Conservation- The action of conserving something in particular
Conservatism- A right-of-center political philosophy based on a tendency to support gradual rather than abrupt change and to preserve the status quo
Confederacy- Who- Thomas Jefferson When- 1861 What- Established in the seven slave states in the lower south whose economy and political leadership was based on slavery
Confederate States of America- The eleven southern states are Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, and Virginia. The southern states seceded from the U.S. from 1860-1861
Communications Revolution- Increasing rapidness of communication in antebellum period. Ex) Telegraph, Clipper Ships, and Mail
Constitutions- A body of fundamental principles or established precedents according to which a state or other organization is acknowledged to be governed
Corporate Growth- The planning and execution of a wide range of strategies to meet specific organizational objectives
Counterculture- A culture with values and mores that run counter to those of established society
Culture- The arts and other manifestations of human intellectual achievement regarded collectively
Cultural Blending- Where two or more cultures mix together their way of living
Demographic Changes- The change of the quantifiable statistics of a given population
Great Depression- A drastic decline in the world economy resulting in mass unemployment and widespread poverty that lasted from 1929 until 1939
Desegregation- The elimination of laws customs, or practices under which different races, groups, etc. are restricted to specific or separate public
Abolitionist- a person who favors getting rid of a practice or institution/ really popular pre civil war in the 19th century/ throughout the US
Abigail Adams- wife of John Adams, the second president, and mother of John Quincy Adams, the sixth president/ 1744-1818/ born and died in Massachusetts
Richard Allen- a bishop, minister, writer, and one of Americas most active and influential black leader/ in 1794 he founded first independent black denomination in the US/ 1760-1831/ born in Pennsylvania
American Expeditionary Force- US armed forces sent to Europe in World War I/ 1914-1918/ lead by John Pershing
American Federation of Labor- first federation of labor unions in the US/ founded in Columbus Ohio in 1886/ founded by an alliance of craft unions disaffected from the night of labor
American Indians- member of any of the indigenous peoples of north or south America
American Protective Association- an anti-Catholic society/ 1887/ by American protestants/ in the mid-west/ collapsed in the mid-1890s
American Revolution- American colonies won independence from European rule/ 1775-1783/ between American and Great Britain
American System- a tariff to protect and promote American industry/ national bank to foster commerce and federal subsidies for roads etc./ 1820s/ Henry Clay’s system
Annexing Texas- Mexican American war/ treaty of Guadalupe/ 1845-1848/ James Polk oversaw expansion/ to gain territory
Anthracite Coal Mining- a coal strike of 1902 also known as the anthracite coal strike/ Theodore Roosevelt offered them more money
Asian Americans- an American who is of Asian descent
Articles of Confederation- original constitution of the US/ratified in 1781/ by the original thirteen colonies
Atlantic Charter- pivotal policy statement in 1941/ early World War II/ defined allied goals for the post war world/ drafted by leaders of Britain and the US
Atomic Bomb- Manhattan project/ nuclear bomb/ World War II/ bombed Hiroshima and Nagasaki/ planned completion date around 1945
Mestizo- People of mixed Indian and European heritage, notably in Mexico.
Metis- People of mixed American Indian and Euro- American ancestry.
Mexican-American War- (1846-1848) it was the first U.S. conflict fought on foreign ground. Afterwards, Mexico lost over a third of their land including California, New Mexico, Utah, Nevada, and Arizona.
Mexican Intervention- the U.S. intervened in Mexico in order for them to protect their national security and their economic interests.
Military-industrial complex- This is used in order to signify relationships between government and the defense minded manufacturers.
Minstrel shows- a minstrel show was an American entertainment that has comic skits, dancing, and music, performed by whites in blackface.
Missouri Compromise- passed in 1820 between pro and anti slavery; it prohibited slavery in the Louisiana area.
Mission settlements (missionaries) - these were Christian missions brought about between the 15th and the 17th centuries in Mexico a southwestern portions of the U.S.
Miranda vs. Arizona – it held the constitutions Fifth Amendment prohibition against its self-incrimination.
Mission system, Spanish- spoke much about the Spanish strategies, contributions, and their failed missions to regions. They did vary in the success in which they had in economic and religious ways.
