4/21: Laboratory: Conductivity (Parts A, B)

Chemistry 162-01Spring ‘10

Unit 2

4/21: Laboratory: Conductivity (Parts A, B)

Prelab due at start of lab. Report, including part C from 3/31 is due 4/26 at start of class.

4/23 Outcomes:

To use the properties of molecules to describe how samples of different gases may behave similarly.
To know the definition of pressure of a gas, typical units, and how pressure can be measured.
To know the values of standard pressure and temperature (STP) for gases and the difference vs. standard thermodynamic conditions.
To define a partial pressure and use Dalton’s Law to describe partial and total pressures in mixtures of gases.
To use critical thinking to develop the historic gas laws from experimental data.
Understand the historic gas laws relating V vs. n, P vs. V, V vs. T, and P vs. T, and the extrapolation to absolute zero.
To use gas law relationships to describe ideal vs. non-ideal behavior of gases.
To understand how the proportional gas laws are combined to give the Combined Gas Law.

Assignments:

Read §10.1 – 10.4 (Reading Quiz.)

Recommended exercises: From the above sections, all in-chapter Exercise and Practice problems, and select chapter-end problems referred to by the Practice problems.

4/26 Outcomes:

To understand how the proportional gas laws are combined to give the Combined Gas Law and Ideal Gas Equation.
To understand the gas constant, R.
To know and practice when to use the Combined Gas Law and the Ideal Gas Equation to solve problems.
To understand how the pressure and volume terms of the Ideal Gas Law are corrected for real gases, and to interpret and compare van der Waals constants of real gases.
To use gas phase data and moles to solve problems in gas phase reaction stoichiometry.
To use partial pressures in place of moles to solve problems in gas phase reaction stoichiometry (not in book).

Assignments:

Read §10.5 – 10.6 (Reading Quiz.)

Recommended exercises: From the above sections, all in-chapter Exercise and Practice problems, and select chapter-end problems referred to by the Practice problems.

Lab report due.

4/28: Laboratory: Gas Laws

Prelab due at start of lab. Report is due 5/3 at start of class.

4/30 Outcomes:

To understand the postulates of the Kinetic Theory.
To understand how molecular kinetic energies are related to T and collisions are consistent with P, V, and T, and the historic gas laws.
To understand how collisions, force, and Avogadro's Law can derive the Ideal Gas Law.
To view how molecular speeds vary with T and the influence this has on reactions.
To calculate molecular speed from T, and relate speed to diffusion and effusion.
To review the normal atmospheric chemistry of ozone and know the chain reactions that lead to its destruction.
To review carbon dioxide’s normal atmospheric chemistry, the greenhouse effect’s relationship to carbon dioxide concentrations.

Start Chapter 11

Assignments:

Read §10.7 – 10.9 (Reading Quiz.)

Recommended exercises: From the above sections, all in-chapter Exercise and Practice problems, and select chapter-end problems referred to by the Practice problems.

Graded Homework due: Chapter 10, #18 (also calculate mole fractions), 28, 30, 40, 46, 66.

5/3 Outcomes:

To relate the structure of water to its polarity and describe intermolecular forces in water.
To contrast the size of intermolecular forces to covalent bond strengths in water and in methane.
To describe the origin of London forces and know the types of molecules where they are most significant.
To compare structures and boiling points of molecules that display London force properties.
To recognize functional groups that have permanent dipoles and describe their intermolecular forces.
To know that “hydrogen bonding” is a special case of strong dipole attractions; to recognize molecules and functional groups that are capable of it and those that are not.
To show how hydrogen bonding is exhibited in properties.
To describe phase changes in water, both in its physical properties and its structure.
To understand the dynamic equilibrium between vapor and other phases that gives rise to vapor pressure.
To relate vapor pressures, intermolecular forces and boiling points.
To calculate and compare heat requirements for heating phases and changing phases.
To know how phase diagrams are constructed and interpret phase changes from them; to know the unusual aspect’s of water’s phase diagram and its implications.
To describe changes at the critical point, what a supercritical fluid is, and give examples of applications.

Assignments:

Read §11.1 – 11.4 (Reading Quiz)

Recommended exercises: From the above sections, all in-chapter Exercise and Practice problems, and select chapter-end problems referred to by the Practice problems.

Lab report due.

Lab notebooks due. They will be returned at the start of lab 5/5 with time to make initial entries.

5/5 Laboratory: Enthalpy of Vaporization of Water

Prelab due at start of lab. Report is due 5/3 at start of class. (Please note that the equation for a vapor pressure curve is not in the textbook and must be obtained from the lab manual.)

5/7 Outcomes:

To interpret viscosity and surface tension data as evidence of intermolecular forces.
To describe the origin of capillary action and the meniscus of fluids.
To describe the individual steps in the process of forming a solution, and the enthalpy and disorder changes taking place.
To use generalizations to assist in the predictions of solubilities.
To know and use common solution concentration terms: percent, Molarity, Molality, Mole Fraction.
To describe the dependence of solubility of solids and gases on temperature and why they differ.
To use Henry’s Law to determine gas solubilities.
To use vapor pressures, phase diagrams, and Raoult’s Law to describe vapor pressure changes in solutions.
To know the origin of boiling point elevation and freezing point depression and calculate them for molecular and ionic solutes.
To describe the dynamic process of osmosis, what osmotic pressure is, and to describe reverse osmosis and dialysis.

Assignments:

Read §11.5 – 11.9 (Reading Quiz.)

Recommended exercises: From the above sections, all in-chapter Exercise and Practice problems, and select chapter-end problems referred to by the Practice problems.

5/10 Outcomes:

Success on an hour exam! Content from all the above learning outcomes.

Graded Homework due, Ch. 11, #16, 20, 40, 46, 62, 70, 90

Group Sheet 2