Human Anatomy and Physiology Syllabus,
Bristol Community College, Fall 2004, Page 8
Human Anatomy and Physiology
Bristol Community College, Fall 2004
Professor: Larry M. Frolich, Ph.D.
Description:
Biology 33, Anatomy and Physiology : Study of the structure and function of human tissues, organs and organ systems. Topics: introduction; tissues; integumentary, skeletal, muscular systems and the nervous system. Laboratory includes occasional dissections. The course is intended primarily for students in the health sciences. Prerequisites: High school biology and chemistry, preferably within the last five years.
This class is designed to familiarize the student with the structures of the human body, the language used to describe it, and the way it works, using human skeletal material and dissection of fetal pigs as a guide to the anatomy and interactive physiology labs to help understand how the anatomy functions in a living person. The information presented is considered a fundamental base, as well as a language, that is universal to the biomedical sciences.
Anatomy and Physiology is a 15-week course that meets for three hours of lecture and two hours of laboratory. However, expect to spend at least ten hours per week outside of class studying if you expect to pass, more if you hope to excel. You must pass both the laboratory and lecture parts of this course in order to receive a passing grade for the semester.
Lecture Text: Marieb, E.N. (2000) Human Anatomy and Physiology, 5TH edition, Benjamin/Cummings
Anatomy and Physiology as a Language: In many ways, this course involves learning a new language. To learn a new language, it is essential to have direct experience with the objects or material being described—in this case the human skeleton and fetal pig—and to find ways to ingrain the words involved. It is best to hear the terms, write them down, touch the structures while dissecting, draw the structures, label them, write their definitions, say them out loud and then repeat it all over again. This can get to be a boring and repetitive process, but it is important to remember the power that comes from being able to describe the details of the human body and how it works with precision, and at a level that was previously not possible.
Keys to Success: Students often ask me what might be the best way to excel in this course. Every student is an individual with their own strengths and weaknesses and every year I learn about new ways to study and approach anatomy and physiology. But I do have a few tips that seem to be universally useful to all students:
· PREPARATION: Students who get an A in this class always come prepared to lab. It is a simple fact. They have read ahead and they are already familiar with the systems and parts of the body and the terms to describe them and they know which figures in the lab manual or text apply to what we are covering that day.
· TIME: This course requires time outside of class in order to do well—at least 10 hours/week.
· REPETITION: Read it, hear it, see it, say it, DRAW IT (this seems to be key); then do it again.
· ATTITUDE: Students with a better attitude do better in this class.
Website: www.faculty.ccri.edu/lmfrolich.htm The website for this course serves as your guide and allows me, as the instructor, to take the role of an organizer and explainer, rather than the holder of information. Every presentation, along with note-taking handouts and links to other websites can be found here. In addition, learning objectives and all logistical information regarding schedules, readings, and grading are posted. If you have a question, please consult the website first and then send me an email if you can’t find the answer.
E-mail:
EVALUATION AND GRADING
Anatomy and Physiolgoy is mostly a factual subject with objective exams made up of principally multiple choice questions used as the main evaluation tool.
Lecture Exams: Three lecture exams will be based on reading assignments and lecture material. Exams will be a combination of multiple choice, fill-in-the-blank, matching, true/false and short answer questions. The exams are NOT cumulative and only test on the material from the most recent section of the course. Make-up exams will be given only if arrangements are made with the instructor PRIOR to the scheduled exam or if proof of a legitimate absence can be provided.
Quizzes: Weekly quizzes are given to inspire the student to keep on top of studying and as a gauge for how well one is doing in the class. If you are not doing well on the quizzes and find them difficult, then that is a sign that you need to change your approach to studying for Anatomy and Physiology. Each quiz is worth ten points and the quiz average then contributes 100 points (like one lecture or lab exam) to the semester total. Quizzes are based on the material from the previous week. Exam week and the week following exams will have no quizzes.
Grades: Lecture will account for approximately 75% of your final grade and lab will account for approximately 25%. You must pass both lecture and lab with at least a “D” in order to get credit for the class. For lecture, the point distribution is as follows:
Lecture Exams 300 points
Quiz average 100 points
TOTAL POSSIBLE 400 POINTS
Letter grades are assigned according the following point (and percentage) accumulations. You must have a passing percentage in both lab and lecture in order to pass the class.
FOR LECTURE,,,
A: More than 352 points (88%)
B: More than 312 points (78%)
C: More than 264 points (66%)
D: More than 216 points (54%)
F: Less than points 216
Cheating: If you are caught cheating on an exam or quiz at any point in the semester (including sharing information or conversing with other students), you will immediately be given a failing grade for the semester.
