E-1. Abram HS, Delahunt MJ, Merinbaum DJ, Hammond DN. Recurrent Spontaneous Spinal Epidural

REFERENCES

e-1. Abram HS, DeLaHunt MJ, Merinbaum DJ, Hammond DN. Recurrent spontaneous spinal epidural hematoma in a child: First case report. Pediatr Neurol 2007;36:177-180.

e-2. Adamson DC, Bulsara K, Bronec PR. Spontaneous cervical epidural hematoma: Case report and literature review. Surg Neurol 2004;62:156-9; discussion 159-60.

e-3. Agha BS, Tehan C, Perno J. Torticollis: Not always the usual suspects. Pediatr Emerg Care 2011;27:32-33.

e-4. AINSLIE JP. Paraplegia due to spontaneous extradural or subdural haemorrhage. Br J Surg 1958;45:565-567.

e-5. Aitken EM, Lock BA, Sharr MM. Spontaneous cervical epidural haematoma. Int J Clin Pract 1997;51:478-479.

e-6. Aksay E, Kiyan S, Yuruktumen A, Kitis O. A rare diagnosis in emergency department: Spontaneous spinal epidural hematoma. Am J Emerg Med 2008;26:835.e3-835.e5.

e-7. Akutsu H, Sugita K, Sonobe M, Matsumura A. A case of nontraumatic spinal epidural hematoma caused by extradural varix: Consideration of etiology. Spine J 2003;3:534-538.

e-8. Alcocer Navarrete C, Tellez Ramirez MA. Spontaneous spinal epidural hematoma. A case report. Acta Ortop Mex 2008;22:325-328.

e-9. ALDERMAN DB. Extradural spinal-cord hematoma; report of a case due to dicumarol and review of the literature. N Engl J Med 1956;255:839-842.

e-10. Alexiadou-Rudolf C, Ernestus RI, Nanassis K, Lanfermann H, Klug N. Acute nontraumatic spinal epidural hematomas. an important differential diagnosis in spinal emergencies. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 1998;23:1810-1813.

e-11. Allison EJ,Jr, McKinney TJ, Langenberg JN. Spinal epidural haematoma as a result of warfarin/fluconazole drug interaction. Eur J Emerg Med 2002;9:175-177.

e-12. Ananthababu PS, Anbuselvam M, Radhakrishnan MK. Spontaneous spinal epidural haematoma: Report of two cases and review of the literature. J Clin Neurosci 2005;12:90-92.

e-13. Anwar F, Al Khayer A, Weir AM. Paraplegia in a patient on warfarin treatment. J Pak Med Assoc 2010;60:391-393.

e-14. Aoki Y, Yamagata M, Shimizu K, Ikeda Y, Nakajima F, Ohtori S, Takahashi K. An unusually rapid spontaneous recovery in a patient with spinal epidural hematoma. J Emerg Med 2012;43:e75-9.

e-15. ARING CD. Neurological clinical pathological conference of the cincinnati general hospital. Dis Nerv Syst 1952;13:247-254.

e-16. Arlecchini S, Boriani S. Acute spontaneous spinal epidural haematoma. Ital J Orthop Traumatol 1981;7:245-250.

e-17. Arriada-Mendicoa N, Ramos-Peek M. Holospinal epidural haematoma following heart surgery. Rev Neurol 2003;36:530-533.

e-18. Avrahami E, Tadmor R, Ram Z, Feibel M, Itzhak Y. MR demonstration of spontaneous acute epidural hematoma of the thoracic spine. Neuroradiology 1989;31:89-92.

e-19. Awada A, Russell N, al Fayez N, Naufal R, al Kohlani H. Spontaneous cervical epidural hematoma: Case report. Spinal Cord 1998;36:71-72.

e-20. Azumagawa K, Yamamoto S, Tanaka K, Sakanaka H, Teraura H, Takahashi K, Tamai H. Non-operative treated spontaneous spinal epidural hematoma in a 12-year-old boy. Pediatr Emerg Care 2012;28:167-169.

