Mike Page
Ponderosa Pine Lesson and Background http://www.wwpa.org/ppine.htm
This site provides a detailed background of the pine tree, its environment, uses, and characteristics. Included in this are lesson plans that can be used to teach about environmental issues.
General Teaching Strategies
Questions that students should think about while engaged in this unit:
1) What was the cause of the war?
2) What was the relationship between whites and Indians before the war? What about after the war?
3) What was the official US policy towards the Indians?
4) What happens when two cultures collide?
5) Who were the major figures and leaders of the war?
6) Speculate on who was responsible for the start on the Indian wars.
7) Speculate on what would have happened if Colonel Wright had been defeated.
8) Are there any similarities between the defeat of Steptoe and the defeat of Major Haller in the Yakima war?
9) Did the idea of flight of the Nez Perce start during the Civil War?
Teaching Ideas:
1) Find a group or person that was important during the Indian Wars and do a report on that person or group. Why are they important? What did they do here? Did they leave the area and if so, where and what did they do?
2) Each student is to be given an outline map of Washington State and label the various military forts, battles, tribes, and other places that were important to the time period.
3) Divide the class into groups and every group is to do a PowerPoint on one aspect of this time period.
4) Field trips to the various sites would be good so that students can see the area of what they have read.
5) Discuss who was responsible for the wars.
6) Find out what the role of the Catholic priests played during this time period.
7) Assume the Indians responsible for the murder of Indian Agent Bolon were brought to court. Have a mock trial and argue for and against their guilt. Use evidence of Indian/white relationships at the time.
8) Have the students choose whether they are either Steptoe or Wright and then compose a letter describing their actions.
Map Resource (s)
http://water.usgs.gov/
This site, provided by the United States Geological Society offers a variety of maps and diagrams. Included in these are: Topical, geographical, water density and scarcity, and a myriad of other types of maps.
Water Resource Map, current conditions, USGS web page
http://water.usgs.gov/waterwatch/
This is an excellent resource for studying water resources nationally and locally. A real time stream flow map tracks short-term changes in rivers and streams, but these changes may take several hours-excepting changes due to major rain events or reservoir releases.
Resources and References
The Indian Policies of Great Britain and the United States in the Pacific Northwest in the mid-century. http://www.brandonu.ca/library/cjns/2.2/gough.pdf
This document compares and contrasts British and American policies towards the Indians in the Pacific Northwest during the mid-1800’s, and gives a general background showing governmental policy of two different nations; and how each country used them to promote their own national interests.
David C. Wynecoop. Children of the Sun Vol. III: Fortunes of War http://www.wellpinit.wednet.edu/
This document is excerpted from a book that deals with the Spokane tribe, both before and after the Steptoe-Wright campaign.
Carlos Arnaldo Schwantes. The Pacific Northwest: An Interpretive History. (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1996), 568p.
The definitive history of the Pacific Northwest and surrounding environs. Included in the account are descriptions of the voyages of Captain Cook through the Cold War.
Peter Cozzens. Eyewitnesses to the Indian Wars, 1865-1890: The Wars for the Pacific Northwest vol. 2. (Pennsylvania: Stackpole Books, 2002), 770p.
Multiple, first person accounts of events during the Amerindian war years. This consists of primary source material in the form of letters written between correspondents depicting episodes and incidents that early pioneer settlers encountered. This is an excellent resource to build a deeper understanding of the individual lives of the people who explored, and ultimately subdued the native inhabitants.
Robert M. Utley. The Battle of Spokane Plains: Frontiersmen in Blue, the United States Army and the Indian. (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1967), 210p.
This book traces the events that surrounded the battle between the Spokane tribe and Wright of the US Army. Included in this account are detailed descriptions of battle, the strategies employed, and the affect this had upon white-Amerindian relations.
January Harvest: The Heyday of Ice “Farming” in the Inland Northwest, by: Eva Gayle Six. Columbia Magazine, winter 2002-03: Vol. 16, no. 4.
This article illustrates the techniques and practices of ice farming in the pre-urban Northwest. Detailed background is provided and acts as a building block for any lesson in environmental study or ecology.
A World Cooled Only by Ice Cubes http://www.iceboxmemories.com/site/sub1.htm
This is an overall synopsis of how ice works as a cooling agent. Provided are pictures of a variety of different ice making machines, from the antique to the modern with brief descriptions of how the various boxes and refrigeration processes function.
How to use an Old Fashioned Ice Cream Freezer By Patricia Mitchell http://www.texascooking.com
A brief overview on the operation and techniques of an old fashioned ice cream maker. Included are instructions on operation and visual aids.
Thomas Jefferson’s Legacy http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/white_house/july-dec98/jefferson_11-2.html
This article offers an overview of Jefferson’s presidency, his legacy, and detailed background information. Included are the Sally Hemmings episode, the American Sphinx, and a historical debate on his presidency.
