Chapter-3
Baseline Environmental Status
3.0BASELINE ENVIRONMENTAL STATUS
3.1Introduction
This chapter illustrates the description of the existing environmental status of the study area with reference to the prominent environmental attributes. The study area covers 10-km radius around the bauxite mine.
The existing environmental setting is considered to adjudge the baseline environmental conditions, which are described with respect to climate,
hydro-geological aspects, atmospheric conditions, water quality, soil quality, vegetation pattern, ecology, land use and socio-economic profiles of people. The baseline studies are carried out for three months, covering pre-monsoon season in the various domains of environment.
This report incorporates the baseline data monitored for three months covering pre-monsoon season and secondary data collected from various Government and Semi-Government organizations.
3.2Soil Characteristics
It is essential to determine the potential of soil and base line status in the area to identify the impacts of urbanization and industrialization on soil quality. Accordingly, a study of assessment of the soil quality has been carried out.
3.2.1 Data Generation
For studying base line status of the soil of the region, a total of ten sampling locations were selected to assess the existing soil conditions in and around the mining location representing various land use conditions. The details of the soil sampling locations are given in Table-3.2.1 and are shown in Figure-3.2.1. The sampling has been carried out once during the study period representing pre-monsoon season.
TABLE-3.2.1
DETAILS OF SOIL SAMPLING LOCATIONS
Sr. No. / Location / Distance wrt Site (km) / Bearing wrt Site / PresentLandUse1 / Mine site / - / - / Hill top of mines
2 / Kuphakhal / 0.7 / SE / Agricultural Land
3 / Jugipartunda / 4.0 / SE / Agricultural Land
4 / Andrakanch / 3.5 / ESE / Agricultural Land
5 / Malegaon / 3.6 / SW / Agricultural Land
6 / Dandabar / 1.2 / NNW / ForestLand
7 / Chandragiri / 1.5 / N / Agricultural Land
8 / Kendumundi / 2.0 / W / Agricultural Land
9 / Bhamarjor / 3.6 / NNW / Agricultural Land
10 / Malipadar / 4.0 / SSW / Agricultural Land
FIGURE-3.2.1
SOIL SAMPLING LOCATIONS
Soil samples were collected by ramming an auger into the soil upto a depth of 90-cm at each location. The physical, chemical and heavy metal concentrations were determined in each sample. The soil quality at all the locations during the study period is given in Table-3.2.2. The results are compared with standard classification given in Table-3.2.3.
3.2.2Baseline Soil Status
It confirms that the study area comprises of different textures of soil reminiscent of clay, sandy clay, sandy loam, clay loam and sandy clay loam.It has been observed that the pH of the soil quality ranged from 5.9-6.9 indicating that the soil is to a certain extent acidic to neutral in nature.
The bulk density of soil ranges between 1.0 and 1.2. The Electrical Conductivity was observed to be in the range of 144-455S/cm, with the maximum (540) observed in the village Malipadar (S10) and with the minimum (115) observed in Dandabar (S6) during the pre-monsoon season. Organic carbon in the soil varies between 0.13- 1.27 indicating that the soil in the area has very less to more than sufficient quantity of organic carbon.
The Nitrogen values ranged between 27-242 kg/ha indicating that less to better quantity of nitrogen in the soil samples.The Phosphorus values range between 25-45 kg/ha. The maximum value (45 kg/ha) was found in the Chandragiri (S7) indicating that the soil has medium quantity of Phosphorus. The minimum value (25) was observed at Baphlimali and at Dandabar (S6) indicating that the soil has less quantity of Phosphorus. The Potassium values range between 106-447 kg/ha indicating that the soils in the area have very less to more than sufficientquantity of Potassium. It is observed that the total Iron and Alumina concentration in the range of 4.26% to 21.97% and 4.88% to 37.19% and Manganese and Zinc concentration in the range of 121.6 mg/Kg to 2748.3 mg/Kg and 78.4 mg/Kg to 212.1 mg/Kg in the soil samples. Boron Concentration in the range of <0.1 mg/Kg to 870.8 mg/Kg. Thus, the soil is in the study area having acceptable agricultural potential.