e-21. Baba Y, Tsuboi Y, Fujino Y, Takahashi M, Yamada T. Extended spontaneous spinal epidural anterior hematoma over multiple spinal segments. A case report. Rinsho Shinkeigaku 2000;40:566-570.

e-22. Badar F, Kirmani S, Rashid M, Azfar SF, Yasmeen S, Ullah E. Spontaneous spinal epidural hematoma during pregnancy: A rare obstetric emergency. Emerg Radiol 2011;18:433-436.

e-23. Baek BS, Hur JW, Kwon KY, Lee HK. Spontaneous spinal epidural hematoma. J Korean Neurosurg Soc 2008;44:40-42.

e-24. Bailey KC, Sochor MR, Wintermark M, Huff JS. Spontaneous cervical epidural hematoma mimicking stroke. J Neuroradiol 2012;39:132-134.

e-25. Bain W. A case of haematorrachis. Br Med J 1897;2:455.

e-26. Balkan C, Kavakli K, Karapinar D. Spinal epidural haematoma in a patient with haemophilia B. Haemophilia 2006;12:437-440.

e-27. Banerjee R, Stanley J, Palumbo M. Spinal epidural hematoma induced by leukemia. Orthopedics 2004;27:864-866.

e-28. Banerjee T, Meagher JN. Spontaneous spinal epidural hemorrhage. South Med J 1974;67:858-861.

e-29. Baron EM, Burke JA, Akhtar N, Young WF. Spinal epidural hematoma associated with tissue plasminogen activator treatment of acute myocardial infarction. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 1999;48:390-396.

e-30. Beatty RM, Winston KR. Spontaneous cervical epidural hematoma. A consideration of etiology. J Neurosurg 1984;61:143-148.

e-31. Belinchon JM, Campos J, Merino J, Gallego JM, Barcia YC. Chronic spontaneous lumbar epidural hematoma. Neurocirugia (Astur) 2005;16:533-536.

e-32. Bidzinski J. Spontaneous spinal epidural hematoma during pregnancy. case report. J Neurosurg 1966;24:1017.

e-33. Binnert D, Thierry A, Michiels R, Soichot P, Perrin M. Presentation of a new case of spontaneous spinal extradural hematoma observed during labor. J Med Lyon 1971;52:1307-1309.

e-34. Bisson EF, Dumont T, Tranmer B. Spontaneous spinal epidural hematoma in a child with hemophilia B. Can J Neurol Sci 2007;34:488-490.

e-35. Blount J, Doughty K, Tubbs RS, et al. In utero spontaneous cervical thoracic epidural hematoma imitating spinal cord birth injury. Pediatr Neurosurg 2004;40:23-27.

e-36. Bollar Zabala A, Gelabert Gonzalez M, Garcia Allut A, Martinez Rumbo R. Spontaneous spinal epidural hematoma diagnosed by MRI. case report. J Neurosurg Sci 1988;32:153-155.

e-37. Bollati A, Massarotti M. Spinal epidural hematoma. G Psichiatr Neuropatol 1970;98:493-504.

e-38. Borges G, Bonilha L, Maldaum MV, Menezes JR, Zanardi V. Acute cervical epidural hematoma: Case report. Arq Neuropsiquiatr 2000;58:726-730.

e-39. Borm W, Mohr K, Hassepass U, Richter HP, Kast E. Spinal hematoma unrelated to previous surgery: Analysis of 15 consecutive cases treated in a single institution within a 10-year period. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2004;29:E555-61.

e-40. Bose S, Ali Z, Rath GP, Prabhakar H. Spontaneous spinal epidural haematoma: A rare cause of quadriplegia in the post-partum period. Br J Anaesth 2007;99:855-857.

e-41. Boucetta M, Atmani M, Beddouch M. Spontaneous cervical epidural hematoma (etiologic considerations). Maroc Med 1984;6:339-343.

e-42. Boukobza M, Guichard JP, Boissonet M, George B, Reizine D, Gelbert F, Merland JJ. Spinal epidural haematoma: Report of 11 cases and review of the literature. Neuroradiology 1994;36:456-459.

