BWY DIPLOMA COURSE
UNIT 1 WORKSHEETS
These Worksheets should be used in conjunction with the Resource Book:
"The Concise Human Body Book "
Pub: Dorling Kindersley
ISBN : 978-1-4053-4041-0
Other Anatomy and Physiology books you may have
& the A&P information sheet sent to you by your course tutor
© British Wheel of Yoga January 2003
UNIT 1 WORKSHEETS
INDEX OF CONTENTS
1. Worksheet W.1.1.A (i) The Skeletal System - Part 1
2. Worksheet W.1.1.A (ii) The Skeletal System - Part 2
3. Worksheet W.1.1.B (i) The Muscular System - Part 1
4. Worksheet W.1.1.B (ii) The Muscular System - Part 2
5. Worksheet W.1.1.C The Cardio-vascular System
6. Worksheet W.1.1.D The Respiratory System
7. Worksheet W.1.1.E The Kinesiology of Yoga Postures
8. Worksheet W.1.2 Precautions and Prohibitions
9. Guidance Notes for Tutors Not included in Student version
Name: Paul Wigley………………….…………………………
Date: …October 2009……………………………………………
BWY Diploma Course Unit 1
W.1.1A (i) - The Skeletal System – Part I
1. Read pages 39-41
2. The skeletal system is an essential part of our physical body. Give seven reasons why.
(i)
Supports the body: all body tissues (apart from cartilage and bone) are soft so without the skeleton the body would be jelly-like and could not standup. The bones and their arrangement give the body it’s shape.
(ii)
Allows and enables movement. This happens as a result of the coordinated action of muscles on bones and joints. Bones are, therefore leavers for muscles.
(iii)
Protects delicate body organs e.g. the cranium, or skull, is a hard shell surrounding the soft brain and the thoracic cage (ribs and sternum) covers the heart and the lungs.
(iv)
Forms blood cells (in the red bone marrow)
(v)
Forms joints, which are essential for the movement of the body.
(vi)
Provides attachment for the muscles, which move the joints: muscles are attached to the bones and pull them into different positions, thus moving the body.
(vii)
Provides a store of calcium salts and phosphorus, which can be released when needed for essential metabolic processes like muscle contraction and the conduction of nerve impulses.
W.1.1A(i) - Skeletal System - Part I______2
3. There are 206 individual bones in the human body. They are classified according to their shape. Describe five different types and give one or two examples.
(i) Long Bones: The body’s levers, they allow movement, particularly in the limbs e.g. the femur (thigh bone) Tibia and Fibula (lower leg bone).
(ii) Short Bones: Strong and compact bones, usually grouped in parts of the body where little movement is required e.g. Tarsal (ankle Bone) Carpals (wrist bones).
(iii) Flat Bones: Protective bones with broad flat surfaces for muscle attachment e.g. Scapula (shoulder bone) Ribs.
(iv) Irregular Bones: Bones that do not fit into the above categories and have different characteristics e.g. Vertebrae, including the Sacrum and Coccyx (backbone) Mandible (jaw).
(v) Sesamoid Bones: Bones within Tendons. There are only two Sesamoid bones in the human body, the Patella (kneecap) and the Hyoid (base of the tongue). The Hyoid is sometimes classified as an irregular bone because it is attached by ligaments and not ‘floating’ in a tendon like the patella.
4. The vertebral column is divided into five different sections. Give the name of each
section and the number of vertebrae in each.
(i) Cervical (7 bones) in the neck.
(ii) Thoracic (12 bones) carrying the ribs in the centre of the body.
(iii) Lumbar (5 bones) in the lower back.
(iv) Sacral (5 bones) in the pelvis fused to form the Sacrum.
(v) Coccygeal (4 bones) below the Sacrum, forming the Coccyx
5. What are the intervertebral discs made of?
Intervertebral discs are made of White Fibrocartilage, white fibres closely packed in dense masses; contains chondrocyte cells, extremely tough and slightly flexible.
Their function is to absorb shock
W.1.1A(i) - Skeletal System - Part I______3
6. Explain the terms :
(i) Kyphosis
(ii) Scoliosis
(iii) Lordosis
W.1.1A(i) - Skeletal System - Part I______4
W.1.1A(i) - Skeletal System - Part I______5
Name: ………………
Date: …October 09
BWY Diploma Course Unit 1
W.1.1A(ii) - The Skeletal System – Part 2
7. A joint is formed when two or more bones come together. Describe the following
joints and how much they can move. Give examples.
(i) Fixed or Fibrous Joints
These are immovable joints with tough fibrous tissue between the bones. Often the edges of the bones are dovetailed as in the sutures of the skull.
Examples include: the joints between the teeth and the maxilla and mandible of the jaw.