TABLE- 3.2.2 (A)
SOIL ANALYSIS RESULTS
Sr.No. / Parameter /S1
/ S2 / S3 /S4
/ S51 / pH (1:5 extract) / 6.1 / 6.4 / 6.2 / 6.9 / 6.7
2 / Electrical Conductivity, µS/cm (1:5 extract) / 455 / 351 / 144 / 165 / 187
3 / Bulk Density, gm/cc / 1.0 / 1.0 / 1.2 / 1.1 / 1.1
4 / Texture* / C / SC / SL / SL / CL
5 / Sand (%) / 40 / 53 / 65 / 62 / 43
6 / Silt (%) / 18 / 10 / 20 / 20 / 20
7 / Clay (%) / 42 / 37 / 15 / 18 / 37
8 / Organic Carbon ( %) / 1.27 / 1.03 / 0.4 / 0.17 / 0.51
9 / Organic Matter (%) / 2.1 / 1.78 / 0.68 / 0.3 / 0.88
10 / Av. Nitrogen as N (kg/ha) / 242 / 203 / 91 / 38 / 110
11 / Av. Phosphorus as P (kg/ha) / 25 / 33 / 32 / 42 / 43
12 / Av. Potassium as K (kg/ha) / 106 / 260 / 221 / 218 / 178
13 / Av. Magnesium as Mg (mg/kg) / 68 / 119 / 71 / 166 / 22
14 / Chloride as Cl, (mg/kg) / 106 / 106 / 70.9 / 106 / 159
15 / Sulphates as SO4, (mg/kg) / 161 / 140 / 86 / 27 / 109
16 / Calcium as Ca, (mg/kg) / 298 / 744 / 389 / 863 / 814
17 / Sodium as Na, (mg/kg) / 19.1 / 28.0 / 14.6 / 29.0 / 14.3
18 / SAR- Sodium Abs. Ratio / 0.12 / 0.11 / 0.08 / 0.11 / 0.06
19 / Total Iron as Fe2O3 (%) / 9.49 / 21.97 / 10.72 / 9.22 / 4.26
20 / Aluminium as Al2O3 (%) / 16.14 / 25.84 / 12.46 / 4.88 / 8.34
21 / Manganese as Mn (mg/Kg) / 121.6 / 2748.3 / 560.9 / 434.7 / 618.7
22 / Zinc as Zn (mg/Kg) / 112.1 / 212.1 / 119.3 / 78.4 / 85.7
23 / Boron as B (mg/Kg) / 102.0 / 2.8 / 516.5 / 200.8 / <0.1
*As per USDA classification; C: Clay; SC: Sandy Clay; SL: Sandy Loam; SCL: Sandy Clay Loam.