e-43. Boyd HR, Pear BL. Chronic spontaneous spinal epidural hematoma. report of two cases. J Neurosurg 1972;36:239-242.

e-44. Braun KP, de Nie J, DeKoninck GM, Kamphuis DJ, Groen RJ. Clinical thinking and decision making in practice. A nurse with acute pain between shoulder blades. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 1999;143:2454-2460.

e-45. Brown T, Purves E, Sargent M, Wu J. Clinical application of spinal ultrasound in screening for spinal haematoma in haemophilia A infants. Haemophilia 2011;17:318-320.

e-46. Brunori A, Scarano P, Simonetti G, Delitala A, Chiappetta F. Spontaneous spinal epidural hematomas: Is the role of dural arteriovenous malformations underestimated? Eur Spine J 1996;5:264-267.

e-47. Buhl R, Kretschmer H. Spontaneous spinal epidural hematoma: Good outcome after delayed treatment. Zentralbl Neurochir 1998;59:109-112.

e-48. Busse O, Hamer J, Paal G, Piotrowski W. Spontaneous epidural spinal hematoma during and following anticoagulant medication. Nervenarzt 1972;43:318-322.

e-49. Cai HX, Liu C, Zhang JF, Wan SL, Uchida K, Fan SW. Spontaneous epidural hematoma of thoracic spine presenting as brown-sequard syndrome: Report of a case with review of the literature. J Spinal Cord Med 2011;34:432-436.

e-50. Cakir E, Karaarslan G, Usul H, et al. Clinical course of spontaneous spinal epidural haematoma mimicking guillain-barre syndrome in a child: A case report and literature review. Dev Med Child Neurol 2004;46:838-842.

e-51. Caldarelli M, Di Rocco C, La Marca F. Spontaneous spinal epidural hematoma in toddlers: Description of two cases and review of the literature. Surg Neurol 1994;41:325-329.

e-52. Caldemeyer KS, Mocharla R, Moran CC, Smith RR. Gadolinium enhancement in the center of a spinal epidural hematoma in a hemophiliac. J Comput Assist Tomogr 1993;17:321-323.

e-53. Calliauw L, Dhara M, Martens F, Vannerem L. Spinal epidural hematoma without lesion of the spine. report of 4 cases. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 1988;90:131-136.

e-54. Cancina JE, Cross JN. Spontaneous spinal epidural haematoma. West Indian Med J 1983;32:187-190.

e-55. Canete-Prette MA, Martinez-Galdamez M, Alcazar A, Vinas D, Aranda MA. Spontaneous epidural haematoma, an infrequent cause of cervicodorsal pain. Rev Neurol 2012;54:382-383.

e-56. CARREA R, GIRADO M, EURNEKIAN A. Chronic epidural and subdural spinal hematoma; review and three case reports. Medicina (B Aires) 1954;14:379-397.

e-57. Carroll KL. The epidural effect on myelography: Some unusual causes. Henry Ford Hosp Med 1981;29:87-92.

e-58. Carroll SG, Malhotra R, Eustace D, Sharr M, Morcos S. Spontaneous spinal extradural hematoma during pregnancy. J Matern Fetal Med 1997;6:218-219.

e-59. Casado I, Corcho F, Porras LF. Spontaneous epidural spinal hematoma. Neurologia 1998;13:400.

e-60. Case AS, Ramsey PS. Spontaneous epidural hematoma of the spine in pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2005;193:875-877.

e-61. CECOTTO C, RUBERTI R, BENEDETTI A. Acute paraplegia caused by spontaneous spinal epidural hematoma. Riv Anat Patol Oncol 1961;19:351-357.

e-62. Chan DT, Boet R, Poon WS, Yap F, Chan YL. Spinal shock in spontaneous cervical spinal epidural haematoma. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2004;146:1161-2; discussion 1162-3.

e-63. Chan KC, Wu DJ, Ueng KC, et al. Spinal epidural hematoma following tissue plasminogen activator and heparinization for acute myocardial infarction. Jpn Heart J 2002;43:417-421.

