BIOLOGY FINAL EXAM/KEYSTONE REVIEW
Date:______
Time:______
Place:______
Test Format:
- 65 multiple choice
- 8 constructed response scenarios
Helpful Hints:
1. Read over your notes/packets.
2. Read over the sections of the book that pertains to each topic.
3. Be able to define ALL vocabulary listed in the back of this packet.
4. Complete this packet in enough time to ask for help on any topics that might still confuse you.
Test day:
1. Get a good night sleep (or stay up all night studying, whichever)
2. Bring two sharpened #2 pencils.
3. Read each question thoroughly. Look for key words to help you answer the question. Eliminate obvious wrong responses first.
4. When in doubt, make the best educated guess you can.
Unit 1 Introduction (Basic Biological Principals)
1. Use the provided Venn diagrams to compare and contrast the two topics:
Prokaryote cells vs Eukaryote cells
Plants Cells vs Animal Cells
Characteristics of Life:
1. Give two examples of how structure fits function that you learned about this year.
2. All living things must reproduce. List and describe the two main types of reproduction. Circle which type increases genetic diversity.
3. All living things have some sort of biological system.
a. What is the difference in systems between a unicellular organism and a multicellular organism? Define generalization and specialization
b. Give the levels of organization in a multicellular organism.
4. All living things maintain homeostasis. Give two examples of conditions that are maintained in humans and describe how. Identify each as positive or negative feedback.
Unit II Biochemistry
1. Label all seven parts of following diagram of water. Show the relative charges.
a. Why are these molecules considered polar?
b. What is unique about the dotted line?
c. List and describe 4 reasons this molecule is important to life.
Macromolecules:
1. What element do all macromolecules share that make them “organic”? Why is this element so important?
2. Identify each of the following macromolecules and describe important characteristics of each.
Enzymes
1. The above diagram shows an enzyme at work. What is an enzyme?
2. What would happen if the pH or temperature of the environment above were to change? Be specific using key words.
Unit III Cells
1. Identify each type of cell. Then, label and give the function of each of the organelles.
2. What process uses organelles D, A, H, and I in order? Which organelle is missing from this label that is important for the process?
Bioenergetics
Use the following diagram to complete this section
1. Identify the 4 types of energy as it flows through the system.
D.
2. Identify the matter as it flows through the system.
3. Identify the organelles, label their parts and describe which energy conversions happen in each.
Unit IV Cell Membrane
1. The main structure of the cell (plasma) membrane is made of part A.
a. What is part A called?
b. Part A1 and A2 are essential to the structure. What properties allow them to make the membrane semipermeable (selectively permeable) and how?
2. Name, then compare and contrast processes 1 and 2.
3. Name, then compare and contrast processes 2 and 3.
4. Choose one of these processes and describe how it helps maintain homeostasis in a cell.
Osmosis
1. Label the type of solution that each beaker has compared to the cell (dialysis tubing).
a. Beaker 1
b. Beaker 2
c. Beaker 3
d. Beaker 4
2. List and describe two situations where tonicity (osmosis) applies to help living things.
Unit V DNA
Structure
1. What do both chromosomes and genes have in common?
2. Assume the above chromosome has 18 percent thymine.
a. How much adenine will it have and why?
b. How much guanine?
3. Continue the above picture to show the DNA replicating. Include the important enzymes.
Mutations
1. Use the following strand of DNA as a template. Mutate it 3 separate times; once showing a silent point mutation, once showing a missense (nonsense) mutation, and once showing a frameshift mutation. Transcribe and translate each.
Orininal: TACGGAGCATTGTCAAGC
mRNA
Protein
A. Silent mutation:
mRNA:
Protein:
B. Nonsense mutation
mRNA:
Protein:
C. Frameshift mutation
mRNA:
Protein:
Gene expression
1. Label the diagrams.
Figure 1 Figure 2
2. What is the difference between the gene expression in figure 1 and figure 2? How do you know?
3. Name and describe process 1 and process 2 above.
a. Process 1
b. Process 2
Genetic Engineering
1. Define each type and explain the positives and negatives:
a. Gene therapy
b. GMOs/Gene splicing
c. DNA Fingerprinting
d. Cloning
Unit VI Cell Cycle
1. Explain the comic from the front page using the appropriate terminology.
a. What is lying on the couch?
b. What was grabbed?
c. What grabbed it?
d. When was it grabbed (two possible answers)?
e. What is it called now? Before the “abduction”?
