Supplementary table 1:
β-CaroteneCompany / European Economic Area / Worldwide
Natural / Synthetic / Natural / Synthetic
Market share (%) / Market share (%) / Market share (%) / Market share (%)
Central SOEs1 (China) / [0-5]% / [0-5]% / [0-5]% / [0-5]%
Regional SOEs1 (China) / [0-5]% / [0-5]% / [0-5]% / [0-5]%
MAI2 (Israel) / [5-10]% / [0-5]% / [10-20]% / [0-5]%
BASF AG (Germany) / [0-5]% / [20-30]% / [0-5]% / [20-30]%
DSM Nutritional Products (Netherlands) / [80-90]% / [50-60]% / [70-80]% / [60-70]%
Allied Biotech (Taiwan) / [0-5]% / [10-20]% / [0-5]% / [5-10]%
Parry Nutraceuticals (India) / [0-5]% / [0-5]% / [5-10]% / [0-5]%
Zhejiang NHU (China) / [0-5]% / [0-5]% / [0-5]% / [0-5]%
Lutein
Company / European Economic Area / Worldwide
Market share (%) / Market share (%)
Central SoEs1 (China) / [0-5]% / [0-5]%
Regional SoEs1 (China) / [0-5]% / [0-5]%
MAI2 (Israel) / [0-5]% / [5-10]%
Kemin + DSM Nutritional Products (Netherlands) / [60-70]% / [50-60]%
Cognis UK Ltd (now part of BASF AG) (Germany) / [0-5]% / [5-10]%
Omniactive/Kencor (India) / [10-20]% / [10-20]%
Cactus Botantics (China) / [0-5]% / [0-5]%
Parry Nutraceuticals (India) / [0-5]% / [0-5]%
Pioneer Enterprise (India) / [0-5]% / [0-5]%
Beijing Refine Biology Technology (China) / [0-5]% / [0-5]%
Lycopene
Company / European Economic Area / Worldwide
Market share (%) / Market share (%)
Central SoEs1 (China) / [0-5]% / [0-5]%
Regional SoEs1 (China) / [0-5]% / [0-5]%
MAI2 (Israel) / [10-20% / [10-20]%
DSM Nutritional Products (Netherlands) / [20-30% / [50-60]%
BASF AG (Germany) / [5-10]% / [0-5]%
Cyanotec (United States) / [5-10]% / [0-5]%
Parry Nutraceuticals (India) / [10-20% / [0-5]%
Chengdu Wagott Pharmacentical (China) / [0-5]% / [0-5]%
Sun Ray India (India) / [0-5]% / [0-5]%
Chenguang (China) / [0-5]% / [0-5]%
Ningbo Shunkang Health Food (China) / [0-5]% / [0-5]%
Viva Herba India (India) / [0-5]% / [0-5]%
Xinjiang Hongfan Biology Technology (China) / [0-5]% / [0-5]%
Zhejiang Xinhecheng Co., Ltd. (China) / [5-10]% / [5-10]%
Zhejiang NHU (China) / - / [0-5]%
1SOE, State-owned Enterprise
2MAI, Makhteshim Agan Industries Ltd (Israel)
Supplementary table 2:
Patent number / Title / Brief description / Assignee / Date of issueApplications of β-carotene in animal feed
7,211,280 / Condition of elderly pets / Formulation containing β-carotene to increase the longevity of pets / Nestec S.A. (Vevey, CH) / May 1, 2007
6,878,747 / Systemic formulations containing β-carotene and derivatives thereof / Formulation containing β-carotene for animal feed / * / April 12, 2005
6,310,090 / Process and product for enhancing immune response in companion animals using a combination of antioxidants / Use of β-carotene as feed additive / The Iams Company (Dayton, OH) / October 30, 2001
6,133,323 / Process for enhancing immune response in animals using .β.-carotene as a dietary supplement / Formulation containing β-carotene for animal feed / The Iams Company (Dayton, OH) / October 17, 2000
5,670,548 / Pigmentation with carotenoids / Method of pigmenting parts and products of poultry, fish and crustacean containing β-carotene / Roche Vitamins Inc. (Paramus, NJ) / September 23, 1997
5,605,699 / Pigmentation with carotenoids / Method of pigmenting parts and products of poultry, fish and crustacean containing β-carotene / Hoffmann-La Roche Inc. (Nutley, NJ) / February 25, 1997
5,229,146 / Fish feed additive and process for producing the same / β-Carotene from Dunliella algae as feed additive / * / July 20, 1993
5,217,734 / Pet bird feed additive and process for producing the same / β-Carotene from Dunliella algae as feed additive / * / June 8, 1993
Applications of β-carotene for humans (dietary supplements, cosmetics...)