Molasses Act- made about in 1733, it brought about a tax of 6 pence per gallon on imports containing molasses from colonies not associated with Britain. It better secured the trade in America.
Monroe Doctrine- was made in 1823 by President James Monroe. This doctrine warned the Europeans that the U.S. wouldn’t take further colonization or monarchs.
Moral Majority- was an American political organization having to do with Christian rights.
Moreno, Luisa- she was a leader in the U.S labor movement. She also was a social activist. Luisa unionized workers, led many strikes, and wrote pamphlets not only in English but in Spanish.
Morgan, J.p.- was an American financier and banker. He was one of the most feared men in finance. Was the primary banker for Wall Street and had a rare nose condition called rhinophyma.
Holding Companies – a company or firm that owns other companies' outstanding stock. Holding companies allow the reduction of risk for the owners and can allow the ownership and control of a number of different companies.
Homestead Act – gave an applicant ownership of land, typically called a "homestead", at little or no cost in the United States. Used before Civil War to allow farmers to individually own and operate small farms, as opposed the large slave-labored plantations of the South.
Hopper, Edward – (July 22, 1882 – May 15, 1967) was a prominent American realist painter and printmaker. His spare and finely calculated renderings reflected his personal vision of modern American life.
Hudson River School – a mid-19th century American art movement embodied by a group of landscape painters whose aesthetic vision was influenced by romanticism.
Huron Confederation, dispersal of – The Huron Confederation was 4 nations of Indians that started forming around A.D. 1300 in the Ortario area of Canada. They created a formal trading alliance with the French colony of Quebec in 1614, which later lead to the dispersal of the Confederation in 1647
Hydrogen Bomb – also referred to as a thermonuclear weapon, it was first developed and used in 1952 and has since been used in most of the world's nuclear weapons. Edward Teller and Stanislaw Ulam developed it in 1951 for the U.S
Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986 – also known as the Simpson-Mazzoli Act, signed into law by Ronald Reagan on November 6, 1986, is an Act of Congress which reformed United States immigration law. This made it illegal to hire illegal immigrants
Imperialist (anti-imperialists) – one who supports imperialism (expansion of national territory through the establishment of colonies). And one who does not.
Marshall, Thurgood – (July 2, 1908 - January 24, 1993) was an Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court, serving from October 1967 until October 1991. Marshall was the Court's 96th justice and its first African American justice.
Maryland Act of Toleration – also known as the Act Concerning Religion, it was a law mandating religious tolerance for trinitarian Christians. Passed on April 21, 1649 by the assembly of the Maryland colony, it was the second law requiring religious tolerance in the British North American colonies and created the first legal limitations on hate speech in the world.
Massive Retaliation – also known as a massive response or massive deterrence, is a military doctrine and nuclear strategy in which a state commits itself to retaliate in much greater force in the event of an attack.
McCulloch vs. Maryland – was a landmark decision by the Supreme Court of the United States. The state of Maryland had attempted to impede operation of a branch of the Second Bank of the United States by imposing a tax on all notes of banks not chartered in Maryland.
Mechanical reaper – invented by Cyrus McCormick in 1831. It greatly improved a single farm’s harvest by allowing more land to be “reaped”
Medicare – a federally administered system of health insurance available to persons aged 65 and over founded in 1966. Money from taxpayers funds this program, requiring higher taxes.
Medicaid – a social health care program for families and individuals with low income and resources. It is jointly funded by state and federal governments.
Glided Age- A term given to the period 1865-1896 by Mark Twain, indicating both the fabulous wealth and the widespread corruption of the era.
Economic Globalization- A process by which regional societies, economics, and cultures have become joined together through an international system of trade, transportation, and communication. It benefited the American consumer because it offered new and varied products at low prices.
First great awakening- The first great awakening affected British North America in the 1730s-1740s. True to the values of the Enlightenment, the Awakening emphasized human decision in matters of religion and mortality. It respected each individual’s feelings and emotions. In stark contrast to Puritanism, which emphasized outward actions as proof of salvation, the Great Awakening focused on inward changes in the Christians heart. A revival movement meant to purify religion from material distractions and renew one’s personal faith in God. The movement was a reaction the waning of religion and the spread of skepticism during the Englightenment of the 1700s.
