Final Exam Review Academic Key– June, 2012
(Chapters - 8, 9, 12, 11, 14, 15, 16, 17, 3, 4, 5, 6)
Chapters 8 & 9
1. What is the energy source in all cells? ATP
2. When a phosphate group is removed from ATP, what is released? Energy
Removing this phosphate group from ATP creates ADP
- Cellular respiration releases energy by breaking down food/glucose molecules.
Cellular respiration occurs in all eukaryotic cells.
- Write the balanced equation for cellular respiration below:
C6H1206 + 602 ® 6CO2 + 6H20 + Energy
- List the 3 stages of cellular respiration in order.
a. glycolysis
b. Kreb’s cycle
c. electron transport chain
6. What does glycolysis break down? Glucose.
What is glucose broken down into during cellular respiration? Pyruvate, NADH and ATP
7. Where does glycolysis take place in the cell? Cytoplasm
Where does cellular respiration take place in the cell? Mitochondrion
8. How many ATP molecules does glycolysis YIELD? 2 How many ATP molecules are gotten from cellular respiration? 36
9. Cellular respiration is considered an aerobic process because it requires presence of oxygen. An anaerobic respiration does not.
- What is the name of the anaerobic breakdown of glucose? Fermentation
- What are the two main types of fermentation? alcoholic and lactic acid
- Where does lactic acid fermentation occur in animals? Muscles.
What does it cause? pain and burning
- What type of fermentation occurs in bread dough? Alcoholic
- What is the balanced equation for photosynthesis?
6CO2 + 6H20 + Energy ® C6H1206 + 602
- What organelle captures sunlight in plants? Chloroplast
16. What pigment gives green plants their color? Chlorophyll
17. Most plants appear green because chlorophyll does not absorb green light.
18. What gas is produced as a by-product of photosynthesis? Oxygen
- Describe the light-dependent and light-independent reactions and know where they occur.
The light dependent reaction uses light energy to produce ATP and oxygen (as a waste product). It
occurs in the thylakoids of the chloroplast.
The light-independent reactions use the ATP from the light-dependent reactions, carbon dioxide and
water to produce high energy sugars (glucose). It occurs in the stroma of the chloroplast. It is also
known as the Calvin cycle.
- What structure is shown below in Figure 8-6 – Chloroplast
21. Look at Figure 8-6. What are the products of the light-dependent reactions? Oxygen, ATP, NADPH
- In the picture below, carbon dioxide is represented by the letter B, glucose (sugars) are represented by the letter F and thylakoids are represented by the letter C.
Figure 8-6
- The diagram below shows an example of interdependence among aquatic organisms.
During the day, the organisms either use or give off substance A or B, as shown by the arrows.
Which substances are represented by A and B? oxygen and carbon dioxide
Comparison of Photosynthesis and Respiration
Photosynthesis / RespirationRaw Materials / water and CO2 / glucose and oxygen
Products / glucose and oxygen / water and CO2
Purpose / store energy / release energy
- The process of photosynthesis and respiration can be thought of as a cycle because --
the products of one are used as the raw materials of the other
25. The graph below shows how dissolved O2 and CO2 levels changed in a pond over a 24-hour period. What caused the decrease in O2 concentration during the night?
Decreased photosynthesis
Plants
1. The plants that have flowers are called as Angiosperms
2. The plants that do not have fruit that covers the seeds are called as Gymnosperms
3. The female reproductive part of the flower is called as Pistil and the male reproductive part of the flower is called as Stamen (it contains Pollen)
4. What is the purpose of xylem? vascular tissue made of dead plant cells that transports water and dissolved minerals
5. What is the purpose of phloem? vascular tissue made of living cells that transports sugars synthesized in the leaves to other parts of the plant.
6. Phototropism: Plants respond to light by bending towards it.
7. Geotropism: Plants respond to gravity (stem goes upwards & roots go downwards).
8. Thigmotropism: Plants respond to touch (Vines develop tendrils that coil around support).
Chapter 12
Figure 12-1
1. The structure labeled X in Figure 12-1 is a(an) nucleotide (monomer).
Monomers connect to form nucleic acid which is a polymer.
