7th Grade - Social Studies Chapter 1 & 2 Study GuideMosley/Ashe/Stingley
Multiple Choice - Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
1.Why did the earliest civilizations appear in areas like Mesopotamia and the Indus Valley?
2.The earliest tools were often made from
3.As humans migrated, they had to ______to many different ______.
4.Why was French fossil hunter Michael Brunet’s discovery so important?
5.Neanderthals appeared toward the end of the Era?
6.Statues were types of art created by ?
7.The era during which tools were first developed is known as
8.Which technology had a major effect on early human development?
9.The economy of early villages and cities was based mainly on
10.How did plants become domesticated?
11.Homo sapiens means
12.The burial practices and artwork of early humans suggests that these people may have practiced animism, a belief that
13.What is true of hunters and gatherers?
14.When early people first began to farm, what materials did they use to build their dwellings?
15.Which group represents modern humans?
16.What was a major advantage that Homo sapiens had over Neanderthals?
17.What important resources did early people need to create a food surplus?
18.Why were archaeologists interested in the cave paintings found near Lascaux in southern France?
19.When archaeologists study an excavation site, objects found closer to the surface are
20.Where do many scientists believe that human life began?
21.Archaeologists are part of a larger field of study known as
22.Many experts believe that certain early burial practices are evidence of
23.Early cities needed more government than farming villages did because
24.What is one way that Neanderthals and Homo sapiens differed?
25.If the “out of Africa” theory of human migration is correct, Homo sapien fossil remains found nearest to Africa should be
26.Which fossil find was located in Olduvai Gorge in Tanzania?
27.People were first able to start living in settled communities when
28.What was one of the most important signs that early humans were developing a complex culture?
Completion - Complete each statement.
29.A complex society that has cities, organized government, and skilled workers is called a ______.
30.As modern humans migrated, they had to ______to many different ______.
31.Early civilizations had an established ______, which was a set of shared beliefs about supernatural powers or beings that created and ruled the world.
32.200,000 years ago, ______appeared in Europe and parts of Asia.
33.With the development of farming, people were able to ______, or spend most of their time doing one job.
34.______are hardened remains of living things that existed long ago, such as plants, feathers, and bones.
35.Without the benefits that came from developing different kinds of ______, the lives of early humans were harsh and short.
36.The first discovery of early human remains in Africa was made by ______.
37.When early farmers grew more food than they needed to feed themselves, they had a ______.
38.The system that a community uses to produce and distribute goods and services is called its ______.
Short Answer - Besure to give detailed answers.
39.How was writing first used in early societies?
40.What three important resources are needed in order for people to create a food surplus?
41.Why were the locations of the early civilizations good for trade as well as agriculture?
Essay - Write your answers in complete sentences in paragraph format (introductory sentence, supporting sentences, concluding sentence). (select 2)
42.Hunting and gathering was a way of life that gave way to agriculture and permanent settlements. Each of these ways of life had positive and negative aspects. Compare the lifestyles by giving examples of the benefits and the costs of each.
43.As you have read, scientists do not agree on how Homo sapiens spread around the world. Summarize the two major theories that have been proposed and choose the one that you find to be most likely. Give reasons for your choice.
44.Use information from Chapter 1 to explain why the direction of the migration of early humans was from the northernmost part of North America, southward to Central America and then South America. Include both human migration theory and environmental factors in your answer.
45.Explain the progression that led hunters and gatherers to become people who lived in villages and developed specialized skills.
7th Grade - Social Studies Chapter 1 & 2 Study GuideAnswer Section
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1.ANS:near rivers and fertile soilsREF:S. p. 94OBJ:S.2.2.2 Students will know that in several fertile river valleys, cities gave rise to the world's first civilizations.
2.ANS:stoneREF:S. p. 64| 65OBJ:S.1.2.1 Students will know that the development of new skills allowed hunter-gatherer societies to survive.
3.ANS:adapt and environmentsREF:S. p. 70OBJ:S.1.3.2 Students will know that as they migrated, humans learned to adapt to various environments.
4.ANS:it was old and it was found in Central, not East, AfricaREF:S. p. 63OBJ:S.1.1.2 Students will know that archaeological evidence indicates that human life began in Africa.
5.ANS:PaleolithicREF:S. p. 67OBJ:S.1.2.2 Students will know that modern humans and Neanderthals both appeared late in the Stone Age.