(ii) Slightly moveable or Cartilaginous Joints
These are slightly movable joints which have a pad of white fibrocartilage between the
ends of the bones making the joints. The pad acts as a shock absorber.
Examples include: between the vertebrae of the spine and at the symphysis pubis in
the pubis bone.
W.1.1A(ii) Skeletal System - Part II ______2
8. Name the types of synovial joints illustrated. Simply describe their movement and draw a stylised diagram of the joint's movement. Say where they can be found in the
body. An example (wrist joint) is shown to get you started.
Name the type of joint / Describe the type of movement and where the joint can be located / Stylised diagram of joint's movementEXAMPLE - WRIST JOINT
Condyloid joint -
allows movement in all directions but no rotation around its central action.
W.1.1A(ii) Skeletal System - Part II______3
Saddle: found only between the phalanges of the thumb and its metacarpal.
Its articulating surface of bone have both rounded and hollow surfaces so that the surface of one bone fits the complementary surface of the other. Movement around the two axes allows flexion, extension, adduction, and circumduction.
W.1.1A(ii) Skeletal System - Part II______4
9. Using kinesiology terms, name the different kinds of joints indicated on the diagram. (e.g. ball and socket, hinge, etc.)
W.1.1A(ii) Skeletal System - Part II______5
10. The movements enabled by certain joints are illustrated below and on pages 6 and 7. In the appropriate boxes, name the type of movement shown, and draw a posture which uses this type of movement.
(i) MOVEMENTS OF THE SPINE
MOVEMENT / MOVEMENT / MOVEMENT / MOVEMENTPOSTURE / POSTURE / POSTURE / POSTURE
W.1.1A(ii) Skeletal System - Part II ______6
4(ii) MOVEMENTS OF THE HIP
MOVEMENT / MOVEMENT / MOVEMENT / MOVEMENTMedial (inward) rotation of the leg at the hip and eversion (outward movement) of the foot at the ankle
POSTURE / POSTURE / POSTURE / POSTURE
TRIKONASANA
MOVEMENT / POSTURE
W.1.1A(ii) Skeletal System - Part II______7
4(iii) MOVEMENTS OF THE ARM AND SHOULDER
EXAMPLE / MOVEMENT / POSTURECircumduction
Often used in preparatory movements or sequences / No example required
MOVEMENT / MOVEMENT / MOVEMENT / MOVEMENT
POSTURE / POSTURE / POSTURE / POSTURE
W.1.1A(ii) Skeletal System - Part II ______8
11. Briefly describe the following conditions you may come across in the yoga class associated with joints.
i) Arthritis
ii) Osteo-arthritis
iii) Rheumatoid arthritis
iv) Ankylosing spondylitis
v) Osteoporosis
vi) Prolapsed intervertebral disc (slipped-disc)
Name: Paul Wigley
Date: October 2009
BWY Diploma Course Unit 1
W.1.1B(i) - The Muscular System - Part I
Each book on Anatomy shows muscles in a different way. Your text is stylised and doesn’t show the origin and insertions of each muscle clearly. However, it does give the action of each muscle and explains its position clearly.
For each of the following diagrams find the muscles on the list in your book and write the action of the muscle by the side of the name as shown in the example. Then label and colour the diagrams.
Trunk (anterior view of)
Muscles
/Action
1 / Sternocleidomastoid2 / External oblique
3 / Internal oblique
4 / Transverse abdominis
5 / Rectus abdominis
W.1.1B(i) - Muscular System - Part I ______2
Anterior Shoulder Girdle and Upper Arm
Muscles
/Action
1 / Pectoralis major2 / Coracobrachialis
3 / Biceps brachii
4 / Bracialis
W.1.1B(i) - Muscular System - Part I ______3
Posterior Shoulder Girdle and Upper Arm
Muscles
/Action
1 / Trapezius2 / Deltoid
3 / Latissimus dorsi
4 / Triceps brachii
5 / Levator scapuli
6 / Rhomboid minor
7 / Rhomboid major
8 / Teres major
9 / Supraspinatus
10 / Infraspinatus
11 / Teres minor
W.1.1B(i) - Muscular System - Part I 4
Anterior Pelvis and Leg
Muscles / Action1 / Iliopsoas / Rotates femur laterally and flexes hip
2 / Tensor fasciae latae / Flexes, abducts and medially rotates the hip joint, tenses the fascia lata thus stabilizing the knee.
3 / Vastus lateralis / Extends knee joint
4 / Rectus Femoris / Extends knee joint and flexes the hip joint
5 / Vastus Medialis / Extends Knee Joint
6 / Sartorius / Flexes hip and knee joint, rotates the femur laterally
7 / Pectineous / Flexes the hip joint, adducts the hip joint
8 / Adductor longus / Adducts the femur
9 / Adductor magnus / Adducts the femur
10 / Gracilis / Adducts the thigh, flexes the knee and hip medially (inward) rotates the thigh and tibia.