e-64. Chang CW, Lin LH, Liao HT, Hung KL, Hwan JS. Spontaneous spinal epidural hematoma in a 5-year-old girl. Acta Paediatr Taiwan 2002;43:345-347.

e-65. Chang FC, Lirng JF, Chen SS, Luo CB, Guo WY, Teng MM, Chang CY. Contrast enhancement patterns of acute spinal epidural hematomas: A report of two cases. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2003;24:366-369.

e-66. Chang FC, Lirng JF, Luo CB, Yen YS, Guo WY, Teng MM, Chang CY. Evaluation of clinical and MR findings for the prognosis of spinal epidural haematomas. Clin Radiol 2005;60:762-770.

e-67. Chang MO, Koh ES, Kim MJ, Chang YS, Chung S. Spontaneous spinal epidural hematoma. QJM 2012;105:705-706.

e-68. CHAVANY JA, TAPTAS JN, PECKER J. An exceptional variety of hematorachis, spontaneous epidural hematoma. Presse Med 1949;57:869-871.

e-69. Chen CJ, Fang W, Chen CM, Wan YL. Spontaneous spinal epidural haematomas with repeated remission and relapse. Neuroradiology 1997;39:737-740.

e-70. Chen CJ, Hsu WC. Imaging findings of spontaneous spinal epidural hematoma. J Formos Med Assoc 1997;96:283-287.

e-71. Chen CJ, Ro LS. Central gadolinium enhancement of an acute spontaneous spinal epidural haematoma. Neuroradiology 1996;38 Suppl 1:S114-6.

e-72. Chen HH, Hung CC. Spontaneous spinal epidural hematoma: Report of seven cases. J Formos Med Assoc 1992;91:214-218.

e-73. Cho YW, Moon JG. Acute nontraumatic spinal epidural hematoma at cervical spine. J Korean Neurosurg Soc 2003;34:268-270.

e-74. Chou DY, Chung GS, Yang DY. Spontaneous cervical epidural hematoma presented with brown-sequard syndrome: A case report. Gaoxiong Yi Xue Ke Xue Za Zhi 1988;4:58-62.

e-75. Chretiennot-Bara C, Guet A, Balzamo E, et al. Epidural hematoma in a child with hemophilia: Diagnostic difficulties. Arch Pediatr 2001;8:828-833.

e-76. Cirak B, Guven MB, Akalan N. Spontaneous spinal epidural hematoma. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1999;80:125.

e-77. Clark MA, Paradis NA. Spinal epidural hematoma complicating thrombolytic therapy with tissue plasminogen activator--a case report. J Emerg Med 2002;23:247-251.

e-78. Cohen JE, Ginsberg HJ, Emery D, Schwartz ML. Fatal spontaneous spinal epidural hematoma following thrombolysis for myocardial infarction. Surg Neurol 1998;49:520-2; discussion 523.

e-79. Colsy M, Argote C, Raimbault M, Touchard P. Spontaneous spinal epidural haematoma causing rapid flaccid paraplegia in a healthy 25-year-old patient. Ann Fr Anesth Reanim 2007;26:608-611.

e-80. Combelles G, Blond S, Lesoin F, Bousquet C, Rousseaux M, Christiaens JL. Extradural spinal hematoma without traumatic bone lesion. apropos of 9 cases. Neurochirurgie 1983;29:417-422.

e-81. Consolo D, Vadala AA, Rollin P, Merle B, Girard C. Spontaneous spinal epidural haematoma during pregnancy. Ann Fr Anesth Reanim 2007;26:455-458.

e-82. Cooper DW. Spontaneous spinal epidural hematoma. case report. J Neurosurg 1967;26:343-345.

e-83. Correa AV, Beasley BA. Spontaneous cervical epidural hematoma with complete recovery. Surg Neurol 1978;10:227-228.

e-84. Costabile G, Husag L, Probst C. Spinal epidural hematoma. Surg Neurol 1984;21:489-492.