2. What does DNA stand for? Deoxyribonucleic acid
3. The Watson and Crick model of DNA is a(an) double helix, in which two strands are wound around each other.
4. In eukaryotes, DNA is located in the nucleus
5. During DNA replication, a DNA strand that has the bases CTAGGT produces a strand with the bases GATCCA
6. A change in a DNA sequence that affects genetic information is mutation.
7. What are the four main types of chromosomal mutations and what happens during each?
inversion – a piece breaks off and attaches in the reverse order
duplication – a piece of a chromosome is copied
deletion – a piece of a chromosome is left out
translocation – a piece of a chromosome breaks off and attaches to another chromosome
Figure 12-3
8. In Figure 12-3, A, B, and C are three types of RNA.
9. What is molecule B in Figure 12-3, and what is its function? Transfer RNA (tRNA)
– carries amino acids to ribososomes
10. What are the three main parts of an RNA nucleotide? Ribose sugar, phosphate group, nitrogen base
11. Unlike DNA, RNA contains nitrogen base called uracil.
Figure 12-2
12. According to Figure 12-2, what codons specify the amino acid arginine? CGG, CGA, CGC, CGU
13. How many bases are needed to make each codon? 3 bases
14. How many codons are needed to specify one amino acids? One
15. The order of nitrogenous bases in DNA determines the order of amino acids in proteins.
16. Genes contain instructions for assembling proteins.
Chapters 11 & 14
1. The plants that Gregor Mendel crossed to produce the F1 generation made up the Parental (P) generation.
2. Chemical factors that determine traits are called as genes.
3. The different forms of a gene are called alleles.
- Organisms that have two identical alleles for a particular trait are said to be homozygous
5. Probability is the likelihood that a particular event will occur.
6. The principles of probability can be used to predict the traits of the offspring produced by genetic crosses.
7. When you flip a coin, what is the probability that it will come up tails? 1/2
8. A Punnett square is a diagram that shows the genotypes of the offspring, the alleles in the gametes of each parent, all possible results of a genetic cross, but does not show the actual results of a genetic cross.
9. A phenotype is the physical characteristic of an organism.
TtT / t
TT / T / TT / Tt
T / TT / Tt
T / = / tall
t / = / short
Figure 11-1
10. In the Punnett square shown in Figure 11-1, the genotypes of the offspring are TT and Tt and phenotypes of all the offspring is tall.
11. Pea plants that are TT, Tt or tt have same/different genotypes.
12. Crossing a pure-bred green-podded (dominant trait) plant with a pure-bred yellow-podded (recessive trait) plant is symbolized by: GG x gg
- When Gregor Mendel crossed true-breeding tall plants (TT) with true-breeding short plants (tt), the offspring were tall (Tt) because the allele for tallness is dominant
- If you made a Punnett square showing Gregor Mendel’s cross between true-breeding tall plants and true-breeding short plants, the square would show that the offspring had a genotype that was same/different from that of both parents.
15. In the P generation, a heretozygous tall plant is crossed with a homozygous short plant. The probability that an F1 plant will be tall is 50 %
16. The principle of independent assortment states that genes for different traits can segregate independently during the formation of gametes.
17. The principle of dominance states that some alleles are dominant and others are recessive.
18. How many recessive alleles for a trait must an organism inherit in order to show that trait? 2
19. How many different allele combinations would be found in the gametes produced by a pea plant whose genotype was RrYY? 2
20. If a pea plant that is heterozygous for round, yellow peas (RrYy) is crossed with a pea plant that is homozygous for round peas but heterozygous for yellow peas (RRYy), how many different kinds of phenotypes are their offspring expected to show?2
21. Incomplete dominance is when one allele is not completely dominant over another.
22. Codominance is when both alleles show up in the phenotype
23. Multiple alleles - for e.g. Human genes for blood types.
24. Polygenic traits - for e.g. wide range of skin color in humans
25. What are Gametes? sex cells; They combine during sexual reproduction; examples are egg, sperm
26. Gametes or sex cells have one complete set of chromosomes (one allele for each gene) that means the gametes have only half the number of chromosomes as compared to the organism’s all other body cells.
