5-10 Minutes Each Night Reviewing Gramar and Vocbulary of the Current Lesson

Spanish III

El 19 de octubre 2016

Capítulo 2A

Realidades-2

Lección A

(NOTEBOOKS)

5-10 minutes each night reviewing gramar and vocbulary of the current lesson.

To be completed in the regular notebooks (or JOURNALS)

Monday through Friday

JOURNAL (Notebook)

Mini Lessons -5 minutes at least every school night in notebooks (JOURNALS)

Tarea para mañana

jueves

Realidades 2 Página 81 Actividad 10

Complete as directed in class

Para mañana, el 20 de octubre 2016

¡¡¡Buena Suerte!!!

La Lección de hoy

2. A PRIMERA VISTA Capítulo 2A

Las Obras

La Fecha

El Tiempo

Vocabulario

Los Verbos- Los Verbos Reflexivos

Using Reflexive Verbs and identifying infinitives, the stem of the verbs and the root of the verbs.

Infinitive forms and finding stems for regular verbs

Overview

The infinitive is the most basic verb form in all languages. In English, the verb is always preceded by the preposition “to” as in “to speak,” “to read,” or “to write.” In Spanish, infinitives consist of only one word and are separated into three different conjugation sets according to their endings, -AR, -ER, and -IR such as “hablar,” “leer,” and “escribir.”

Verbs in the infinitive form indicate what an action is, but do not indicate anything about who is doing the action or at what point in time the action is taking place. Most verb tenses use a form of the infinitive as the stem for their conjugations. In general, for regular verbs, you simply need to remove the infinitive ending to find the stem, and then you can the add tense’s endings.

Finding the Stem from an Infinitive

-AR Verbs

There are more -AR verbs than the other two categories. There are also fewer irregular -AR verbs than -ER and -IR verbs.

Some examples of common -AR infinitives and their stems are:

infinitive / definition / stem
buscar / to look for / busc-
cantar / to sing / cant-
comprar / to buy / compr-
escuchar / to listen to / escuch-
extrañar / to miss/to yearn for / extrañ-
hablar / to speak / habl-
llamar / to call / llam-
llenar / to fill / llen-
llevar / to carry / llev-
mirar / to watch / mir-
visitar / to visit / visit-

-ER Verbs

-ER verbs make up the second largest group of infinitives in Spanish. Some common examples of -ER infinitives are:

infinitive / definition / stem
beber / to drink / beb-
comer / to eat / com-
comprender / to understand / comprend-
correr / to run / corr-
creer / to believe / cre-
deber / to owe / deb-
leer / to read / le-
meter / to put into / met-
romper / to break / romp-
vender / to sell / vend-

-IR Verbs

-IR verbs are the smallest group of Spanish infinitives. Some examples of common -IR verbs are:

infinitive / definition / stem
abrir / to open / abr-
asistir / to attend / asist-
cubrir / to cover / cubr-
escribir / to write / escrib-
incluir / to include / inclu-
pedir / to order / ped-
permitir / to allow / permit-
recibir / to receive / recib-
servir / to serve / serv-
vivir / to live / viv-

Stem changing verbs

Stem Changing Verbs

In all three conjugations of verbs (-ar, -er, and -ir) there are some verbs whose vowels change within the stem. These stem-changes occur in all persons except nosotros and vosotros. These two persons maintain the regular stem. There are six varieties of stem-changes: o->ue, e -> ie, e -> i, i -> ie, u -> ue, o -> hue. Each of these is described below with examples.

1. e to ie

This is the most common stem change for Spanish verbs.

Conjugation Example

querer - to want
quiero / queremos
quieres / queréis
quiere / quieren

The Boot!

As you can see, the stem change is only applied in 1st, 2nd, 3rd person singular and 3rd person plural, forming the shape of a boot in the conjugation chart. The "boot" is a good way to remember which persons have the stem change.

Some Common e -> ie Verbs

acertar / to guess / divertirse / to have fun / pensar (en) / to think (about)
atender / to attend to / empezar / to begin / perder / to lose
atravesar / to cross / encender / to light/ignite, to turn on / preferir / to prefer
calentar / to warm / encerrar / to enclose / querer / to want
cerrar / to close / entender / to understand / recomendar / to recommend
comenzar / to begin / fregar / to scrub/wash / remendar / to mend/patch
confesar / to confess / gobernar / to govern / sentar (se) / to sit down
helar / to freeze / sentir / to feel / sugerir / to suggest
defender / to defend / mentir / to lie / tropezar (con) / to stumble (into, across)
descender / to descend / negar / to deny
despertar (se) / to wake up / nevar / to snow

2. o to ue

This is the 2nd most common stem change after e->ie.

Conjugation Example

soñar - to dream
sueño / soñamos
sueñas / soñáis
sueña / sueñan

Some Common o -> ue Verbs

absolver / to absolve / doler / to hurt / recordar / to remember
acordarse (de) / to agree on / dormir / to sleep / remover / to remove
almorzar / to have lunch / encontrar / to find / resolver / to resolve
aprobar / to approve / envolver / to wrap / retorcer / to twist
cocer / to boil/bake / llover / to rain / revolver / to mix/shake
colgar / to hang (up) / morder / to bite / rogar / to beg
conmover / to move (emotionally) / moler / to grind / soler / to be accustomed to
contar / to count / morir / to die / sonar / to sound
costar / to cost / mostrar / to show / soñar / to dream
demoler / to demolish / mover / to move / torcer / to twist
demostrar / to demonstrate/prove / poder / to be able to / tronar / to thunder
devolver / to return (something) / probar / to taste, to prove / volar / to fly
disolver / to dissolve / promover / to promote

3. e to i

Conjugation Example

repetir - to repeat
repito / repetimos
repites / repetís
repite / repiten

Some Common e -> i Verbs

conseguir / to get / repetir / to repeat
corregir / to correct / reírse (de) / to laugh/to make fun of
despedir / to fire/to say goodbye / seguir / to follow
elegir / to elect / servir / to serve
impedir / to impede / sonreírse / to smile
medir / to measure / vestirse / to get dressed
perseguir / to follow

4. i to ie

There are only only two commonly used verbs whose stem changes from i to ie:

Conjugation Examples

adquirir - to acquire / inquirir - to inquire
adquiero / adquirimos / inquiero / inquirimos
adquieres / adquirís / inquieres / inquirís
adquiere / adquieren / inquiere / inquieren

5. u to ue

There is only one commonly used verb whose stem changes from u to ue, and it is a very common verb.

Conjugation Example

jugar - to play
juego / jugamos
juegas / jugáis
juega / juegan

6. o to hue

STEM CHANGING VERBS E:IE

The main form of the verb is called the infinitive. The infinitive consists of two parts: theendingand thestem. Theendingis the last two letters. There are only three different endings: -ar, -er, and -ir. Thestemis everything else, except the ending.

hablar: ending =ar, stem =habl
comer: ending =er, stem =com
vivir: ending =ir, stem =viv

Some spanish verbs are calledstem-changersbecause when they are conjugated, the stem changes in a predictable way. In one group of stem-changing verbs, the letterein the stem changes toiein all but the nosotros and vosotros forms. This particular type of stem-changing verb is found in all three verb types.

cerrar

yo cierro
tú cierras
él, ella, Ud. cierra

nosotros/as cerramos
vosotros/as cerráis

ellos, ellas, Uds. cierran

For a more complete discussion of verbs that change e:ie clickhere.

Here are some common e:ie stem-changing verbs.

acertar
to manage to

advertir
to alert

atender
to attend to

atravesar
to cross

calentar
to heat

cerrar
to close

comenzar
to begin

confesar
to confess

convertir
to convert

defender
to defend

despertar
to wake up

divertir
to amuse

empezar
to begin

encender
to light

entender
to understand

enterrar
to bury

fregar
to scrub

herir
to injure

hervir
to boil

mentir
to lie

merendar
to have lunch

negar
to deny

pensar
to think

perder
to lose

preferir
to prefer

querer
to want

regar
to water

sugerir
to suggest

temblar
to tremble

tender
to spread over

tropezar
to stumble on

verter
to spill

STEM-CHANGING VERBS: O:UE

Remember, there are three types of infinitives: -ar, -er, -ir. Infinitives are made up of two parts: the ending and the stem. In the following examples, the stem isunderlinedand the ending is inbold.

hablar
comer
vivir

With regular verbs, the stem stays the same, and the ending changes as they are conjugated.

hablo / como / vivo
hablas / comes / vives
habla / come / vive
hablamos / comemos / vivimos
habláis / coméis / vivís
hablan / comen / viven

With some verbs, the stem also changes when you conjugate them. In the present tense, there are three groups of stem-changing verbs:

o:ue
e:ie
e:i

With the first group of stem-changing verbs, the letter o in the stem changes to ue in all forms except the nosotros and vosotros.

contar

cuento
cuentas
cuenta

contamos
contáis

cuentan

Here’s another o:ue stem changing verb. Compare it to the regular verb comer. Notice that the endings are the same for regular verbs and stem-changing verbs.

mover (o:ue)
comer (regular -er verb)

muevo
como

mueves
comes

mueve
come

movemos
comemos

movéis
coméis

mueven
comen

Here’s another o:ue stem-changing verb. Notice how the stem doesn’t change in the nosotros and vosotros forms.

dormir (o:ue)

duermo
duermes
duerme

dormimos
dormís

duermen

Here is a list of common o:ue stem-changing verbs.

almorzar
to eat lunch

morir
to die

aprobar
to approve

mostrar
to show

colgar
to hang

mover
to move (an object)

contar
to count, to tell

probar
to prove, test, sample, taste

costar
to cost

recordar
to remember

devolver
to return (an object)

resolver
to solve

volver
to return (from someplace)

rogar
to beg, pray

dormir
to sleep

sonar
to sound, ring

encontrar
to find

soñar (con)
to dream (about)

envolver
to wrap

tostar
to toast

morder
to bite

volar
to fly

Let’s add a flashcard for o:ue stem-changers:

VERB

o:ue stem-changers (dormir)

duermo
duermes
duerme
dormimos
dormís
duermen

(almorzar, contar, costar, volver, recordar, volar)

STEM-CHANGING VERBS: E:I

parts: the ending Remember, there are three types of infinitives: -ar, -er, -ir. Infinitives are made up of two and the stem. In the following examples, the stem isunderlinedand the ending is inbold.

hablar
comer
vivir

With regular verbs, the stem stays the same, and the ending changes as they are conjugated.

hablo / como / vivo
hablas / comes / vives
habla / come / vive
hablamos / comemos / vivimos
habláis / coméis / vivís
hablan / comen / viven

With some verbs, the stem also changes when you conjugate them. In the present tense, there are three groups of stem-changing verbs:

o:ue
e:ie
e:i

With the third group of stem-changing verbs, the letter e in the stem changes to i in all forms except the nosotros and vosotros.

repetir

repito
repites
repite

repetimos
repetís

repiten

Here’s another e:i stem changing verb. Compare it to the regular verb vivir. Notice that the endings are the same for regular verbs and stem-changing verbs.

competir (e:i)
vivir (regular -ir verb)

compito
vivo

compites
vives

compite
vive

competimos
vivimos

competís
vivís

compiten
viven

Here’s another e:i stem-changing verb. Notice how the stem doesn’t change in the nosotros and vosotros forms.

pedir (e:i)

pido
pides
pide

pedimos
pedís

piden

Here is a list of common e:i stem-changing verbs.

bendecir(*)
to bless

impedir
to impede

colegir
to deduce

maldecir(*)
to curse

competir
to compete

medir
to measure

conseguir
to get, obtain

pedir
to ask for, to order

corregir
to correct

perseguir
to pursue, to persecute

decir(*)
to say, tell

reír
to laugh

despedir
to dismiss, fire

repetir
to repeat

elegir
to elect

seguir
to follow, continue

freír
to fry

servir
to serve

gemir
to groan, moan

sonreír
to smile

* Note: The verb “decir” and its derivitive forms are irregular in the first person: yo digo, etc.

Let’s add a flashcard for e:i stem-changers:

VERBs

e:i stem-changers (repetir)

repito
repites
repite
repetimos
repetís
repiten

(decir (yo digo), despedir, medir, pedir, servir)

There is only one commonly used verb whose stem changes from o to hue.

Conjugation Example

oler - to smell
huelo / olemos
hueles / oléis
huele / huelen

REFLEXIVE VERBS: PART I

A verb is reflexive when the subject and the object are the same.

There is no object here

The subject IS the object so to speak

I wash myself.
subject: I
verb: wash
object: myself

Since the subject and object are the same, the verb is reflexive.

I wash the car.
subject: I
verb: wash
object: car

Since the subject and object are different, the verb is not reflexive.

Here’s another example of how a verb can be either reflexive or non-reflexive.

I scratch myself.
subject: I
verb: scratch
object: myself

Since the subject and object are the same, the verb is reflexive.

I scratch the dog.

subject: I
verb: scratch
object: dog

Since the subject and object are different, the verb is not reflexive.