2Nd Quartersleep & Dreaming/Prenatal, Infancy, Early Childhood

2nd QuarterSleep & Dreaming/Prenatal, Infancy, Early Childhood

AP Psychology Test II

Name: ______Date: ______

????Multiple Choice Questions (worth 2.5 points each)

1. / The school of thought in psychology that turned away from the study of consciousness during the first half of the last century was
A) / behaviorism.
B) / psychoanalysis.
C) / humanistic psychology.
D) / evolutionary psychology.
E) / biological psychology.
2. / Consciousness is
A) / the ability to solve problems, reason, and remember.
B) / the sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem.
C) / the process of organizing and interpreting sensory information.
D) / effortless encoding of incidental information into memory.
E) / our awareness of ourselves and our environment.
3. / Circadian rhythm refers to
A) / the pattern of emotional ups and downs we routinely experience.
B) / a pattern of biological functioning that occurs on a roughly 24-hour cycle.
C) / the experience of sleep apnea following an extensive transoceanic flight.
D) / the cycle of five distinct stages that we experience during a normal night's sleep.
E) / a pattern of brain waves that occur during sleep.
4. / The human sleep cycle repeats itself about every
A) / 30 minutes.
B) / 90 minutes.
C) / 2 1/2 hours.
D) / 4 hours.
E) / 1.5 days.
5. / Which of the following is most accurate about a typical night's sleep?
A) / The sleep cycle repeats itself every 60 minutes.
B) / During REM sleep the muscles are tense and brain waves reveal deep relaxation.
C) / As sleep progresses, NREM-3 sleep diminish while REM sleep increases.
D) / Most of a night's sleep is spent in NREM-1.
E) / Everyone needs 8 hours of sleep per night.
6. / A person whose EEG shows a high proportion of alpha waves is most likely:
A) / dreaming.
B) / in NREM-2 sleep.
C) / in a hypnogic stage.
D) / in NREM-3 sleep.
E) / awake and relaxed.
7. / The rhythmic bursts of brain activity that occur during NREM-2 sleep are called
A) / alpha waves.
B) / circadian rhythms.
C) / sleep spindles.
D) / delta waves.
E) / amplitude waves.
8. / Hypnagogic sensations are most closely associated with ______sleep.
A) / NREM-1
B) / NREM-2
C) / NREM-3
D) / REM
E) / Stage 4
9. / The large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep are called
A) / alpha waves.
B) / beta waves.
C) / delta waves.
D) / theta waves.
E) / sleep spindles.
10. / How is the hypothalamus involved in sleep?
A) / Cell clusters in the hypothalamus stimulate the production of relatively slow alpha waves, signaling the transition from deep relaxation to sleep.
B) / The hypothalamus triggers the pituitary gland in the endocrine system to produce the hormone thyroxin, which leads you to sleep.
C) / During sleep the hypothalamus stimulates the production of free radicals, molecules that are toxic to neurons, which weakens unused connections.
D) / In response to decreasing light the hypothalamus' suprachiastmatic nucleus causes the pineal gland to increase production of melatonin, leading you to sleep.
E) / The action of the hypothalamus suppresses immune cell production that fights off viral infections and cancer.
11. / REM sleep is referred to as paradoxical sleep because:
A) / studies of people deprived of REM sleep indicate that REM sleep is unnecessary.
B) / the body's muscles remain relaxed while the brain and eyes are active.
C) / it is very easy to awaken a person from REM sleep.
D) / the body's muscles are very tense while the brain is in a nearly meditative state.
E) / it is not really sleep but is actually a progressive rock band.
12. / Production of the human growth hormone necessary for muscle development is most strongly associated with
A) / REM sleep.
B) / alpha waves.
C) / deep sleep.
D) / hypnagogic sensations.
E) / the pop-out phenomenon.
13. / Robert Stickgold believes that the main function of sleep is to:
A) / protect us from predators.
B) / allow the brain recuperate.
C) / produce growth hormones.
D) / process and consolidate memories.
E) / prune unused synaptic connections.
14. / According to the activation-synthesis theory, dreaming represents:
A) / a potential way to solve problems by combining new information with old memories.
B) / the brain's efforts to integrate unrelated bursts of activity in visual brain areas with the emotional tone provided by limbic system activity.
C) / a mechanism for coping with the stresses of daily life.
D) / a symbolic depiction of a person's unfulfilled wishes.
E) / an information-processing mechanism for converting the day's experiences into long-term memory.
15. / Riley remembered a recent dream in which his girlfriend suddenly grabbed the wheel of his speeding car. Riley's therapist suggested that the dream might be a representation of the girlfriend's efforts to avoid sexual intimacy. According to Freud, the therapist was attempting to reveal the ______of Riley's dream.
A) / neuroadaptation
B) / memeroy consolidation
C) / information processing
D) / manifest content
E) / latent content
16. / The effects of chronic sleep deprivation include:
A) / suppression of the immune system.
B) / altered metabolic and hormonal functioning.
C) / diminished attention and concentration.
D) / impaired creativity.
E) / all of the above.
17. / The branch of psychology that systematically focuses on the physical, mental, and social changes that occur throughout the life cycle is called
A) / clinical psychology.
B) / social psychology.
C) / personality psychology.
D) / developmental psychology.
E) / biological psychology.
18. / Newborn infants typically prefer their mother's voice over their father's voice because
A) / their rooting reflex is naturally triggered by higher-pitched sounds.
B) / they rapidly habituate to lower-pitched male voices.
C) / they become familiar with their mother's voice before they are born.
D) / they form an emotional attachment to their mother during breast-feeding.
E) / they have difficulty hearing lower-pitched voices during the first few days after birth.
19. / Harmful chemicals or viruses that can be transferred from a mother to her developing fetus are called