8,445,037 / Volatile distillate by-product of mint oil that promotes absorption and/or bioavailability of compounds of bio-medical and nutritional interest / β-carotene as adjuvant in biomedical compounds / A. M. Todd Company (Kalamazoo, MI) / May 21, 2013
8,361,512 / Nutrient compositions and methods for enhanced effectiveness of the immune system / Methods and compositions containing β-carotene for increasing CD4.sup.+ cell count in mammals / K-PAX Vitamins, Inc. (Mill Valley, CA) / January 29, 2013
8,263,147 / Infant formulas containing docosahexaenoic acid and lutein / Method of reduce risk of retinopathy of premature infants containing β-carotene / Abbott Laboratories (Abbott Park, IL) / September 11, 2012
8,197,855 / Compositions and methods for nutrition supplementation / Composition containing β-carotene to treat subjects undergoing physiologically stressful events / Everett Laboratories, Inc. (West Orange, NJ) / June 12, 2012
8,101,587 / Kits for nutrition supplementation / Composition containing β-carotene to treat subjects undergoing physiologically stressful events / Everett Laboratories, Inc. (West Orange, NJ) / January 24, 2012
7,951,847 / Nutrient compositions and methods for enhanced effectiveness of the immune system / Composition containing β-carotene to be used in nutrient compositions / K-PAX Vitamins, Inc. (Mill Valley, CA) / May 31, 2011
7,790,209 / Total enteral nutritious composition / Composition containing β-carotene to improves serum albumin and ameliorates bedsores / Ajinomoto Co., Inc. (Tokyo, JP) / September 7, 2010
7,763,301 / Emulsified liquid shortening compositions comprising dietary fiber gel, water and lipid / Formulation containing β-carotene to reduce production costs of formulated foods / Z Trim Holdings, Inc. (Mundelein, IL) / July 27, 2010
7,560,123 / Compositions and methods for nutrition supplementation / Composition containing β-carotene to treat subjects undergoing physiologically stressful events / Everett Laboratories, Inc. (West Orange, NJ) / July 14, 2009
7,438,936 / Dietary supplement and related method / Dietary supplement containing β-carotene / Access Business Group International LLC (Ada, MI) / October 21, 2008
7,273,622 / Super absorption Coenzyme Q.sub.10 / Dietary supplement containing β-carotene / Soft Gel Technologies, Inc. (Los Angeles, CA) / September 25, 2007
7,223,736 / Composition for the prevention and treatment of cachexia / Formulation containing β-carotene to prevent and treat cachexia / Abbott Laboratories (Abbott Park, IL) / May 29, 2007
7,090,879 / Nutritional formula containing select carotenoid combinations / Formula containing β-carotene / Abbott Laboratories (Abbott Park, IL) / August 15, 2006
7,060,263 / Super absorption Coenzyme Q.sub.10 / Dietary supplement containing β-carotene / Soft Gel Technologies, Inc. (Los Angeles, CA) / June 13, 2006
7,056,525 / Carotenoid formulations, comprising a mixture of .β.-carotene, lycopene and lutein / Formulation containing β-carotene to be used in human and animal foods, cosmetics and pharmaceuticals / BASF Aktiengesellschaft (Ludwigshafen, DE) / June 6, 2006
6,890,961 / Clear micellized formulations of .β.-carotene and method of treating leukoplakia / Topic application of a formulation containing β-carotene / Micelle Products, Inc. (Lake Forest, CA) / May 10, 2005
6,849,613 / Multiple antioxidant micronutrients / Formulation containing β-carotene as antioxidant / * / February 1, 2005
6,835,401 / Method of treating diseases caused by over-production of free-radicals / Formulation containing β-carotene to prevent overproduction of free radicals like aging, arteriosclerosis and cancer / Pharmaton SA (Bioggio, CH) / December 28, 2004
6,814,958 / Food compositions, compositions for oral cavity and medicinal compositions for preventing or treating periodontosis and method for preventing or treating periodontosis / Formulation containing β-carotene to prevent or treat periodontosis / Sunstar Inc. (Osaka, JP) / November 9, 2004
6,764,693 / Free radical quenching composition and a method to increase intracellular and/or extracellular antioxidants / Formulation containing β-carotene to reduce undesirable side effects of free radicals / Amaox, Ltd. (Lawton, MI) / July 20, 2004
6,759,436 / Clear micellized formulations of .β.-carotene and method of treating leukoplakia / Topic application of a formulation containing β-carotene / Micelle Products, Inc. (Lake Forest, CA) / July 6, 2004
6,660,297 / Nutritional supplement to treat macular degeneration / Dietary supplement containing β-carotene to strengthen and promote retinal / Bausch & Lomb Incorporated (Rochester, NY) / December 9, 2003
6,627,231 / Method for improving the cell protection / Formulation containing β-carotene to prevent overproduction of free radicals like aging, arteriosclerosis and cancer / Pharmaton SA (Bioggio, CH) / September 30, 2003
