Appendix (E)A-1. Drugs used to treat Parkinson disease and neuroleptic medications potentially leading to drug-induced parkinsonism*

Drug Names / Use Among Patients with PD(%) / Average # of prescriptions per person per year among users
PD drugs
Levodopa / 50.30% / 7.23
Carbidopa/Levodopa / 50.30% / 7.23
MAO-inhibitors / 14.69% / 5.70
Selegiline / 14.69% / 5.70
Dopamine agonists / 9.64% / 5.91
Pergolide / 4.22% / 6.19
Bromocriptine / 4.02% / 5.81
Pramipexole / 1.20% / 5.19
Ropinirole / 0.38% / 3.45
Amantadine / 6.50% / 5.15
Amantadine / 6.50% / 5.15
Anticholinergic / 6.15% / 6.41
Trihexyphenidyl / 3.31% / 6.15
Benztropine / 2.67% / 6.39
Procyclidine / 0.25% / 7.91
COMT Inhibitors / 0.56% / 3.85
Entacapone / 0.30% / 3.13
Tolcapone / 0.26% / 4.69
Neuroleptic Medications
Phenothiazines
/ 5.37% / 3.94
Promethazine / 2.72% / 2.75
Thioridazine / 1.26% / 4.38
Trifluoperazine / 0.34% / 9.44
Prochlorperazine / 0.39% / 4.29
Perphenazine / 0.96% / 4.90
Fluphenazine / 0.24% / 4.70
Mesoridazine / 0.19% / 8.95
Piperazine / 0.18% / 3.01
Butyrophenones / 0.97% / 5.34
Haloperidol / 0.97% / 5.34
Indolines / 0.09% / 8.00
Molindone / 0.09% / 8.00
Substituted Benzamides / 4.22% / 3.97
Metoclopramide / 1.80% / 3.71
Cisapride / 2.41% / 4.16
Rauwolfia Derivate
/ 0.60% / 6.80
Reserpine / 0.60% / 6.80
Thioxanthenes / 1.12% / 10.14
Thiothixene / 1.12% / 10.14
Atypical Antipsychotic Drugs
/ 2.03% / 9.58
Risperidone / 1.17% / 6.11
Olanzapine / 0.41% / 3.19
Clozapine / 0.37% / 28.22
Quetiapine / 0.18% / 3.00

Using published studies and Micromedex Healthcare Series, we identified all PD medications and neuroleptic drugs marketed for use in the U.S. We calculated percent of Medicare beneficiaries using each medication and average number of prescriptions per year among users. The survey weights were incorporated in the analysis to project the results from the survey participants to the entire Medicare population.

Use among patients with PD(%): % of beneficiaries who used each drug or category of drugs during a calendar year, i.e., the analysis unit is person year. No use of cabergolide (Dostinex), apomorphine, biperidin (Akineton), or ethopropazine (Parsidol), Chlorpromazine, Levopromazine, Triflupromazine, Acetophenazine, Trimeprazine, Thiethylperazine, Droperidol, Triperidol, Pimozide, Sulpiride, Clebopride, Domperidone, Veralipride, Alizapride, Remoxipride, Tiapride, Tetrabenazine, Loxapine, Flupentixol, Chlorprothixene, Ziprasidone, and Metyrosine was reported. * According To Micromedex Healthcare Series, Accessed As Of 06/2005.

Address correspondence to:

Katia Noyes, PhD, MPH, Department of Community and Preventive Medicine, University of Rochester, 601 Elmwood Ave, Box 644, Rochester, NY 14620. Phone: 585-275-8467, Fax: 585-461-4532; Email: