Global Interactions (1200-1650 CE) Name:
I. Early Japanese History and Feudalism
A. Geography1. Japan is ______
-Four main islands Hokkaido, Honshu, Kyushu, Shikoku
-East of the Korean peninsula
-______
- Most people settled near rivers
-The surrounding seas protected Japan from China
- Japan was isolated for many years
- Japan is located in an area labeled “Ring of Fire”
How would the Japanese people feed themselves???
· .
·
B. Early traditions
-In the beginning early clans ruled their own region
-Clan members practiced a form of animism called ______
-Shinto means "The Way of the Gods"à Polytheistic
-Each clan descended from a common ancestor, often said to be an animal or god
-Clans worshipped this ancestor as its special "______" or ______
- Clan leader often served as both military leader and priest
-Shinto shrines can be found all over modern day Japan
C. Ties with China and Korea
-Japanese language is distantly related to Korean language
-Korean artisans were brought to Japan bringing with them the knowledge of metalworking
-Korean missionaries introduced Buddhism to Japan.
*______-practiced by Samurais (meditation)
**Along with these missionaries came writings of China,
Japan sent nobles to China to gather ideas***
-During the early 600s Nobles traveled to China
-During the next 200 years students, monks, and officials would encounter the great Tang dynasty
- Many ideas were brought back to Japan
- Term “Heavenly Emperor” claimed absolute power
-Strengthened central government
- Set up a bureaucracy- group of administrators to help king rule
-Adopted Confucian ideas
· ______respect for family and friends
· Respect for those in authority
· ______(they feel gov’t jobs should be reserved for the nobility)
-Adopted code of laws similar to China
- Took the next 400 years to digest all of the ideas
D. Feudal Society- hierarchical society
-Rival clans battled for control (warriors)
- The Emperor was a figurehead- little to no political power
-Real power lay in the hands of the______ à supreme military commander
-Shogun would appoint vassal lordsà Daimyo
-Under the Daimyo were the Samurai àthose who "serve” (soldiers)
-______ -similar to chivalry of Western Europe
-Samurai also used Zen Buddhism to focus
1. Tokugawa Shogun
- Ended feudal warfare
-Unified society
- The Daimyo's wife and children had to live at the shogun’s capital. Why?
* Protection and to be watched- Preserve loyalty
-Shogun tried to hold back any social change
· Merchants and trade flourished during this time
o But ______
II. The Rise and Fall of the Mongols and their Impact
A. Mongols (Yuan Dynasty- under Kublai Khan): Central Asia
- Homeland was Mongoliaà North of China
- Nomadic groups
-Herded sheep, goats, horses
-Lived in moveable tents called Yurts
B. Genghis Khan (1206-1227 CE) ruled using WARFARE
-Unified all the clans under one government
-Brought together ______
-Great military leader, used the cavalry
o Known as the “______”
-Conquered a huge empire
-Invaded China and used Chinese tactics to take over China (siege warfare, gunpowder and battering rams)
C. Kublai Khan (grandson of Genghis) 1260-1294 CE (rules)
-made it so only Mongols could serve in the Gov't
-Kublai adopts the Chinese name for dynasty “Yuan”
àMarco Polo- from Italy: works with Kublai for 17 years.
· Seeks to trade with China
· Polo studies Chinese culture and brings goods (______) and ideas home to Europe
Notable impacts inspired by Polo's travels
- 1340's IBN BATUTTA is He travels from ______He traveled over 75,000 miles in over 30 years (Middle East, South and Eastern Asia and Africa)
D. Impact of the Mongols: RESULTS of THEIR RULE
-Many trade routes passed through the empireà CULTURAL DIFFUSION
-Respected the cultured groups they conqueredà TOLERATION
- Did destroy cities and killed many people in the Middle East
- ______
- Took many ideas from others and used them to their advantage (siege warfare)
à 1258 they captured Baghdad & destroyed it **This set Islamic Civilization back
à 1200's ______- Mongol rule brought Peace and order from Europe to Asia
· In Russia- Mongols do not blend culturally with those they conquer- they remain traditional.
E. Decline of Mongols
· 1294 Kublai dies,
· Empire split into smaller pieces each with a capital city
· After Kublai dies the empire falters due to corruption, taxes
· Chinese opposition to Mongols rises and the Yuan dynasty is replaced by the Chinese Ming dynasty.