American Sphinx: The Contradictions of Thomas Jefferson. http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/mtjhtml/mtjessay1.html
This is an essay on the apparent contradictions in Jefferson’s life and presidency. It examines how future generations interpret such an influential figure, and the ramifications it has upon society today.
A People Divided http://www.ghgcorp.com/hollaway/civil/civil7.htm
This article deals with the division between blacks and their struggle for respectability. Included are supporting statistics and a description of sectional differences.
Thomas Jefferson’s Papers http://www.memory.loc.gov/ammemm/mtjhtml/mtjhome.html
This site is run by the governmental archives department of the United States and is an invaluable source for primary material on a variety of subjects. This particular article is a complete listing and dissemination of Jefferson’s original papers.
‘One Drop Rule’ Still haunts Us http://www.majorcox.com/columns/onedrop.htm
This is a summary in US District Court of Judge Harold Albriton’s decision in Bethany Godby vs. Montgomery Board of Education. The case takes place in 1996 and is a continuation of the Brown vs. Topeka legislation.
American Civil Rights Web Page http://www.acrc1.org/dont.htm
This site offers a variety of viewpoints on many issues involving civil rights. Authors are many, but few have listed credentials so should be used with caution.
On Borrowed Ground: Free African-American life in Charleston, South Carolina 1810-1861. By Jason Poole http://etext.virginia.edu/journals/EH/EH36/poole1.html
This essay, which appears in Essays in History, volume 36, 1994, chronicles the life of free blacks in South Carolina in the antebellum era. It offers a unique insight into the trials and tribulations that freemen and women were forced to endure prior to emancipation.
About Geology A-Z Web Page http://geology.about.com/bl/images/blmuscovite.htm
There are excellent subject headings on this web page, each of which has multiple subheadings. The major categories include: an image gallery of landforms, minerals, and plate tectonics.
Geologic Images Archive, University of Pittsburgh Web Page http://www.pitt.edu/~cejones/GeoImages/index.html
The University of Pittsburgh Department of Geology and Planetary Science presents a practical guide for hikers, as well as an archival data base of images.
Volcano World, the web’s premier source of Volcano info. University of North Dakota web page.
http://volcano.und.nodak.edu/vw.html
This is an excellent teaching and learning resource concerning volcanic activity, eruptions, and a chat board to pose questions to current vulcanists.
Environmental Protection Agency http://www.epa.gov/
The home page for the EPA that contains many links to information concerning environmental issues.
Washington State Department of Ecology http://www.ecy.wa.gov/
In Washington this department is responsible for monitoring the environmental state of rivers and shorelines.
United States Geological Survey home page http://www.usgs.gov/
For information on geology and geography, maps, current information, and other relevant topics. Of particular interest in an interactive map of the United States that students can manipulate.
Access Washington http://access.wa.gov/
A site that has current information about the state of Washington and surrounding environs.
Sewer Planning and Design http://www.spokanecounty.org/utilities/sewerpd/
This site provides information on the on-going goal of the sewer program and the elimination of septic tanks within the county.
Spokane River PCB TMDL http://www.ecy.wa.gov/programs/wq/tmdl/watershed/spokaneriver/pcb/events.html
This is the upcoming events page of the Spokane River TMDL, Washington State Department of Ecology.
Metals Concentrations in Spokane River Sediments Collected with USGS in 1998.
http://www/ecy.wa.gov.biblio/99330.html
Department of Ecology publication summary for metals concentrations.
Library holdings: Eastern Washington University
Author: Reimers, Henry L.
Title: The long warpath / by Henry Reimers.
Imprint: [Spokane, Wash.]: H. Reimers, 1986.
Call #: E83.84 .R44 1986
Author: Reimers, Henry L.
Title: Qual-Chan's last warpath / by Henry L. Reimers.
Imprint: [Spokane, Wash.: H. Reimers, 198-?]
Call #: E83.84 .R44 1980
Author: Raufer, Maria Ilma.
Title: Black robes and Indians on the last frontier, a story of heroism.
Imprint: Milwaukee: Bruce Pub. Co., [1966]
Call #: E78 .W3 R17
Author: Carpenter, Cecelia Svinth.
Title Fort: Nisqually : a documented history of Indian and British interaction / Cecelia Svinth Carpenter.
Imprint: Tacoma, Wash.: Tahoma Research Service, c1986.
Call #: F897.P9 C37
Author: Fahey, John.
Title: The Kalispel Indians / by John Fahey.
Imprint: Norman : University of Oklahoma Press, c1986.
Edition 1st ed.
Call #: E99.K17 F34 1986
Author: Bellingham School District No. 501 (Wash.)
Title: Northwest Indians.
Imprint: Bellingham, Wash. : Dept. of Instruction and Curriculum Research, Bellingham Public Schools, [196-?]
Call #: CG So13.55g WaB417n
Author: Trafzer, Clifford E.