TABLE-3.2.3
SOIL ANALYSIS RESULTS
Sr. No. / Parameter /S6
/ S7 / S8 /S9
/ S101 / pH (1:5 extract) / 6.7 / 6.8 / 6.3 / 5.9 / 6.2
2 / Electrical Conductivity, µS/cm (1:5 extract) / 115 / 382 / 230 / 380 / 540
3 / Bulk Density, gm/cc / 1.1 / 1.2 / 1.0 / 1.0 / 1.0
4 / Texture* / SCL / SCL / CL / CL / C
5 / Sand (%) / 58 / 57 / 44 / 43 / 38
6 / Silt (%) / 14 / 48 / 24 / 22 / 20
7 / Clay (%) / 28 / 25 / 32 / 35 / 42
8 / Organic Carbon ( %) / 0.13 / 0.48 / 0.18 / 0.32 / 0.74
9 / Organic Matter (%) / 0.22 / 0.83 / 0.31 / 0.56 / 1.28
10 / Av. Nitrogen as N (kg/ha) / 27 / 112 / 37 / 67 / 144
11 / Av. Phosphorus as P (kg/ha) / 25 / 45 / 32 / 24 / 14
12 / Av. Potassium as K (kg/ha) / 290 / 447 / 210 / 131 / 90
13 / Av. Magnesium as Mg (mg/kg) / 214 / 538 / 141 / 47 / 95
14 / Chlorides as Cl, (mg/kg) / 88 / 106 / 106 / 141 / 71
15 / Sulphates as SO4, (mg/kg) / 30 / 102 / 10 / 21 / 180
16 / Calcium as Ca, (mg/kg) / 1334 / 1919 / 1972 / 307 / 314
17 / Sodium as Na, (mg/kg) / 19.6 / 40.6 / 34.8 / 26.0 / 20.6
18 / SAR – Sodium Abs. Ratio / 0.06 / 0.1 / 0.09 / 0.17 / 0.12
19 / Total Iron as Fe2O3 (%) / 97.3 / 127.6 / 109.9 / 137.4 / 169.7
20 / Aluminium as Al2O3 (%) / 279.7 / 28.9 / 870.8 / 0.5 / 0.4
21 / Manganese as Mn (mg/Kg) / 455.4 / 1425.8 / 1157.8 / 133.8 / 467.9
22 / Zinc as Zn (mg/Kg) / 97.3 / 127.6 / 109.9 / 137.4 / 169.7
23 / Boron as B (mg/Kg) / 279.7 / 28.9 / 870.8 / 0.5 / 0.4
*As per USDA classification; C: Clay; SC: Sandy Clay; SL: Sandy Loam; SCL: Sandy Clay Loam.
TABLE-3.2.3
STANDARD SOIL CLASSIFICATION
Sr. No. / Soil Test / Classification1 / pH / <4.5 Extremely acidic
4.51- 5.50 Very strongly acidic
5.51-6.00 moderately acidic
6.01-6.50 slightly acidic
6.51-7.30 Neutral
7.31-7.80 slightly alkaline
7.81-8.50 moderately alkaline
8.51-9.0 strongly alkaline
>9.00 very strongly alkaline
2 / Salinity Electrical Conductivity (ppm) (1 ppm =640µmho/cm) / Upto 1.00 Average
1.01-2.00 harmful to germination
2.01-3.00 harmful to crops (sensitive to salts)
3 / Organic Carbon / Upto 0.2: very less
0.21-0.4: less
0.41-0.5 medium,
0.51-0.8: on an average sufficient
0.81-1.00: sufficient
>1.0 more than sufficient
4 / Nitrogen (Kg/ha) / Upto 50 very less
51-100 less
101-150 good
151-300 Better
>300 sufficient
5 / Phosphorus (Kg/ha) / Upto 15 very less
16-30 less
31-50 medium
51-65 on an average sufficient
66-80 sufficient
>80 more than sufficient
6 / Potassium (Kg/ha) / 0 -120 very less
120-180 less
181-240 medium
241-300 average
301-360 better
>360 more than sufficient
Source: Hand book of Agriculture
3.3Micro-Meteorology
The meteorological data recorded during the study period is very useful for proper interpretation of the baseline information. Historical data on meteorological parameters will also play an important role in identifying the general meteorological regime of the region.
On site monitoring was undertaken for various meteorological variables in order to record the site specific data. Data was recorded every hour continuously from 01st February to 30th April 2006 to covering pre-monsoon season. The site specific data is compared with meteorological data of nearest India Meteorological Department (IMD) station located in Koraput, which is about 68-km from the proposed site in SW direction.
3.3.1Meteorological Data Recorded at Site
The meteorological parameters were recorded at site on hourly basis during the study period and consists of parameters like wind speed, wind direction, temperature, atmospheric pressure, Cloud cover and Rain fall. The maximum and minimum values for all the parameters except wind speed and wind direction are presented in Table-3.3.1.