e-85. Crisi G, Sorgato P, Colombo A, Scarpa M, Falasca A, Angiari P. Gadolinium-DTPA-enhanced MR imaging in the diagnosis of spinal epidural haematoma. report of a case. Neuroradiology 1990;32:64-66.

e-86. Cromwell LD, Kerber C, Ferry PC. Spinal cord compression and hematoma: An unusual complication in a hemophiliac infant. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1977;128:847-849.

e-87. CUBE HM. Spinal extradural hemorrhage. J Neurosurg 1962;19:171-172.

e-88. Cultrera F, Passanisi M, Giliberto O, Giuffrida M, Mancuso P, Ventura F. Spinal epidural hematoma following coronary thrombolysis. A case report. J Neurosurg Sci 2004;48:43-47.

e-89. Cuvelier GD, Davis JH, Purves EC, Wu JK. Torticollis as a sign of cervico-thoracic epidural haematoma in an infant with severe haemophilia A. Haemophilia 2006;12:683-686.

e-90. Cywinski JB, Parker BM, Lozada LJ. Spontaneous spinal epidural hematoma in a pregnant patient. J Clin Anesth 2004;16:371-375.

e-91. Daentzer D, Boker DK. Spontaneous spinal hemorrhage. outcome after surgical therapy of epidural hematomas. Nervenarzt 2000;71:116-122.

e-92. Dalager T, Andersen BB, Mathiesen FK. Spinal epidural hematoma as a complication of anticoagulant therapy. Ugeskr Laeger 1987;149:1071-1072.

e-93. Das T, Kundu AK, Ghosh S, Maity A, Roy N. Spontaneous spinal epidural hematoma. J Assoc Physicians India 2012;60:54.

e-94. Dauch WA. Spinal epidural hematoma in children and adolescents. Neurochirurgia (Stuttg) 1986;29:83-89.

e-95. Davies KG, Weeks RD. Acute spontaneous spinal epidural haematoma with temporary resolution. Br J Neurosurg 1992;6:63-66.

e-96. de Almeida GM, Bianco E, Shibata MK. Encapsulated spinal epidural hematoma in an octogenarian. Surg Neurol 1989;32:394-395.

e-97. Defesche HF, Broere G. Spinal hematoma. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 1980;124:157-160.

e-98. Deger SM, Emmez H, Bahadirli K, et al. A spontaneous spinal epidural hematoma in a hemodialysis patient: A rare entity. Intern Med 2009;48:2115-2118.

e-99. Delgadinho WM, Caberlin SR, Mazzali M, Oliveira MR, Morisco LC. Spontaneous spinal extradural hematoma. A rare complication during anticoagulant therapy. Arq Bras Cardiol 1994;62:113-114.

e-100. Delmas M, Senegas J, Longy M, Le Bras M, Moretti G. Extra-dural spinal hematoma and atypical lumbo-sciatica. Nouv Presse Med 1980;9:1172.

e-101. Demierre B, Unger PF, Bongioanni F. Sudden cervical pain: Spontaneous cervical epidural hematoma. Am J Emerg Med 1991;9:54-56.

e-102. DePorto R, Ahn JH, Gianutsos JG. Paraplegia subsequent to administration of tissue plasminogen activator and intravenous heparin following myocardial infarction--a case report. J Spinal Cord Med 2000;23:150-152.

e-103. Devadiga KV, Gass HH. Chronic lumbar extradural haematoma simulating disc syndrome. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1973;36:255-259.

e-104. Di Grande A, Giustolisi V, Groppuso C, Amico S, Le Moli C. Spontaneous spinal epidural haematoma: When magnetic resonance imaging is an unavoidable choice in an emergency department. Intern Emerg Med 2007;2:157-158.

e-105. Di Lorenzo N, Rizzo A, Fortuna A. Spontaneous spinal epidural hematoma: Pre-operative diagnosis by MRI. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 1990;92:357-359.

e-106. Dimou J, Jithoo R, Bush S. A patient with delayed traumatic cervical spinal epidural haematoma presenting with hemiparesis. J Clin Neurosci 2010;17:404-405.