III. Global Trade and Interactions
A. Europe- cities grew:
1. Italian City-states, continue to trade during Middle Ages (wealthy)
2. Banks were spreading- loans
3. Hanseatic League-(14th century) Group of Scandinavian and German towns that took control of Northern Markets not controlled by Italian city-states
4. Trade & Towns: Italians city-states served as ports.
______
5. Guilds: association for business people- set good business practices (first labor union)
àregulated goods produced and prices charged
— Explorers in search of quicker trade routes with Asia
—Explorers left their homes in search of Gold, God and Glory
(The 3 G's)
—Their ventures will destroy and built empires
—Many lives were lost
—Europe during the 1300's depended on Spices
· Pepper, cinnamon, nutmeg
***Motivated by money and wanting to halt the spread of Islam Europe ended their isolation and started to expand worldwide (this is the positive result of the Crusades)*******
-Traveling across the ocean would require many things:
· Skilled sailors
· Accurate mapsà CARTOGRAPHERS
· New technology
· Multiple mast ships- New sails-Lateen, triangle sails
B. Portugalà GOLD
à Set sail to India for spices
à Traveled to North Africa for Gold-cheaper than trading with Muslims, by 1500's Portugal controlled Gold Trade
à PRINCE HENRY THE NAVIGATOR- ______
à B. DIAS- sailed around Cape of Good Hope (South Africa) to get to India faster- never made it to India
à VASCO DA GAMA- followed Dias' move- made it to India (1497-1499)
· Spices
· Luxury goods
****** Portugal now controlled Indian Spice Trade
1498 da Gama reaches India
C. England, France and the Netherlands get involved
D. Spain traveled to the Americas to find riches
à CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS- sailed west to find faster trade route to India- discovers lands in Caribbean
à Spain overpowered the natives (gunpowder)
à Spain and Portugal battle for superiority in New
World-
Line of Demarcation à Imaginary line created by Pope to keep peace between the 2 nations (Spain and Portugal)- uneven distribution.
* Line will be redrawn, TREATY OF TORDESILLAS- moves line farther west.
E. Netherlands
- Set up the Dutch East India Company (joint-stock co.)
- Controlled trade in sugar, coffee and tea
F. France plays a small role in the expansion of Europe, the French head to North America (Canada), West Indies
G. England
-England starts out slowly
-Pirate raids on other countries
-Set up ______(In North America) 1607 CE
H. Impact of European settlements on the Native populations
* Diseases kill millions
· Smallpox
· 80% of indigenous population lost in 75 years
I. Triangular Trade
-Slave tradeà ______
-Boats leave Europe filled with manufactured goods
- Ships’ captains trade goods for slaves
- Slaves are transported to Caribbean Islands and sold for money
- Money is used to buy sugar, cotton, molasses and tobacco.
- Ships return to Europe to sell goods
- MIDDLE PASSAGE*** The longest route for slaves, from Africa to South America.
- Many slaves died
J. Bubonic Plague- 1347 CE BLACK DEATH
1. European ships trading with Black Sea area (Eastern Europe) brought back not only goods but black rats infected with fleas.
2. The ______killed most of the crew and many people in Italy
SOCIAL IMPACT:
- many deaths (Asia- 23,840) (Europe-1/3 of population)
(Cairo {Egypt} 7,000 a day)
-Carried by traders- could sell goods
-Jewish people blamed- attacked, homes burned
-Social unrest- children lost parents- new guardians would strip them of their inheritance.
- poor and homeless raided towns and farms
- Illiteracy went up- no education because clergy (teachers) were dying
POLITICAL IMPACT:
- Working class rebelled against the laws which –they felt - did not do enough to protect them
ECONOMIC IMPACT:
- Work force decreased
- But, labor shortage meant that______, increasing wealth.
IV. Renaissance
A. Italyà FLORENCE
-The Renaissance- period from 1350-1600 CE dealt with profound cultural awakenings, it signaled the beginning of modern times
- ______
- Italian towns were centers for trade
· Venice and Rome
- Italy already had a solid foundation of education from the past
B. Humanism- concept of improving life through learning and new experiences- Emphasis and importance placed on individual
-An interest in classical writings was known as humanism
-Tried to better understand Greek and Latin manuscripts
-Humanists renewed the Greek idea of a well rounded person *politics, sports, literature, art and music
-Humanists opened schoolsàEDUCATION
*Sonnets are short 14 lined poems
*Machiavelli analyzed the politics of Italy in THE PRINCE
* “ ______.”