OUTLINE OF COURSE TOPICS, CHAPTER READINGS AND OBJECTIVES
I. An Overview of Anatomy and Physiology: Chap.1, pages 1-23. (week 1)
Topics of anatomy and physiology, complimentarity of structure and function, structural organization, maintaining life (characteristics, maintenance of boundaries, movement, responsiveness, digestion, metabolism, excretion, reproduction and growth), survival needs, Homeostasis (characteristics, negative and positive feedback imbalance), language of anatomy (anatomical position and directional terms, regional terms, planes and sections), cavities and membranes, regions and quadrants, and medical imaging.
CHAPTER 1 OBJECTIVES
1. Define the terms Anatomy and Physiology.
2. Describe the different levels of structural organization within the human body.
3. List and describe the organ systems of the body including location, function and
representative organs.
4. List and describe the eight life functions of animals.
5. Explain homeostasis.
6. Explain feedback systems, including examples of positive and negative systems
7. What is homeostatic imbalance.
8. Define the anatomical position, regional names, and directional terms and planes and
sections.
9. Know the following body cavities and terms that apply to them:
dorsal body cavity cranial cavity
ventral body cavity serous membrane
viscera thoracic cavity
abdominopelvic cavity pleural cavity
pleura pericardial cavity
pericardium mediastenum
peritoneum autopsy
10. Know the various types of medical imaging.
II. The Chemical Level of Organization: Chap. 2 pages 26-60.**
**NOTE: This chapter will not be discussed in class. HOWEVER, you will be responsible for the information contained in this chapter since knowledge of
chemistry is a prerequisite for this course.
CHAP. 2 OBJECTIVES: You should be familiar with the following terms:
matter energy atom element electrons
neutrons valence molecule compound anabolism
inorganic organic solvent solute solution
acid base salt pH buffer
hydrolysis carbohydrate monosaccharide peptides catalyst
lipids polysaccharide triglycerides saturated enzyme
unsaturated proteins DNA RNA ATP
protons catabolism suspension dehydration
amino acid lipoproteins disaccharide ADP
Be able to explain the following:
1. The pH scale and what it means, including buffers and what they do.
2. What are saccharide units and how are they combined to make complex molecules?
III. Cells: the living units: Chap. 3, pp. 64-109, **
Animal cells, membranes, specializations of the plasma membrane, transport across
membranes, organelles, cell division (somatic, sex cells and cancer cells), aging.
**NOTE: these are topics you should be familiar with although we will not discuss
them in class.
CHAP. 3 OBJECTIVES:
plasma membrane cytosol organelles cell membrane
phospholipids glycolipids cholesterol meiosis
diffusion equilibrium osmosis hypertonic
hypotonic isotonic active transport phagocytosis
pinocytosis mitosis proteins membrane junctions
microvilli desmosomes filtration bulk transport
membrane receptors
Be able to explain the following:
1. Identify the different organelles of the cell.
2. Explain the difference between mitosis and meiosis.
3. The fluid mosaic model of membrane structure.
4. What is cancer?
IV. The Tissue Level of Organization: Chap. 4 pp.114-144 (wks. 2-3). Types of tissues, epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous and membranes, tissue repair.
CHAPTER 4 OBJECTIVES: The Tissue Level of Organization
1. Explain the different types of tissues and their origins.
2. Define the different types of cell junctions.
3. Define and give some general features of epithelial tissue including arrangement of
layers, cell shapes, and classification.
4. Describe the general features of connective tissue including the tissue cells and matrix.
5. Explain the classification of connective tissue; give examples of each and where they are found.
6. Define and explain the three types of muscle tissue.
7. Name the parts of a nerve cell (neuron).
V. Integumentary System: Chap. 5 pp.148-168 Time permitting, there will be a brief discussion of the basics of skin anatomy and physiology.
CHAPTER 5 OBJECTIVES
1. Know the general anatomy of the skin.
2. Be able to name and describe the functions of the skin.
3. Name and describe at least 2 layers of the epidermis.
4. Know the differences between the dermis and the epidermis.
5. What causes skin color? What pigments are involved?
6. How are fingerprints formed? What is the significance of them?
7. Name and describe epidermal derivatives (hair, nails).
8. Name and describe dermal derivatives.
9. Know skin cancers.
EXAM ONE
VI. Skeletal System-Bone Tissue: Chap. 6, pp.172-194 (week 4).
Skeletal cartilage, function and classification of bone, anatomy (macro and micro structure), bone development, growth and homeostasis, exercise and bone, aging.