TABLE-3.3.1
SUMMARY OF THE METEOROLOGICAL DATA RECORDED AT SITE
Month / Temperature (0C) / Relative Humidity (%) / Rainfall (mm) / Cloud Cover(Oktas)
Max / Min / Max / Min / Min / Max
February, 2006 / 28.1 / 14.1 / 86.0 / 50.0 / 0.0 / 3/8 / 5/8
March, 2006 / 32.6 / 12.8 / 87.6 / 44.8 / 0.0 / 2/8 / 6/8
April, 2006 / 30.1 / 12.1 / 72.8 / 38.3 / 67.50 / 4/8 / 6/8
- Wind Speed and Direction
The summary of the wind pattern for pre monsoon season is given in Table-3.3.2 and graphical presentation of the same is shown in Figure-3.3.1.
TABLE-3.3.2
SUMMARY OF WIND PATTERN IN STUDY AREA
Season / First Predominant Wind Direction / Second Predominant Wind Direction / Predominant Wind Speeds (kmph) / Calm (%)Pre Monsoon season (February-April 2006) / WNW (11.4%) / W (10.5%) / 1 - 19 / 4.6
Predominant winds from WNW direction were observed for 11.4% of the total time, with wind speeds (% frequencies) in the range of 1.0-5.0 kmph (6.8%), 5.1-11.0 kmph (3.8%) and 11.1-19.0 kmph (0.8%). In the W direction winds were observed for 10.5% of the total time, with wind speeds (% frequencies) in the range of 1.0-5.0 kmph (7.3%), 5.1-11.0 kmph (2.7%) and 11.1-19.0 kmph (0.4%). Whereas, in SSW direction the winds were observed for 10.4% of the total time. In other directions, the percentage frequencies observed were SW (9.3%), WSW (9.2%), NW (9.1%), S (7.5%), SSE (6.4%), NNW (5.8%), SE (4.6%), N (3.9%) , ESE(2.6%), E (2.5%), ENE (1.2%), NE (0.8%) and NNE (0.2%). Calm conditions prevailed for 4.6% of the time.
3.3.2Secondary Data from IMD-Koraput
Secondary meteorological data from IMD Koraput has been collected for temperature, relative humidity, atmospheric pressure, rainfall, wind speed and wind direction. The data at IMD is recorded twice a day viz. at 0830 hr and 1730 hr. The data recorded over 10 years from the year 1991 to 2000 is presented in Table-3.3.3.
TABLE-3.3.3
CLIMATOLOGICAL DATA GENERATED AT IMD STATION
KORAPUT (1991-2000)
Month / Atmospheric Pressure (mb) / Temperature(0c) / Relative Humidity
(%) / Rainfall
08.30 / 17.30 / Max / Min / 08.30 / 17.30
January / 914.7 / 913.0 / 25.3 / 12.3 / 66 / 44 / 7.2
February / 913.5 / 910.6 / 28.2 / 14.7 / 68 / 36 / 2.8
March / 912.7 / 909.0 / 31.3 / 17.8 / 60 / 37 / 16.8
April / 910.2 / 907.5 / 33.9 / 20.3 / 65 / 48 / 44.2
May / 907.8 / 904.5 / 34.2 / 22.2 / 62 / 49 / 72.1
June / 904.1 / 901.8 / 30.9 / 23.0 / 70 / 67 / 205.6
July / 903.0 / 901.5 / 25.2 / 20.3 / 90 / 88 / 420.2
August / 904.1 / 902.4 / 25.4 / 20.5 / 90 / 84 / 480.5
September / 906.2 / 904.0 / 26.7 / 20.8 / 88 / 83 / 238.5
October / 910.6 / 908.2 / 26.7 / 18.5 / 80 / 75 / 135.6
November / 913.5 / 911.8 / 25.4 / 13.5 / 73 / 57 / 20.1
December / 916.0 / 912.5 / 24.9 / 11.4 / 74 / 50 / 4.2
- Wind Speed and Direction
Generally, light to moderate winds prevail throughout the year. Winds were light and moderate particularly during the morning hours. While during the afternoon hours the winds were stronger. The seasonal wind roses are shown in Figure-3.3.2 through Figure-3.3.3 and presented in Table-3.3.4.