A) / teratogens.
B) / attachments.
C) / schemas.
D) / zygotes.
E) / menarche.
20. / The symptoms of fetal alcohol syndrome are most likely to include
A) / egocentrism.
B) / brain abnormalities.
C) / visual impairments.
D) / autism.
E) / assimilation.
21. / The “rooting reflex” refers to a baby's tendency to
A) / withdraw a limb to escape pain.
B) / turn the head away from a cloth placed over the face.
C) / open the mouth in search of a nipple when touched on the cheek.
D) / be startled by a loud noise.
E) / look longer at human faces than at inanimate objects.
22. / Habituation refers to the
A) / awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived.
B) / decreasing responsiveness to a stimulus to which one is repeatedly exposed.
C) / adjustment of current schemas to make sense of new information.
D) / interpretation of new information in terms of existing schemas.
E) / biological growth processes that are relatively uninfluenced by experience.
23. / Newborns have been observed to show the greatest visual interest in a
A) / rectangular shape.
B) / circular shape.
C) / bull's-eye pattern.
D) / mirrored surface.
E) / facelike image.
24. / Biological growth processes that are relatively uninfluenced by experience and that enable orderly changes in behavior are referred to as
A) / continuity.
B) / imprinting.
C) / generativity.
D) / maturation.
E) / attachment.
25. / Maturation is to education as ______is to ______.
A) / accommodation; assimilation
B) / learning; experience
C) / nature; nurture
D) / imprinting; critical period
E) / environment; learning
26. / When tethered to a mobile, infants learned the association between
A) / looking and the mobile's smell.
B) / rooting and the mobile's sound.
C) / swallowing and the mobile's color.
D) / kicking and the mobile's movement.
E) / crying and the mobile's pattern.
27. / Three-year-olds who experienced a fire evacuation caused by a burning popcorn maker were unable to remember the cause of this vivid event when they were 10-year-olds. This best illustrates
A) / habituation.
B) / assimilation.
C) / infantile amnesia.
D) / crystallized intelligence.
E) / fluid intelligence.
28. / Jean Piaget studied how children develop their abilities to think, know, and remember. Together, these abilities are called
A) / cognition.
B) / temperament.
C) / maturation.
D) / identity.
E) / attachment.
29. / According to Piaget, schemas are
A) / fixed sequences of cognitive developmental stages.
B) / children's ways of coming to terms with their sexuality.
C) / people's conceptual frameworks for understanding their experiences.
D) / problem-solving strategies that are typically not developed until the formal operational stage.
E) / moral ideas children use to understand right and wrong.
30. / Olivia understands her world primarily by grasping and sucking easily available objects. Olivia is clearly in Piaget's ______stage.
A) / preoperational
B) / concrete operational
C) / sensorimotor
D) / formal operational
E) / postconventional
31. / According to Piaget, incorporating new information into existing theories is to ______as modifying existing theories in light of new information is to ______.
A) / conservation; habituation
B) / habituation; conservation
C) / accommodation; assimmilation
D) / assimilation; accommodation
E) / sensorimotor stage; preoperational stage
32. / Three-year-old Kara calls all four-legged animals “kitties.” Her tendency to fit all four-legged animals into her existing conception of a kitten illustrates the process of
A) / conservation.
B) / assimilation.
C) / accommodation.
D) / egocentrism.
E) / habituation.
33. / Which of the following represents the correct order of Piaget's stages of cognitive development?
A) / preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational, sensorimotor
B) / sensorimotor, preoperational, formal operational, concrete operational
C) / concrete operational, sensorimotor, preoperational, formal operational
D) / preoperational, sensorimotor, concrete operational, formal operational
E) / sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational
34. / When Ryan's mother hides his favorite toy under a blanket, he acts as though it no longer exists and makes no attempt to retrieve it. Ryan is clearly near the beginning of Piaget's ______stage.
A) / sensorimotor
B) / formal operational
C) / concrete operational
D) / preoperational
E) / conventional
35. / According to Piaget, a child can represent things with words and images but cannot reason with logic during the ______stage.
A) / concrete operational
B) / sensorimotor
C) / formal operational
D) / preoperational
E) / postconventional
36. / Three-year-old Jack has a younger sister. When asked if he has a sister, he is likely to answer ______; when asked if his sister has a brother, Jack is likely to answer ______.
A) / yes; yes
B) / no; no
C) / yes; no
D) / no; yes
E) / no;huh?
37. / Four-year-old Jennifer mistakenly believes that her mother would like to receive a toy doll as a Christmas present. This best illustrates Piaget's concept of
A) / accommodation.
B) / attachment.
C) / object permanence.
D) / conservation.
E) / egocentrism.
38. / Five-year-olds who were surprised to discover that a Band-Aids box contained pencils were able to anticipate their friend's false belief about the contents of the box. This best illustrates that the children had developed a
A) / secure attachment.
B) / conventional morality.
C) / theory of mind.
D) / concept of conservation.
E) / self-concept.
39. / According to Piaget, egocentrism is to conservation as the ______stage is to the ______stage.
A) / preoperational; sensorimotor
B) / concrete operational; preoperational
C) / sensorimotor; preoperational
D) / concrete operational; formal operational
E) / preoperational; concrete operational
40. / Mrs. Pearson cut Judy's hot dog into eight pieces and Sylvia's into six pieces. Sylvia cried because she felt she wasn't getting as much hot dog as Judy. Piaget would say that Sylvia doesn't understand the principle of
A) / object permanence.
B) / conservation.
C) / assimilation.
D) / egocentrism.
E) / accommodation.