27. All the regular body cells (somatic cells) are diploid (have 2 complete sets of chromosomes). The diploid number is indicated by 2N). The gametes are haploid (haploid number is indicated by N or 1N)
Mitosis
/Meiosis
All somatic cells result from mitosis / Only sex cells result from meiosis2 daughter cells – exactly identical to each other and parent cell / 4 daughter cells – genetically different from each other and parent cell
# of chromosomes remains same
Diploidà Diploid / # of chromosomes is cut in half
Diploidàhaploid
4 phases / 8 phases
28. A chromosome consists of many genes.
29. What are all the chromosomes except the sex chromosomes called? autosomes.
30. What chromosomes are needed to produce a female? XX male? XY
31. Give three examples of sex-linked disorders.
color blindness
hemophilia
Duchenne muscular dystrophy
32. Three copies of chromsome 21 (Down’s Syndrome) is known as Trisomy 21.
33. What chromosomes do people with Turner syndrome have? Only 1 X
34. Males with Klinefelter syndrome have an extra X chromosome (karyotype 47,XXY).
35. Sickle cell anemia is a disorder that involves codominant alleles and it results in production
of abnormal red blood cells.
36. Hemophilia may cause excessive bleeding.
37. What does the following picture show? Crossing over
38. The farther apart two genes are located on a chromosome, the more/less likely they are to be inherited together
RrYyRY / Ry / rY / ry
RY / RRYY / RRYy / RrYY / RrYy / Seed Shape
R – round
r – wrinkled
RrYy / Ry / RRYy / RRyy / RrYy / Rryy / Seed Color
Y – yellow
y – green
rY / RrYY / RrYy / rrYY / rrYy
ry / RrYy / Rryy / X / Y
Figure 11-2
39. What is the phenotype ratio of the offspring in the Punnett square shown in Figure 11-2? 9:3:3:1
40. Identify the phenotype of the offspring represented in the square labeled X in Figure 11-2? wrinkled yellow
41. How many of the offspring will be Round, Yellow? 9
42. What will be genotype of the offspring represented in the square labeled Y in Figure 11-2? rryy
Figure 11-5
43. In Figure 11-5, what is the genotype of the pink-flowered snapdragons? RI
44. What do the alleles in Figure 11-5 show? incomplete dominance
45. According to Figure 11-5, if red-flowered snapdragons and ivory-flowered snapdragons are crossed, what percentage of their offspring would be expected to be pink-flowered? 100%
46. According to Figure 11-5, if two pink-flowered snapdragons are crossed, what percentage of their offspring would be expected to be pink-flowered? 50%
Chapters 15, 16 and 17
1. Charles Darwin proposed the theory of natural selection.
2. According to Darwin, early giraffes probably had necks of same/different lengths and the ones that were better adapted, survived.
3. What was Darwin’s ship named and what country was he from? HMS Beagle; England
4. Whose theory was “use or lose.” Lamarck.
5. According to Lamarck’s theory aquired traits are passed on to offspring.
6. Structures that are reduced in size and have no apparent function are called as vestigial structure
7. The appendix is an example of a vestigial structure.
8. The wing of a bird and the wing of an insect are examples of analogous structures because they have the same function, but different structure.
9. The flipper of a dolphin and the leg of a dog are examples of homologous structures because they have
same basic structure (have different mature forms but develop from same embryonic tissues)
but different function.
10. What is evolution? Change in organisms over long periods of time
11. What are fossils? The remains of organisms that lived in the past.
12. The scientists who study fossils and interpret the fossil record are known as Paleontologists.
13. The oldest fossils would normally be found in the lowest rock layers.
14. What are three types of evidence for the theory of evolution?
a. biochemical
b. embryology
c. fossils
15. The similarity between embryos indicates that some organisms have a common ancestor.
16. What is the half-life of an element? Time it takes ½ the element to decay
17. The half-life of Carbon-14 is 5,730 years. How much of the original C-14 in an organism would remain in a fossil that is 11,460 years old? ¼
18. If the half life of an element is 2,000 years, and I started out with a sample that originally had 60 grams of that element in it and now I have 15 grams, how old is the sample? 4000years
19. Geographic isolation is when populations are separated from each other by a mountain range, new river, etc.
20. Separation of populations by geographic barriers can lead to speciation.
21. Define “Species”. A group of similar individuals who can interbreed and produce fertile offspring.