FIGURE-3.3.1
SITE WIND ROSE – PRE-MONSOON
FIGURE-3.3.2 (A)
SEASONAL WIND ROSES –IMD, KORAPUT
FIGURE-3.3.2 (B)
SEASONAL WIND ROSES – IMD, KORAPUT
FIGURE-3.3.3
ANNUAL WIND ROSE – IMD, KORAPUT
TABLE-3.3.4
SUMMARY OF WIND PATTERN IMD KORAPUT
Season / First Predominant Wind Direction / Second Predominant Wind Direction / Predominant Wind Speeds (kmph) / Calm (%)0830 / 1730 / 0830 / 1730 / 0830 / 1730 / 0830 / 1730
Pre-Monsoon / SW (26.9) / NW (15.6) / NW (21.3) / SW (16.2) / 1.0- 5.0
11.0-19.0 / 11.0- 19.0
1.0-5.0 / 0.0 / 0.0
Winter / SW (20.2) / NW (34.2) / SE (19.9) / SE (12.2) / 1.0- 5.0
5.0-11.0 / 1.0- 5.0
5.0-11.0 / 0.3 / 0.3
Monsoon / SW
(30.2) / SW (34.5) / W (14.2) / NW (14.7) / 11.0- 19.0
5.0-11.0 / 11.0- 19.0
1.0-5.0 / 0.0 / 0.0
Post-Monsoon / SW
(21.5) / SW
(20.5) / NW
(16.2) / NW
(18.5) / 11.0- 19.0
1.0-5.0 / 11.0- 19.0
1.0-5.0 / 0.0 / 0.0
Annual / SW
(24.6) / NW
(22.2) / NW
(14.2) / SW
(20.3) / 11.0- 19.0
1.0-5.0 / 11.0- 19.0
1.0-5.0 / 0.1 / 0.0
3.3.2.1Comments
The India Meteorological Department (IMD) records the data at two times a day viz. 0830 hr and 1730 hr while the site specific data has been recorded at an hourly interval. On comparison of site specific data generated for study period vis-à-vis the IMD data, slight variations were found. The following observations are brought out:
- The predominant wind direction observed at the project site during the study period of Pre-Monsoon season were WNW for 11.4% of the total time and followed by W and SSW direction for 10.5% and 10.4% of the total time, whereas the predominant wind direction and wind speed as recorded by IMD, Koraput during the Pre-Monsoon season are SW (21.6%) and followed by NW (18.5%) and SE (10.8%).
- The temperature was recorded on site when compared vis-à-vis the IMD data, slight variations was found. The mean maximum and mean minimum temperatures recorded at site during the study period were 32.6oC and 12.1oC, whereas the maximum and minimum values recorded at IMD-Koraput during the same period are 33.9oC and 14.7oC respectively;
- The Relative Humidity was observed to range from 38.3%-87.6% during the study period at the site, whereas according to IMD- Koraput the Relative Humidity was observed to in the range of 36.0-68.0% during the same season;
The data generated at project site when compared with the data recorded at IMD, it is observed that the data generated at the site is broadly in comparison with regional meteorology, except minor variations as described above.
3.4Air Quality
The ambient air quality with respect to the study zone of 10-km radius around the proposedproject site forms the baseline information. The various sources of air pollution in the region are rural/residential, domestic activities. The prime objective of the baseline air quality study was to assess the existing air quality of the area. This will also be useful for assessing the conformity to standards of the ambient air quality during the operation of the mining activities. The study area represents mostly rural environment.
This section describes the selection of sampling locations, methodology adopted for sampling, analytical techniques and frequency of sampling. The secondary data with respect to ambient air quality is also reviewed from published reports.