6.ANS:Homo Sapiens REF:S. p. 72OBJ:S.1.3.3 Students will know that art and other evidence reveals that human societies became more complex and developed religious beliefs.
7.ANS:Old stone Age REF:S. p. 64OBJ:S.1.2.1 Students will know that the development of new skills allowed hunter-gatherer societies to survive.
8.ANS:the use of fire REF:S. p. 65OBJ:S.1.2.3 Students will know skills that helped hunter-gatherer societies to survive.
9.ANS:farmingREF:S. p. 91OBJ:S.2.2.5 Students will know common features of all early civilizations.
10.ANS:certain seeds were selected for replantingREF:S. p. 84OBJ:S.2.1.1 Students will know that human life changed dramatically when people learned to farm and to domesticate animals.
11.ANS:wise peopleREF:S. p. 67OBJ:S.1.2.2 Students will know that modern humans and Neanderthals both appeared late in the Stone Age.
12.ANS:natural world was filled with spiritsREF:S. p. 75OBJ:S.1.3.5 Students will know that Ice Age human societies became increasingly complex and religious.
13.ANS:They owned only what they could carryREF:S. p. 82OBJ:S.2.1.1 Students will know that human life changed dramatically when people learned to farm and to domesticate animals.
14.ANS:mud and straw REF:S. p. 86OBJ:S.2.1.4 Students will know agriculture led to permanent settlements and specialized roles.
15.ANS:Homo Sapiens REF:S. p. 67OBJ:S.1.2.4 Students will know features of early humans of the Stone Age.
16.ANS:complex language skillsREF:S. p. 66OBJ:S.1.2.2 Students will know that modern humans and Neanderthals both appeared late in the Stone Age.
17.ANS:fertile soil, fresh water, and seedsREF:S. p. 93OBJ:S.2.2.4 Students will know how villages became cities and then civilizations.
18.ANS:paintings provided evidence that humans had become more complexREF:S. p. 72OBJ:S.1.3.3 Students will know that art and other evidence reveals that human societies became more complex and developed religious beliefs.
19.ANS:not as old as those found in deeper layersREF:S. p. 59OBJ:S.1.1.1 Students will know that scientists use fossils and artifacts to draw conclusions about early humans.
20.ANS:AfricaREF:S. p. 63OBJ:S.1.1.2 Students will know that archaeological evidence indicates that human life began in Africa.
21.ANS:anthropologyREF:S. p. 58OBJ:S.1.1.1 Students will know that scientists use fossils and artifacts to draw conclusions about early humans.
22.ANS:belief in life after deathREF:S. p. 74OBJ:S.1.3.5 Students will know that Ice Age human societies became increasingly complex and religious.
23.ANS:growing population needed more managementREF:S. pp. 91-92OBJ:S.2.2.1 Students will know that as populations grew, farming villages developed into cities.
24.ANS:Neanderthals appeared about 100,000 years before Homo sapiens. REF:S. p. 66 OBJ:S.1.2.4 Students will know features of early humans of the Stone Age.
25.ANS:older than those found further from AfricaREF:S. p. 68OBJ:S.1.3.1 Students will know that over time, modern humans populated most regions of the world.
26.ANS:Leakey’s discoveryREF:S. p. 62OBJ:S.1.1.4 Students will know specific archaeological finds that suggest human life began in Africa.
27.ANS:they domesticated plants and animalsREF:S. p. 82OBJ:S.2.1.2 Students will know that farming enabled people to settle in one place and develop specialized skills.
28.ANS:Existence of cave paintingsREF:S. p. 72OBJ:S.1.3.3 Students will know that art and other evidence reveals that human societies became more complex and developed religious beliefs.
COMPLETION
29.ANS:civilizationREF:S. p. 93OBJ:S.2.2.3 Students will know that early civilizations had certain features in common.
30.ANS:adapt, environmentsREF:S. p. 70OBJ:S.1.3.2 Students will know that as they migrated, humans learned to adapt to various environments.
31.ANS:religionREF:S. p. 94OBJ:S.2.2.5 Students will know common features of all early civilizations.
32.ANS:NeanderthalsREF:S. p. 67OBJ:S.1.2.2 Students will know that modern humans and Neanderthals both appeared late in the Stone Age.