Second great awakening- Was a Protestant revival movement during the early 19th century in the U.S. The movement began around 1790, gained momentum by 1800, and, after 1820 membership rose rapidly among Baptist and Methodist congregations, whose preachers led the movement. It was past its peak by the 1840s.
Great Depression (1928-1941) - was a severe worldwide economic depression in the decade preceding World War II. The timing of the Great Depression varied across nations, but in most countries it started in 1930 and lasted until the late 1930s or middle 1940s. It was the longest, deepest, and most widespread depression of the 20th century. In the 21st century, the Great Depression is commonly used as an example of how far the world's economy can decline. The depression originated in the U.S., after the fall in stock prices that began around September 4, 1929, and became worldwide news with the stock market crash of October 29, 1929 (known as Black Tuesday).
Great Migration (1630-1642) – Migration of 70,000 from England to the North American colonies, primarily New England and the Caribbean. The 20,000 migrants who came to Massachusetts largely shared a common sense of purpose to establish a model Christian settlement in the New World.
Great Society (1964-1968) – President Johnson term for his domestic policy agenda. Billed as a successor to the New Deal, the Great Society aimed to extend the postwar prosperity to all people in American society by promoting civil rights and fighting poverty.
Harlem Renaissance- A period in the 1920s when African-American achievements in art and music and literature flourished
Hereditary Privilege - Nobility is a social classes that possesses more acknowledged privileges or eminence than most other classes in a society, membership thereof typically being hereditary. The privileges associated with nobility may constitute substantial advantages over or relative to non-nobles, or may be largely honorary (e.g. precedence), and vary from country to country and era to era. Historically, membership of the nobility and the prerogatives thereof have been regulated or acknowledged by the monarch or government, thereby distinguishing it from other sectors of a nation's upper class. Nonetheless, nobility per se has rarely constituted a closed caste; acquisition of sufficient power, wealth, military prowess or royal favor has, occasionally or often, enabled commoners to ascend into the nobility.
Hispanics - denotes a relationship to Spain or, in some definitions, to ancient Roman Hispania, which roughly comprised the Iberian Peninsula including the contemporary states of Andorra, Portugal, and Spain and the Crown Colony or British Overseas Territories of Gibraltar. Today, organizations in the United States use the term as a broad catchall to refer to persons with a historical and cultural relationship either with Spain, or with Spain and Portugal, regardless of race. The U.S. Census Bureau defines the ethnonym Hispanic or Latino to refer to "a person of Cuban, Mexican, Puerto Rican, South or Central American (except for Brazil), or other Spanish culture or origin regardless of race,” and states that Hispanics or Latinos can be of any race, any ancestry, any ethnicity.
Imperialism (Imperial system) – The ambition of powerful nation to dominate the political, economic, and cultural affairs of another nation.
Independence movements - An independence movement is a movement that is trying to gain political independence for some area that it thinks should be its own country. Independence movements can be conducted by colonized people against their colonizers. For example, the Vietnamese fight against the French after WWII can be seen in this way as the Vietnamese felt their country should be independent rather than being a colony. Such movements can also push for partitions in an existing country. A recent example of this was the successful movement for the independence of what is now South Sudan.
International Migrants - occurs when peoples cross state boundaries and stay in the host state for some minimum length of time. Migration occurs for many reasons. Many people leave their home countries in order to look for economic opportunities in another country. Others migrate to be with family members who have migrated or because of political conditions in their countries. Education is another reason for international migration, as students pursue their studies abroad. While there are several different potential systems for categorizing international migrants, one system organizes them into nine groups: temporary labor migrants; irregular, illegal, or undocumented migrants; highly skilled and business migrants; refugees; asylum seekers; forced migration; family members; return migrants; and long-term, low-skilled migrants.
International security system - consists of the measures taken by nations and international organizations, such as the United Nations, to ensure mutual survival and safety. These measures include military action and diplomatic agreements such as treaties and conventions. International and national security are invariably linked. International security is national security or state security in the global arena.