-Humanists broke free of writing in Latinà Wrote in VERNACULAR- language of the people
***Humanists began to challenge long accepted traditions and assumptions (especially the Catholic Church)
C. Italian City—States
- Walled urban center
- A new social order developed, ______
-Some city-states were in constant social upheaval —needed to restore order
-some city-states elected political leaders called signori
-Signori often used violence to keep order
-Some city-states fought over boundaries
1. FLORENCE- Where the Renaissance began
-The Medici family lived here
*______, implemented an income tax
· Used taxes to make city improvements
· Supported the arts, sciences and writers
2. ROME
-Replaced Florence as the leading Renaissance city
-Popes rebuilt the city
-Artists created glorious paintings, sculptures and writings
3. VENICE
-Replaced Rome
-Heavy trading center
-Republican form of government
-Any goods that entered were taxed
D. Arts
PAINTERS/SCULPTORS / WRITERS
Da Vinci: 1452-1519 CE
· ______- 1503
· ______
· Inventor / Dante: 1265-1321 CE
*Divine Comedy
Michelangelo:1475-1564 CE
· ______
· La Pieta
· David / Petrarch: 1304-1374 CE
*sonnets about his love "Laura"
*saved many Ancient Greek and Roman works
Shakespeare: 1564-1616 CE
· Romeo & Juliet
· Hamlet
· Henry V
· Midsummer Nights Dream
Cervantes: 1547-1616
*Don Quixote
Niccolo Machiavelli: 1460-1527
*The Prince - handbook for politicians
** BAROQUE ART STYLE – Very ornate and expressive
V. The Protestant Reformation
A. The Renaissance stimulated widespread criticism of the Catholic church
-Many wanted a changed
1. It starts with Martin Luther of Germany
- ______
-Felt that he was “born again”- after nearly being struck by
lightening
-Luther was against______
-Luther preached against the sale
-On October31, 1517 Luther nailed his 95 theses -
criticizing the Catholic Church (Wittenberg, Germany)
-The Church wanted Luther to recant (take back or give up)
-Luther refused
- In 1521 Pope Leo X ______Luther- kicked him out of the Church
-Luther felt a person could be saved by "Faith alone"à JUSTIFICATION BY FAITH- Salvation by Faith
-The Bible is the sole source of religious truth
-Rejected 5 out of 7 sacraments
-Luther's ideas spread
· Printing Press helped- J. Gutenberg
2. John Calvin followed Luther- Switzerland
-Stressed hard work, discipline, honesty
-Fined people for swearing
-Many people visited Calvin’s Geneva
-Much religious fighting would followà Religious disunity occurs
- Predestination- God has already decided before you were born, whether you were going to heaven or not
3. John Knox- Scotland
-set up Presbyterian Church
4. England's Anglican Church
-Henry VIII ______because his wife (Catherine) because she had not given him a son
-Henry wanted to marry Anne Boleyn
-Asked the pope to grant a divorce between himself and his wife Catherine
-Catherine’s nephew was powerful in the church
-The pope denied the request
-Henry broke ties with the Catholic Churchà PROTESTS
-Henry was declared the Head of the Church of England- Act of Supremacy
-After Henry’s death, his son Edward takes the throne. He dies and his Catholic sister (MARY) tries to restore Catholicism in the Protestant nation
*She burned Protestants at the stake
*Nicknamed -Bloody Mary
- Elizabeth I took over and______
______
-Some Protestants insisted Catholic rituals be removed
-these people were known as ______
5. Catholic Reformation (a.k.a. COUNTER REFORMATION)
-Catholicism's power was threatened
-Responding to the Protestant challenge - Catholics started to reform
- Tried to eliminate abuses- Indulgences
· In order to bring people back to Catholic Church
- Restore power to the pope
a) Inquisition— dealt with heresy- to rid Catholic Church of non believers
· banned books
b) Council of Trent said:
-defined Church doctrine
-Put an end to selling indulgences
-Set up a seminary to teach priests
- Mass should be said in Latin
c) Ignatious of Loyola
- Headed up missionary efforts
- Founded the Jesuits- society of Jesus
-Swore obedience to the pope
6. Results of the Reformation
_ Religious conflict-bloody wars broke out throughout Europe
_ 30 Years War- (1618-1648) most destructive of religious wars (Germany)
*Catholics vs. Protestant in the German States
· Much of Europe joined in
· BROUGHT AN END TO UNITY IN EUROPE
VI. New Scientific Ideas
A. New ideas would be spread - experimentation and observation
-Scientific revolution sweeps over Europe
1. Copernicus is one of the leaders
-Started to question age old beliefs
- ______
-Knew his ideas were dangerous
-To avoid burning at the stake- he worked in private
2. Kepler was a German Protestant astronomer who did not have to worry about the Catholic Church. He challenged many old thoughts.
3. Galileo (1564-1642) published a book that went against Church teachings à the book was banned
-Scientific method was developed- Francis Bacon
-investigation of evidence through experimentation
4. Isaac Newton-(1642-1727) calculus
- Astronomy, math, physics, chemistry, medicine
- used Scientific Method
- Law of Gravity
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