

Cheyenne Indians: This group of Native Americans lived in the Great Plains and were more mobile (semi-nomadic), with greater emphasis on hunting/gathering, than settled tribes like the Pueblos. After the Spanish arrived, they became primarily a horse culture. The Cheyenne people were often allied with the Arapaho.

Arapaho Indians: This group of Native Americans lived in the plains of Colorado and Wyoming and was closely allied with the Cheyenne people.

Comanche Indians: Similar to above groups.

Atlantic Economy: The Atlantic Economy was heavily tied to Triangular Trade (see that definition.) Included Europe, Africa and eastern North America.

Pope's Rebellion: 1680, New Mexico. Pueblo rebels destroyed every Catholic church in the province and killed a score of priests and hundreds of settlers against efforts to suppress native religious customs. Drove out the Spanish and kept them out for 50 years!

Treaty of Tordesillas: 1494, The Pope divided New World between Catholic countries Portugal and Spain. Portugal received land to east of line, Spanish to west. That’s why they speak Portuguese in Brazil!

Enrichment:

Juan de Onate : was a Spanish Conquistador in the early 1600s who became the governor of what is now New Mexico after leading explorations into the lower Great Plains. He cut off the feet of Acoma Pueblo Indians who resisted Spanish occupation and enslaved the rest.

Pizarro: Francisco Pizarro was a Spanish Conquistador in the early 1500s who conquered the Incan Empire

Incans: was the largest empire in pre-Columbian America and was located in what is now Peru; they were in the height of their power in the 13th century; they mainly worshiped their Sun God.

Cortes: was a Spanish conquistador in the early 16th century who was responsible for conquering the Aztec Empire and most of Mexico.

Aztecs: was a powerful empire in Mexico that extended its power throughout Mexico until it was taken over by Cortes.