Chapter 4: Oklahoma in Early America
Section 1: Colonial America
Spanish want wealth and to convert the Natives to Christianity; French want fur trade and knowledge of the land; British wanted the land for its colonists
I. European Claims
A. St. Augustine, Florida, 1565
1. Castillo de San Marcos
B. Jamestown, Virginia, 1607
C. Quebec, Canada
D. frontier: area at the edge of settlement
1. Spanish expand into Northern California
II. Indian Relations
A. Europeans use hostilities among tribes for their benefit
1. tribes play European against each other, too
III The French and Indian War
A. French and British push into Ohio River Valley
1. Virginia sends Washington and troops to remove the French
B. 1754: Ohio Valley Natives fight against British in French & Indian War
1. Iroquois Confederacy natives of New York back the British
2. France loses all its land in North America
a. east of Mississippi River to British
b. west of Mississippi River to Spanish
C. Indians protest that France can't give away what isn't theirs
1. Chief Pontiac and Ottawa Tribe attack forts and settlements
D. Southern colonies agree to stop encroachments
IV. Repairing Relations
A. Spanish hire French traders to work with Natives
1. traders found St. Louis
B. Daniel Boone and Long Hunters defy British government and cross
the Appalachians
V. The Colonists Revolt
A. Resentment grows at ever-increasing taxes
B. War begins at Lexington and Concord in 1775
C. France and Spain back the colonists
D. War ends in 1781
E. Constitution adopted in 1798, setting government framework
F. eastern tribes tried to regain lands during war
1. Treaty of Hopewell draws boundaries
VI. New Political Power
A. Manifest Destiny: the belief that Americans have the right to own
all land from the Atlantic to the Pacific
1. settlers continue to push west
B. Pinckney's Treaty gains all lands east of the Mississippi
1. Florida remains in Spanish hands
C. Spain continues making trade routes through the west
1. Great Spanish Road crosses Oklahoma
Section 2: The Louisiana Purchase
I. Louisiana
A. Napoleon Bonaparte seizes power in France
1. forces Spain to return Louisiana
2. Thomas Jefferson begins efforts to acquire territory
B. epidemic of Yellow Fever wipes out French army in Haiti
1. highly contagious disease
2. changes France's plans in North America
C. Livingston and Monroe offer to buy New Orleans (and Florida)
1. all of Louisiana bought for $15 million
2. Congress ratifies purchase in 1803
II. Exploring the Louisiana Purchase
A. Meriwether Lewis and William Clark lead transcontinental expedition
III. The Sparks Expedition
A. surveys the Red River
B. tells Natives there is a new "Great Father" (president)
C. encounters Great Raft logjam
D. turns back when it confronts a large Spanish army
IV. The Pike-Wilkinson Expedition
A. Lt. James B. Wilkinson explores Arkansas River south through Oklahoma
1. writes detailed account
B. Zebulon Pike continues west, finds mountain peak
V. The Sibley Expedition
A. George Sibley discovers Great Salt Plains
1. "inexhaustible store"
VI. The Long Expedition
A. Stephen H. Long surveys Poteau River area
1. establishes site of Fort Smith
B. Returning from Rockies, explores the Canadian River
1. calls Oklahoma "The Great American Desert"
2. not fit for settlers
VII. The Adams-Onis Treaty
A. boundary between Spanish and American lands settled in 1819
B. Major William Bradford expels renegades (deserters) from Oklahoma
C. botanist Thomas Nuttall studies Oklahoma environment
VIII. The Three Forks Area
A. more settlers move into Three Forks area
1. joining of Arkansas, Verdigris, and Grand Rivers
2. Osage Indians set up trade with Americans
3. A.P. Chouteau establishes Osage Outfit Trading Post
a. salt, lead, pecans, grain
4. Western Creek Indians also trade produce
a. sarsaparilla brewed into root beer
IX. Opening Trade Routes
A. Mexico winds independence from Spain, 1821
1. Thomas James and Comanche Tribes set route to New Mexico
2. William Becknell opens Santa Fe Trail from St. Louis, Missouri
a. Cimarron Cutoff through Panhandle saves 10 days' travel