2. Use the diagram on the next page to complete the following questions.
a. In the white boxes, identify what is occurring on the left and right of the diagram.
b. What is occurring in Process A? What in what part of the cell cycle does this occur?
c. What is letter b and what is occurring in Process B? Why is this important?
d. What does the “2n=4” and “n=2” refer to on the diagram?
e. What is the function of meiosis? How is this different from the function of mitosis?
3. Look at the following karyotype.
a. What two things can you tell about this person from the karyotype? Be specific.
Unit VII Genetics
1. Label columns 1 and 2 as genotype and phenotype. The write the letters that would represent each type in column 2. What two alleles are there for pea plant color?
2. Cross a heterozygous flowered pea plant with a white pea plant. Show all your work.
3. Suppose a special pea plant produced lavender colored flower (blend of white and purple). What type of inheritance would this be showing? How would this change the above question?
a. What about if the flowers were white with purple edges?
4. List the genotypes and phenotypes for human blood typing.
5. Predict the phenotypes and genotypes of the offspring between a mom with type AB and a dad with type O.
6. Hemophilia is sex linked. Predict the phenotypes and genotypes of the offspring between a heterozygous mom and a dad who has hemophilia.
a. Who passes a sex-linked trait to males? Why?
7. What does it mean if a trait is considered polygenic? Give one example.
Unit VIII Evolution
1. Name and describe 3 different types of evidence that supports the theory of evolution.
2. Suppose a population of mice was exposed to a new cat that had better camouflage. The mice cannot see the new cat very well, and therefore their numbers begin to decline. Over many generations, the mouse population begins to develop better eyesight, therefore they are able to recognize the cats better and escape.
a. The mice are described as being a population. What does that mean in a biological sense and how is it different from being a species?
b. Name and describe 2 adaptations mentioned above. Why are they adaptations?
c. Describe the 4 steps of natural selection that must have occurred in the mouse population
d. What is the selective pressure in the scenario above? ______
3. In a population of frogs there is variation in color. Some are lighter green, some are darker green, and some are brown.
a. Read each scenario below and determine the type of microevolution that is occurring.
i. A disease spreads through the frog population, randomly killing frogs before they can reproduce. Slightly more brown frogs happen to be killed, reducing the frequency of the brown gene.
ii. A boy coming back from vacation hundreds of miles away releases a few brown frogs into the population near his home. The brown allele has therefore become more frequent in the population.
iii. Amongst the green grasses, the brown frogs are sticking out more. This allows raccoons to find the easier and therefore they are eaten more. The brown allele decreases in the population.
4. Differentiate microevolution and macroevolution.
5. New species form when populations of the same species become isolated, then change differently through time. Name and give examples for two ways a population can become isolated.
Unit IX Ecology
1. Use the following information about a community in a local ecosystem to create a food web.
a. Snakes eat frogs and mice.
b. Hawks eat snakes and squirrels.
c. Mice eat grasses (seeds)
d. Squirrels eat acorns (oak tree)
e. Frogs eat pill bugs
f. Pill bugs eat dead leaves (oak tree)
g. Foxes eat mice and squirrels
2. How does the 10% rule apply to the above food web?
3. The above items are all considered biotic. Why?
a. Name 3 things that would be abiotic in the above ecosystem.
4. Give one example of each type of interspecies relationship:
a. Predation
b. Symbiosis
i. Mutualism
ii. Parasitisms
iii. Commensalism
5. Draw a simple carbon cycle diagram including: Autotrophs, heterotrophs, CO2, organic macromolecules, fossil feuls
Biology Keystone Exam Blueprint
SYLLABUS, ANCHORS, VOCABULARY
Unit 1: Life Traits / HomeostasisA. Life Traits
B. Homeostatic Systems and Conditions
C. Regulation - Feedback Loops / science
biology
multicellular
unicellular
homeostasis
homeostatic mechanism
system
BIO.A.1.1 - Explain the characteristics common to all organisms.
· BIO.A.1.1.1 - Describe the characteristics of life shared by all prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms.
BIO.A.4.2 - Explain mechanisms that permit organisms to maintain biological balance between their internal and external environments.
· BIO.A.4.2.1 - Explain how organisms maintain homeostasis (e.g., thermoregulation, water regulation, oxygen regulation).