11 / Tibialis anterior / Dorsiflexes and inverts the foot
12 / Extensor digitorum longus / Extends toes, dorsiflexes ankle joint
13 / Extensor hallucis longus / Extends big toe, dorsiflexes ankle and inverts foot
W.1.1B(i) - Muscular System - Part I 5
Posterior Pelvis and Leg
Muscles
/Action
1 / Gluteus maximus / Extends the hip, abducts and laterally rotates the thigh.2 / Semimembranosus / Flexes the knee, extends the hip also medially rotates (turns in) the lower leg when the knee is flexed.
3 / Semitendinosus / Flexes the knee extends the hip also medially rotates (turns in) the lower leg when the knee is flexed.
4 / Biceps Femoris (long head) / Flexes the knee joint and extends the hip.
5 / Biceps Femoris (short head) / Laterally rotates (turns out) the lower leg when the knee is flexed.
6 / Gastrocnemius / Plantor flexes (points) foot at ankle joints. Assists in flexion of the knee joint. It is a main propelling force in walking and running
7 / Soleus / Plantor flexes ankle, frequently in contraction during standing to prevent the body falling forward at the ankle joint i.e. to offset the line of pull through the body’s center of gravity. Thus it helps to maintain the upright posture.
Name: Paul Wigley …………………….…………………………
Date: October 2009
BWY Diploma Course Unit 1
W.1.1B(ii) - The Muscular System – Part 2
1. Briefly describe:
(i) The Structure of a muscle:
Muscle tissue is bound together in bundles and contained in a sheath (sometimes called a fascia) the end of which extends to form a tendon that attaches the muscle to other parts of the body.
Muscle is 75% water, 20% proteins, 5% fat, minerals, salts and glycogen.
(ii) The function of a muscle:
A muscles function is to contract and by doing so start a movement in the surrounding structures (the tendons, ligament and eventually bones). The muscle contracts in reaction to nerve stimulus sent by the brain through a motor nerve. The muscle then shortens becoming fatter at the center.
Summary of muscle functions
· Contract and thereby produce movement e.g. to move joints
· Stabilize Joints
· Maintain postural tone
· Aid in temperature control e.g. shivering and dilation of capillaries.
W.1.1B(ii) Muscular System - Part II ______2
2. Briefly explain the function of the following types of muscle :-
(i) Voluntary
These are the muscles we consciously control e.g. our arms and legs. If we want to walk we do so. Voluntary muscle works intimately with the nervous system and, therefore, will only contract if a stimulus is applied to it via a motor nerve. Each muscle fibre receives its own nerve impulse so that fine and varied motions are possible. Voluntary muscles also have their own small, stored supply of glycogen which is use as fuel for energy. Voluntary muscle tissue differs from other types of muscle tissue in that the muscles tire easily and need regular exercise.
(ii) Involuntary
These are the muscles we do not consciously control e.g. those that are found in the walls of blood and lymphatic vessels, in respiratory, digestive and genito-urinary systems.
These muscles work automatically whether we want them to or not.
(iii) Cardiac
Cardiac muscle is a specialized type of involuntary muscle tissue found only in the walls of the heart. Forming the bulk of the wall of each heart chamber, cardiac muscles contract rhythmically and continuously to provide the pumping action necessary to maintain a relatively consistent flow of blood throughout the body.
3. How does a muscle know when to contract?
Skeletal or voluntary muscles are moved as a result of nervous stimulus which they receive from the brain via a motor nerve. Each skeletal fibre is connected to the fibre of the nerve cell. Each nerve fibre ends in a motor point which is the end portion of the nerve and is the part through which the stimulus to contract is given to the muscle fibre. A single motor nerve may transmit stimuli to one muscle or as many as 150, depending on the effect of the action required. The site where the nerve fibre and muscle fibre meet is called a neuromuscular junction. In response to a nerve impulse, the end of the motor nerve fibre secretes a neurotransmitter substance called acetylcholine, which diffuses across the junction and stimulates the muscle fibre to contract.
W.1.1B(ii) Muscular System - Part II ______3
4. How does a muscle get the energy required for contraction?
In order for contraction (and therefore movement) to take place, there must be an adequate blood supply to provide oxygen and nutrients and remove carbon dioxide and waste products from the energy production. Muscles receive their nutrients from the artierial capillaries. This is converted into energy by chemical changes. The nutrients and oxygen are used up by the muscle and the waste product, lactic acid is then excreted into the venous blood stream.