CHAPTER 6 OBJECTIVES: Bone tissue
1. Explain the five major functions of bone.
2. Know the classification of bone.
3. Explain the anatomy of a bone and know the terms associated with it, such as diaphysis,
epiphysis, metaphysis articular cartilage, periosteum medullary cavity, endosteum.
4. Histology of bone: osseous tissue, osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts,
calcification, compact bone tissue, Volkmann's canals, Haversian canals, lamellae,
lacunae, canaliculi, osteon, interstitial lamellae, spongy bone tissue, trabeculae.
5. Physiology of bone formation: ossification, intramembranous and endochondral
ossification, chondroblasts.
6. Physiology of bone growth: 4 zones of the epiphyseal plate, metaphysis.
7. Bone homeostasis: remodeling, mineral, vitamin needs and hormonal regulation of
remodeling; fracture and repair of bone, types of fractures, bone's, role in calcium
homeostasis.
8. Homeostatic Imbalance: Osteoporosis, Osteomalacia, Rickets and Paget's Disease.
9. Know selected clinical terms.
VII. Skeletal System: Chap. 7, pp. 198-244, (week 5-6).
types of bone, markings, divisions of the skeletal system, skull bones, vertebral
column, thorax, appendicular skeleton (pectoral and pelvic girdles with associated
appendages, comparison of male and female skeletons) fetal skull, clinical terms.
CHAPTER 7 OBJECTIVES:
1. Types of bones: long, short, flat and irregular bones.
2. Surface markings: depressions, openings and processes.
3. Divisions of the skeletal system and which bones belong to each division.
4. Skull: divisions of the skull sutures, fontanels and major bones, including:
frontal parietal temporal vomer
occipital sphenoid ethmoid orbits
nasal maxilla paranasal sinuses foramen
zygomatic mandible lacrimal
5. The Hyoid bone and its parts.
6. The vertebral column: divisions, curves, structure of typical vertebrae, types of vertebrae
ie. cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccygial.
7. The Thorax: the sternum and its parts; the ribs. Disorders: herniated disc, abnormal
curves, spina bifida.
8. The Pectoral Girdle: Bones include;
clavicle scapula humerus radius
ulna carpals metacarpals phalanges
9. Processes of bones:
acromion coracoid process glenoid cavity
greater tubercle lesser tubercle lat. epicondyle
med. epicondyle capitulum trochlea
coronoid fossa olecranon fossa radial tuberosity
head of radius styloid process head of ulna olecranon
10. Pelvic Girdle: Bones include;
ilium ischium pubis pubic symphysis
os coxa femur tibia patella
fibula tarsals calcaneus metatarsals
phalanges talus
11. Processes of Pelvic Girdle:
Ischial spine acetabulum iliac crest
obturator foramen greater sciatic notch pelvic brim
greater trochanter lesser trochanter laterale picondyle
lateral condyle medial epicondyle medial condyle
linea aspera head neck
lateral malleolus medial malleolus tibial tuberosity
12. Know how to distinguish between a male and a female pelvis.
13. Define clinical terms such as flatfoot, bunions, clawfoot.
VIII. JOINTS: Chap. 8, pp. 248-272, (week 7)
classifications of joints, fibrous, cartilaginous,synovial, synarthrosis, amphiarthrosis,
diarthrosis, joint movements, homeostatic imbalances.
CHAPTER 8 OBJECTIVES: Articulations
1. Structural classification of joints.
2. Functional classification of joints.
3. Define and give examples of the three different types of synarthroses.
4. Compare the two types of amphiarthroses.
5. Label and define the parts of a diarthrosis.
6. Know the different types of diarthroses.
7. Explain the following disorders:
rheumatism arthritis osteoarthritis sprain
lyme disease bursitis dislocation strain
EXAM TWO
IX. Muscular System- Muscle Tissue: Chap.9, pp. 276-317, (wks 10 & 11).
types of muscle tissue, functions, characteristics, anatomy and innervation of skeletal muscle, muscle contraction, muscle tension, cardiac muscle anatomy and physiology, smooth muscle anatomy and physiology, aging, regeneration and disorders of muscle tissue.
CHAPTER 9 OBJECTIVES: MUSCLE TISSUE
1. Types of muscle tissue
2. Functions of muscle tissue
3. Characteristics of muscle tissue
4. Nerve and blood supply, connective tissue components, motor units and neuromuscular
junction, microscopic anatomy,
5. Contraction of muscle: sliding filament , role of calcium and ATP, relaxation, muscle
tone, metabolism
6. Adjusting muscle tension; twitch, tetanus.
7. Types of skeletal muscle fibers
8. Cardiac muscle tissue: anatomy, physiology
9. Smooth muscle tissue: anatomy, physiology