Unit 2: Biochemistry
A. Matter, Water & pH
B. Macromolecules and Metabolism
C. Enzymes / atom
molecule
adhesion
cohesion
freezing point
specific heat
pH
organic molecule
monomer
biological macromolecules
carbohydrate
lipids
nucleic acid
protein
catalyst
enzyme
temperature
BIO.A.2.1 Describe how the unique properties of water support life on Earth.
· BIO.A.2.1.1 Describe the unique properties of water and how these properties support life on Earth (e.g., freezing point, high specific heat, cohesion).
BIO.A.2.2 Describe and interpret relationships between structure and function at various levels of biochemical organization (i.e., atoms, molecules, and macromolecules).
· BIO.A.2.2.1 Explain how carbon is uniquely suited to form biological macromolecules.
· BIO.A.2.2.2 Describe how biological macromolecules form from monomers.
· BIO.A.2.2.3 Compare the structure and function of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids in organisms.
BIO.A.2.3 Explain how enzymes regulate biochemical reactions within a cell.
· BIO.A.2.3.1 Describe the role of an enzyme as a catalyst in regulating a specific biochemical reaction.
· BIO.A.2.3.2 Explain how factors such as pH, temperature, and concentration levels can affect enzyme function.
Unit 3: Cells
A. Structure and Function of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
B. Organelles
C. Bioenergetics – Cellular Respiration and Photosynthesis / cell
prokaryote
eukaryote
tissue
organ
organ system
organism
chloroplast
endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
endosymbiosis
golgi apparatus
mitochondrion
nucleus
organelles
plastids
ribosome
bioenergetics
adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
cellular respiration
photosynthesis
BIO.A.1.2 - Describe relationships between structure and function at biological levels of organization
· BIO.A.1.2.1 - Compare cellular structures and their functions in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
· BIO.A.1.2.2 - Describe and interpret relationships between structure and function at various levels of biological organization (i.e., organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, and multicellular organisms)
BIO.A.4.1.3 - Describe how membrane‐bound cellular organelles (e.g., endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus) facilitate the transport of materials within a cell.
BIO.A.3.1 Identify and describe the cell structures involved in processing energy.
· BIO.A.3.1.1 Describe the fundamental roles of plastids (e.g., chloroplasts) and mitochondria in energy transformations.
BIO.A.3.2 Identify and describe how organisms obtain and transform energy for their life processes.
· BIO.A.3.2.1 Compare the basic transformation of energy during photosynthesis and cellular respiration.
· BIO.A.3.2.2 Describe the role of ATP in biochemical reactions.
Unit 4: Cell Membrane
A. Structure
B. Passive Transport
C. Active Transport / plasma membrane
impermeable
intracellular
extracellular
concentration
concentration gradient
passive transport
osmosis
diffusion
facilitated diffusion
active transport
carrier (transport) protein
pumps (ions or molecular)
endocytosis
exocytosis
BIO.A.4.1 - Identify and describe the cell structures involved in transport of materials into, out of, and throughout a cell.
· BIO.A.4.1.1 - Describe how the structure of the plasma membrane allows it to function as a regulatory structure and/or protective barrier for a cell.
· BIO.A.4.1.2 - Compare the mechanisms that transport materials across the plasma membrane (i.e., passive transport—diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion; and active transport—pumps, endocytosis, exocytosis).
Unit 5: DNA
A. Structure / Replication
B. Protein Synthesis
C. DNA Mutations / deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
gene
gene expression
protein synthesis
transcription
translation
mutation
point mutation
frame-shift mutation
forensics
BIO.B.1.2 Explain how genetic information is inherited.
· BIO.B.1.2.2 Explain the functional relationships between DNA, genes, alleles, and chromosomes and their roles in inheritance.
BIO.B.2.2 Explain the process of protein synthesis (i.e., transcription, translation, and protein modification).
· BIO.B.2.2.1 Describe how the processes of transcription and translation are similar in all organisms.
· BIO.B.2.2.2 Describe the role of ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and the nucleus in the production of specific types of proteins.
BIO.B.2.3 Explain how genetic information is expressed.
· BIO.B.2.3.1 Describe how genetic mutations alter the DNA sequence and may or may not affect phenotype (e.g., silent, nonsense, frame‐shift).
Unit 6: Cell Cycle
A. Chromosomes
B. Mitosis
C. Meiosis / cell cycle
DNA replication
chromosomes
mitosis
interphase
cytokinesis
meiosis
gamete
crossing-over
gene recombination