Bonus (#41-#45 ---1 Point Each)

41. / Mr. Kane occasionally stops breathing while sleeping. He wakes up to snort air for a few seconds before falling back to sleep. Mrs. Kane complains that her husband snores. Clearly, Mr. Kane suffers from
A) / sleep anomia.
B) / cataplexy.
C) / aphasic sleep.
D) / narcolepsy.
E) / sleep apnea.
42. / Nightmares are to ______as night terrors are to ______.
A) / REM sleep; NREM-3sleep
B) / REM; REM
C) / delta waves; alpha waves
D) / REM; NREM-1 sleep
E) / NREM-3 sleep; REM sleep
43. / REM rebound involves the
A) / tendency for REM sleep periods to become increasingly longer and more frequent as a normal night of sleep progresses.
B) / increase in REM sleep that characteristically follows intense learning episodes or stressful daytime experiences.
C) / unusual symptoms of tiredness and irritability that follow periods of REM sleep deprivation.
D) / tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation.
E) / replacement of REM sleep with NREM sleep.
44. / Fourteen-year-old Lisa was asked, “What would happen if everyone in the world suddenly went blind?” She responded, “Those who had previously been blind would become leaders.” Lisa's answer indicates she is in the ______stage of development.
A) / concrete operational
B) / preconventional
C) / postconventional
D) / formal operational
E) / preoperational
45. / When people with autism watch another person's hand movements, they display less ______than most others.
A) / habituation
B) / egocentrism
C) / mirror neuron activity
D) / stranger anxiety
E) / imprinting

Answer Key

1. / A
2. / E
3. / B
4. / B
5. / C
6. / E
7. / C
8. / A
9. / C
10. / D
11. / B
12. / C
13. / D
14. / B
15. / E
16. / E
17. / D
18. / C
19. / A
20. / B
21. / C
22. / B
23. / E
24. / D
25. / C
26. / D
27. / C
28. / A
29. / C
30. / C
31. / D
32. / B
33. / E
34. / A
35. / D
36. / C
37. / E
38. / C
39. / E
40. / B
41. / E
42. / A
43. / D
44. / D
45. / C

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