3.4.1Methodology adopted for Air Quality Survey
Selection of sampling locations
The baseline status of the ambient air quality has been assessed through a scientifically designed ambient air quality-monitoring network. The design of monitoring network in the air quality surveillance program has been based on the following considerations:
- Meteorological conditions on synoptic scale;
- Topography of the study area;
- Representatives of regional background air quality for obtaining baseline status; and
- Representatives of likely impact areas.
Ambient Air Quality Monitoring (AAQM) stations were set-up at fivelocations with due consideration to the above mentioned points. Table-3.4.1 gives the details of environmental setting around each monitoring station. The location of the selected stations with reference to the mines site is given in the same table and shown in Figure-3.4.1.
Frequency and Parameters for Sampling
Ambient air quality monitoring was carried out at a frequency of two days per week at each location during February to April 2006 covering pre-monsoon season. The baseline data of air environment was monitored for parameters mentioned below:
- Total Suspended Particulate Matter (TSPM);
- Respirable Particulate Matter (RPM);
- Sulphur dioxide (SO2);
- Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx); and
- Carbon monoxide (CO).
TABLE-3.4.1
DETAILS OF AMBIENT AIR QUALITY MONITORING
Station Code / Name of the Station / Distance w.r.t. site (km) / Direc-tion w.r.t. site / Environmental SettingA1 / Chandgiri / 7.0 / NE / Rural/Residential set up
A2 / Chandragiri / 1.5 / N / Rural/Residential set up
A3 / Udri / 3.0 / NW / Rural/Residential set up
A4 / Gopinathpur / 5.0 / W / Rural/Residential set up
A5 / Malegaon / 3.6 / SW / Rural/Residential set up
Duration of Sampling
The sampling duration for Total Suspended Particulate Matter (TSPM), RPM, SO2 and NOx was twenty-four hourly continuous samples per day and CO was sampled for 8–hrs continuosly thrice a day. This is to allow a comparison with the present revised standards mentioned in the latest Gazette notification of the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) (May 20, 1994).
3.4.2Presentation of Primary Data – Baseline Air Quality
Various statistical parameters like 98th percentile, average, maximum and minimum values have been computed from the observed raw data for all the AAQ monitoring stations. The summary of these results for pre-monsoon season is presented in Table-3.4.2.The results of monitoring carried out for three months are presented in Annexure-III. These are compared with the standards prescribed by Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) for rural and residential zone and Industrial zone.
FIGURE-3.4.1
AIR QUALITY SAMPLING LOCATIONS
TABLE-3.4.2
SUMMARY OF AMBIENT AIR QUALITY–PREMONSOON SEASON 2006
All values are given in g/m3
Location / SPM / RPM / SO2Max / Min / Avg / 98% / Max / Min / Avg / 98% / Max / Min / Avg / 98%
Chandgiri / 102.4 / 80.6 / 90.9 / 101.9 / 38.9 / 28.4 / 33.9 / 38.7 / 7.0 / 4.3 / 5.5 / 6.8
Chandragiri / 99.8 / 72.9 / 85.2 / 99.2 / 39.6 / 26.8 / 32.1 / 39.3 / 6.7 / 4.0 / 5.2 / 6.6
Udri / 99.6 / 76.3 / 87.0 / 99.4 / 39.9 / 26.3 / 31.1 / 39.3 / 6.9 / 4.2 / 5.0 / 6.7
Gopinathpur / 91.3 / 77.6 / 83.5 / 91.3 / 37.5 / 24.9 / 31.2 / 37.2 / 5.8 / 4.0 / 4.7 / 5.7
Malegaon / 86.4 / 69.9 / 77.0 / 85.9 / 36.1 / 23.2 / 29.0 / 35.9 / 5.6 / 4.0 / 4.8 / 5.5
Range / 69.9-102.4 / 23.2-39.9 / 4.0-7.0
Location / NOx / CO
Max / Min / Avg / 98% / Max / Min / Avg / 98%
Chandgiri / 9.9 / 4.9 / 7.2 / 9.4 / 462 / 305 / 397 / 462
Chandragiri / 9.7 / 5.5 / 7.5 / 9.5 / 400 / 335 / 371 / 399
Udri / 8.8 / 4.6 / 6.6 / 8.6 / 377 / 310 / 346 / 375
Gopinathpur / 8.2 / 5.4 / 6.6 / 8.0 / 367 / 310 / 341 / 366
Malegaon / 8.0 / 4.3 / 6.5 / 7.9 / 363 / 299 / 334 / 362
Range / 4.3-9.9 / 299-462
Summary of Observations
The results of the monitored data indicate that the ambient air quality of the region in general is in conformity with respect to rural/residential norms of National Ambient Air Quality standards of CPCB, with present level of activities.