Title: Renegade tribe : the Palouse Indians and the invasion of the inland Pacific Northwest / Clifford E. Trafzer and Richard D. Scheuerman.
Imprint: Pullman, Wash. : Washington State University Press, 1986.
Call #: E99.P22 T72 1986
Author: Carpenter, Cecelia Svinth.
Title: They walked before : the Indians of Washington State / Cecelia Svinth Carpenter.
Imprint: Tacoma : Washington State American Revolution Bicentennial Commission, 1977.
Call #: E78.W3 C37
Author: Fridlund, Paul.
Title: Washington's story : the Conquest / Paul Fridlund.
Imprint: Puyallup, Wash. : P. Fridlund, 2003.
Edition 1st ed.
Call #: E78 .W3 F75 2003
Spokane Public Library Holdings
Spokane Public Libraries contain in excess of 310 individual books, recordings, research materials etc… concerning Amerindian tribes of Washington, this is but a brief glimpse.
Indian affairs in Oregon and Washington territories, &c. [i.e. etc.] : message from the President of the United States / James Buchanan.
by Buchanan, James, 1791-1868.
[Washington, D.C. : Gov. Print. Off.?], 1858.
Call #: NW-R 970.0049 BUCHANA
A tour on the prairies. By the author of "The Sketch-book".
by Irving, Washington, 1783-1859.
London, J. Murray, 1835.
Call #: NW-R 917.8 Ir8
Indian reservations of Idaho, Oregon, and Washington, compiled and edited by E. L. Wight, Mary Mitchel, Marie Schmidt. Illustrations by Lester Beal.
by United States. Bureau of Indian Affairs.
[Portland, Or.] U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Bureau of Indian Affairs, Portland Area Off., 1960.
Call #: NW-R 970.0049 UNITED
Headquarters expedition against northern Indians : camp on the Spokane river, Washington Territory ... / [G. Wright].
by Wright, George, 1803-1865.
Washington : J.B. Steadman, Printer, 1859.
Call #: NW-R 970.0049 WRIGHT
Indian tribes of Washington, Oregon & Idaho / John Reed Swanton.
by Swanton, John Reed, 1873-1958.
Fairfield, Wash. : YeGalleon Press, 1979.
Call #: NW-R 970.0049 SWANTON
Books-Annotated:
Environmental History
Cronon, William. Changes in the Land: Indians, Colonists, and the Ecology of New England. (New York: Hill and Wang, 2003).
This book examines the subtleties of ecology through a historical perspective. Change in neutral, but it is also dynamic and sometimes tragic for resident living things. The author theorizes that order is not an absolute destiny, nor is the perception of infinite chaos, but neither view makes it any less real.
Goble, Dale and Hirt, Paul W., Eds. Northwest Lands and Northwest People, Readings in Environmental History. (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1999).
Goble and Hirt have assembled a set of writings which is broad in geographical and historical perspective. The information is useful for a teacher who intends to develop a interdisciplinary, mutli-lesson approach which will encourage students environmental conditions through a historiographical context.
Green, Michael etc..Washington in the Pacific Northwest. (Salt Lake City: Gibbs Smith publisher, 2002).
A useful addition to the afore mentioned text which helps reinforce the historic environmental conditions of the State.
Jensen, Derrick. Railroads and Clearcuts: Legacy of Congress’ 1864 Northern Pacific Land Grant. (Sandpoint: Keokee Publishing, 1995).
A book of statistics, graphs and illustrations which present compelling sets of scientific expositions about the impact of clear cutting in the Northwest. This book is a good tool for teaching environmental history and geography.
Rothman, Hal K. The Greening of a Nation? Environmentalists in the United States since 1945. (University of Nevada: Harcourt Brace Publishers, 1998).
This book is a very good, readable, short history of the environmental movement in America. How we carry out the philosophy and ideals of environmentalism is truly set to a degree, perhaps exclusively, in the notion that it is the consequence of terrible abuses and changes.
Sonntag, Margaret and Benita Mason. Welcome to Nine Mile Falls. (Washington: Sonntag and Mason, 2000).
The authors tell and interesting local history of their community which is nine miles from Spokane. The text is richly illustrated and offers a microscopic look at the Spokane River.
American Constitutional Ideals and Compromise
Finkelman, Paul. Slavery and the Founders. (New York: M. E. Sharpe, 2001).
Finkelman presents a lucid exposition on the debate among the creators of the American Republic. Also included is expressions of both Northern and Southern views, and the dichotomy which ultimately led the war.
Levy, Leonard W. Jefferson and Civil Liberties, the Darker Side. (Chicago: Elephant Paperbacks, 1989).
This text examines the paradox between what one of the founding fathers wrote in the Constitution and Declaration Independence, and what he actually lived like. Since many wealthy men were also slave owners, the myth is partially debunked when it is realized that what these famous men preached was not always what they practiced.