APA FORMAT FOR CITATIONS
v APA citation style refers to the rules and conventions established by the American Psychological Association for documenting sources used in a research paper.
v Whereas the MLA (Modern Language Association) style is most commonly used to write papers and cite sources within the liberal arts and humanities.
v APA style requires both in-text citations,end-text citations, and a reference list. For every in-text citation there should be a full citation in the reference list and vice versa.
v In APA style, in-text citations are placed within sentences and paragraphs so that it is clear what information is being quoted or paraphrased and whose information is being cited.
v APA’s in-text citations provide at least the author’s last name and the year of publication. For direct quotations and some paraphrases, a page number is given as well.
v Basic format for a quotation Ordinarily, introduce the quotation with a signal phrase that includes the author’s last name followed by the year of publication in parentheses. Put the page number (preceded by “p.”) in parentheses after the quotation.
Critser (2003) noted that despite growing numbers of overweight Americans, many health care providers still “remain either in ignorance or outright denial about the health danger to the poor and the young” (p. 5).
Ms.Fatema Khurshid/IR101/Term111
v If the author is not named in the signal phrase, place the author’s name, the year, and the page number in parentheses after the quotation: (Critser, 2003, p. 5).
2. Basic format for a summary or a paraphrase Include the author’s last name and the year either in a signal phrase introducing the material or in parentheses following it. A page number is not required for a summary or a paraphrase, but include one if it would help readers find the passage in a long work.
Yanovski and Yanovski (2002) explained that sibutramine suppresses appetite by blocking the reuptake of the neurotransmitters serotonin and norepinephrine in the brain (p. 594).
Sibutramine suppresses appetite by blocking the reuptake of the neurotransmitters serotonin and norepinephrine in the brain (Yanovski & Yanovski, 2002, p. 594).
3. Work with two authors Name both authors in the signal phrase or the parentheses each time you cite the work. In the parentheses, use “&” between the authors’ names; in the signal phrase, use “and.”
According to Sothern and Gordon (2003), “Environmental factors may contribute as much as 80% to the causes of childhood obesity” (p. 104).
Obese children often engage in limited physical activity (Sothern & Gordon, 2003, p. 104).
4. Work with three to five authors Identify all authors in the signal phrase or the parentheses the first time you cite the source.
In 2003, Berkowitz, Wadden, Tershakovec, and Cronquist concluded, “Sibutramine . . . must be carefully monitored in adolescents, as in adults, to control increases in [blood pressure] and pulse rate” (p. 1811).
4b.In subsequent citations, use the first author’s name followed by “et al.” in either the signal phrase or the parentheses.
As Berkowitz et al. (2003) advised, “Until more extensive safety and efficacy data are available, . . . weight-loss medications should be used only on an experimental basis for adolescents” (p. 1811).
5.. Work with unknown author If the author is unknown, mention the work’s title in the signal phrase or give the first word or two of the title in the parenthetical citation. Titles of articles and chapters are put in quotation marks; titles of books and reports are italicized. (For online sources with no author, see item 12.)
Children struggling to control their weight must also struggle with the pressures of television advertising that, on the one hand, encourages the consumption of junk food and, on the other,
celebrates thin celebrities (“Television,” 2002).
NOTE: In the rare case when “Anonymous” is specified as the author, treat it as if it were a real name: (Anonymous, 2001). In the list of references, also use the name Anonymous as author.
Documented information must be cited in two places—within the text and at the end of the text.
IN-TEXT CITATIONS:
According to Smart and Stoopid (1998), universities report that 80% of all documented plagiarism cases result in students’ dismissal.
Universities report that 80% of all documented plagiarism cases result in students’ dismissal (Smart & Stoopid, 1998).
According to Smart and Stoopid (1998), universities report that 80% of all documented plagiarism cases result in students’ dismissal, but “the wonder of it is that so few cases are actually reported” (p. 14).
(Note: The page number need only be indicated when language is directly quoted from the source.)
END-OF-TEXT CITATIONS:
Your document must include an alphabetical listing of all the sources you have referred to in the text. Not surprisingly, this source listing is titled “References” (omit the quotes in
your document). The APA style specifies the presentation of four basic information elements in this format:
Author last name, Author initials.(Publication date). Title. Publication place: Publisher.
Journal Article: (Note: No matter how many, include all authors.)
Halter, C. A., Bond, G. R., & de Graaf-Kaser, R. (1992).
How treatment of persons with serious
mental illness is portrayed in undergraduate psychology textbooks. Community Mental Health Journal, 28, 29-42.
Magazine Article:
Smolowe, J. (1994, May 23). Dubious memories. Time, 143, 51.
Book:
Rogers, H. R., Jr. (1993). Poor women, poor families (Rev. ed.). Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe.
Edited Book:
Lewis, M., & Haviland, J. M. (Eds.). (1993). Handbook of emotions. New York: Guilford Press.
Article or Chapter in an Edited Book:
Attneave, C. L. (1985). Practical counseling with American Indian and Alaska Native clients. In P.
Pedersen, (ed.), Handbook of cross-cultural counseling and therapy (pp. 135-140). Westport, CT:
Greenwood Press.
Book, No Author or Editor:
Who’s who in America (48th ed.). (1994). New Providence, NJ: Marquis Who’s Who.
Entry from an Encyclopedia or Dictionary:
Lipsitt, L. P. (1968). Learning: Learning in children. In International encyclopedia of the social
sciences (Vol. 9, pp. 177-178). New York: The Macmillan Company & The Free Press.
CD-ROM Abstract:
Saunder, D. G. (1994). Child custody decisions in families experiencing woman abuse [CDROM]. Social Work, 39, 51-59. Abstract from: SilverPlatter File: PsycLIT Item: 81-22813.
Website:
Shade, L. P. (1995). Gender issues in computer networking. http://www.pit.edu/~women/pms.html