The maximum and minimum concentrations for SPM were recorded as 102.4 g/m3 and 69.9 g/m3 respectively. The maximum concentration was recorded at Chandgiri (A1) and the minimum concentration was recorded at Malegaon (A5). The average concentrations were ranged between 77.0 to 90.9 g/m3.
The maximum and minimum concentrations for RPM were recorded as 39.9 g/m3 and 23.2 g/m3 respectively. The maximum concentration was recorded at Udri (A3) and the minimum concentration was recorded at Malegaon (A5). The average values were observed to be in the range of 29.0 to 33.9 g/m3.
The maximum and minimum SO2 concentrations were recorded as 7.0g/m3 and 4.0g/m3. The maximum concentration was recorded at Chandgiri (A1) and the minimum concentration was recorded at Chandragiri (A2), Gopinathpur (A4) and Malegaon (A5). The average values were observed to be in the range of 4.7 to 5.5g/m3.
The maximum concentration of 9.9g/m3 for NOx was recorded at Chandgiri (A1) with minimum of 4.3g/m3 observed at Malegaon (A5). The average concentrations were ranged between 6.5 to 7.5g/m3.
The maximum concentration of 462g/m3 for CO was recorded at Chandgiri (A1) with minimum of 299g/m3was observed at Malegaon (A5). The average concentrations were ranged between 334 to 397g/m3.
The SPM, SO2, NOx and COwasobserved to be high at Chandgiri. However, the air qualities in all of the sampling locations were observed to be well within the limits prescribed by CPCB for rural/residential zones.
3.5Water Quality
Selected water quality parameters of water resources within 10-km radius of the study area have been studied for assessment of the water quality in the region and to evaluate anticipated impacts due to the proposed mining activities. Understanding the water quality is essential in preparation of Environmental Impact Statement and to identify critical issues with a view to suggest appropriate mitigation measures for implementation.
The key objectives of this study are to:
- Assess the water quality characteristics for critical parameters; and
- Predict impact on water quality due to mining and other developmental activities.
The information required has been collected through primary surveys and secondary sources.
3.5.1Water Sampling Locations
Water samples were collected from ten ground water sampling locations during April 2006 representingpre-monsoon season. These samples were taken as grab samples for analysis of various parameters. The water sampling locations are listed below in Table-3.5.1 and are shown in Figure-3.5.1.
TABLE-3.5.1
WATER SAMPLING LOCATIONS
Sr.No. / Code / Location / Distance / Direction
W r t Proposed Mines Site
Surface Water
1 / SW-1 / Nala near Lundrakana / 1.6 / E
2 / SW-2 / Dandabara-Masani Nala / 1.2 / NNE
3 / SW-3 / Chandragiri-Kandabinda Nala / 1.5 / N
4 / SW-4 / Badabag-Chandragiri Nadi / 4.0 / WSW
5 / SW-5 / Nala near Malipadar / 4.0 / SSW
Ground Water
6 / Gw-1 / Paikuphakal- Bore Well / 0.5 / S
7 / Gw-2 / Chandragiri- Bore Well / 1.5 / N
8 / GW-3 / Malegaon- Bore Well / 3.6 / SW
9 / GW-4 / Bhamarjor- Bore Well / 3.6 / NNW
10 / GW-5 / Kendumundi- Bore Well / 2.0 / W
FIGURE 3.5.1