33.ANS:specializeREF:S. p. 88OBJ:S.2.1.2 Students will know that farming enabled people to settle in one place and develop specialized skills.
34.ANS:FossilsREF:S. p. 58OBJ:S.1.1.3 Students will know how artifacts and fossils help scientists learn about early humans.
35.ANS:technologyREF:S. p. 64OBJ:S.1.2.1 Students will know that the development of new skills allowed hunter-gatherer societies to survive.
36.ANS:Mary and Louis LeakeyREF:S. p. 60OBJ:S.1.1.4 Students will know specific archaeological finds that suggest human life began in Africa.
37.ANS:surplusREF:S. p. 88OBJ:S.2.1.4 Students will know agriculture led to permanent settlements and specialized roles.
38.ANS:economyREF:S. p. 91OBJ:S.2.2.1 Students will know that as populations grew, farming villages developed into cities.
SHORT ANSWER
39.ANS:Writing was first used to record numbers, like how much grain was harvested.REF:S. p. 97OBJ:S.2.2.5 Students will know common features of all early civilizations.
40.ANS:In order to have a surplus of food, people needed fertile soil, fresh water, and seeds.REF:S. p. 93OBJ:S.2.2.4 Students will know how villages became cities and then civilizations.
41.ANS:The early civilizations were all located in river valleys. This location not only provided them with fertile soil for farming, it also gave them a way to transport goods for trade. REF:S. p. 92 OBJ:S.2.2.2 Students will know that in several fertile river valleys, cities gave rise to the world's first civilizations.
ESSAY
42.ANS:Possible answer: Some positive aspects of the lives of hunters and gatherers were that they traveled easily because they had few possessions, and they did not work as hard as farmers. On the other hand, they needed much land in order to chase down herds of animals necessary for their survival, and this way of life was very difficult and dangerous.
Farmers, by comparison, enjoyed the benefit of producing more food while using less land than hunters and gatherers. People were able to live in permanent settlements, and this eventually led to the development of specialized skills. However, there were some negative aspects of the agricultural life. Crops could be affected by bad weather or disease, and starvation could become a reality. Farming was hard work and very time consuming. Farmers could fall victim to thieves and nomads who would attack and steal their food.
REF:S. p. 86OBJ:S.2.1.1 Students will know that human life changed dramatically when people learned to farm and to domesticate animals.
43.ANS:Possible answer: The two theories that have been proposed are the ”out of Africa‘ theory, which says that human life began in Africa and then gradually spread out over the earth, and the opposing theory, which maintains that humans developed separately in many part of the world and gradually mingled to become the Homo sapiens group. Students may legitimately choose either theory as more likely, but must support their choice with sound reasoning. Possible reasons for choosing the out of Africa theory include the fact that the oldest human fossils were found in Africa and that a recent study that found that people living in communities closest to Africa demonstrated the greatest genetic variety. Support for the opposing theory lies mainly in the fact that, according to the textbook, very little fossil evidence exists to support the out of Africa theory, which opens the door for other plausible theories.
REF:S. pp. 68-69OBJ:S.1.3.1 Students will know that over time, modern humans populated most regions of the world.
44.ANS:Possible answer: Based on the “out of Africa” theory, humans migrated from Africa, across Asia, and from the northernmost parts of Asia to the northernmost parts of North America. If one considers that all migration at this point in history had to take place on land, because sailing vessels had not yet been invented that could brave an ocean crossing, then this is the only reasonable path that early humans could have taken. Once the last Ice Age struck, and the northern part of North America was covered in ice, humans would have naturally migrated southward in search of warmer climates. This theory would explain the southward direction of migration from North America to Central and South America.
REF:S. pp. 68-71OBJ:S.1.3.4 Students will know ways modern humans migrated to populate Earth’s regions.
45.ANS:Possible answer: People began to domesticate animals and plants. Farming developed and they began to build small settlements. As their tools improved and they became more successful at raising crops and livestock, they found themselves with a surplus of food. Their populations grew larger and the surplus food allowed some of the people to develop other skills that would benefit the community, since everyone did not need to be involved in the task of growing food. Some of the new jobs included weavers, potters, and toolmakers.
REF:S. p. 88OBJ:S.2.1.4 Students will know agriculture led to permanent settlements and specialized roles.