6,623,734 / Super absorption coenzyme Q10 / Dietary supplement containing β-carotene / Soft Gel Technologies, Inc. (Los Angeles, CA) / September 23, 2003
6,617,356 / Gel system for oral and topical administration of water insoluble and/or water intolerant drugs and supplements / Gel system containing β-carotene to be used as supplement / * / September 9, 2003
6,589,535 / Nutritional supplement based on blackcurrant seed oil / Composition containing β-carotene for preventing and/or combating the harmful effects of xenobiotics on the skin, in particular on the skin's immune system / Johnson & Johnson SA (FR) / July 8, 2003
6,583,152 / Composition for reducing the risk or progression of cardiovascular diseases / Composition containing β-carotene to reduce the risk or progression of cardiovascular diseases / DexGen Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (Manasquan, NJ) / June 24, 2003
6,541,043 / Method and synergistic composition for treating attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder / Composition containing β-carotene for treating attention deficit / DexGen Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (Manasquan, NJ) / April 1, 2003
6,511,675 / Composition and method for correcting a dietary phytochemical deficiency / A composition containing β-carotene for correcting a dietary phytonutrient deficiency / Access Business Group International, LLC (Ada, MI) / January 28, 2003
6,509,029 / Carotenoid formulations, comprising a mixture of .β.-carotene, lycopene and lutein / Carotenoid formulation to be used in human and animal foods, cosmetics and pharmaceuticals / BASF Aktiengesellschaft (Ludwigshafen, DE) / January 21, 2003
6,428,816 / Carotenoid agent for inhibiting the conversion of epithelial cells to tumors / Composition including β-carotene to inhibit a carcinogen / Cognis Australia Pty., Ltd. (Broadmeadows, AU) / August 6, 2002
6,399,114 / Nutritional system for nervous system disorders / Composition for treating nervous system disorders / C & D Foreman, Inc. (Chesterfield, VA) / June 4, 2002
6,387,883 / Method for the prevention and treatment of cachexia and anorexia / Formulation containing β-carotene to prevent or treat cachexia and anorexia / Abbott Laboratories (Abbott Park, IL) / May 14, 2002
6,326,355 / Method for the prevention and treatment of cachexia and anorexia / Formulation containing β-carotene to prevent or treat cachexia and anorexia / Abbott Laboratories (Abbott Park, IL) / December 4, 2001
6,294,520 / Material for passage through the blood-brain barrier / Formulation containing β-carotene / * / September 25, 2001
6,261,598 / Carotenoid formulations, comprising a mixture of β-carotene, lycopene and lutein / Formulation containing β-carotene to be used in human and animal foods, cosmetics and pharmaceuticals / BASF Aktiengesellschaft (Ludwigshafen, DE) / July 17, 2001
6,251,953 / β-carotene therapy of individuals having abnormal immunological and serological indices, and individuals having infections and diseases causing changes therein / β-carotene as therapy of individuals having abnormal immunological and serological indices / Brookner; Andrew (Short HIlls, NJ) / June 26, 2001
6,136,859 / Pharmaceutical formulation for treating liver disorders / Pharmaceutical formulation containing β-carotene / Pharma Nord ApS (Vojens, DK) / October 24, 2000
6,110,478 / Composition having tanning and photoprotective activity, and its cosmetic applications / Composition containing β-carotene with photoprotective activity / Laboratoire Oenobiol (Paris, FR) / August 29, 2000
6,103,755 / Foodstuff with prophylactic and/or healing effect and process for its production / Food containing β-carotene as additive / * / August 15, 2000
6,077,828 / Method for the prevention and treatment of cachexia and anorexia / Formulation containing β-carotene to prevent or treat cachexia and anorexia / Abbott Laboratories (Abbott Park, IL) / June 20, 2000
6,007,856 / Oil-in-water dispersions of .β.-carotene and other carotenoids stable against oxidation prepared from water-dispersible beadlets having high concentrations of carotenoid / β-carotene dispersion to be used as food supplement / The Procter & Gamble Company (Cincinnati, OH) / December 28, 1999
5,977,073 / Nutrient composition for treatment of immune disorders / Composition containing β-carotene to treat immune disorders / Life Sciences' Technologies, Inc. (Birmingham, AL) / November 2, 1999
5,972,985 / Histidine containing nutriceutical compositions / Nutriceutical composition containing β-carotene / Cytos Pharmaceuticals, LLC (Durham, NC) / October 26, 1999
5,919,820 / Antioxidant medicament / Pharmaceutical composition containing β-carotene to be used as antioxidant medicament / Pharma Nord ApS (Vojens, DK) / July 6, 1999
5,883,086 / DHEA-containing nutritional supplement / Nutritional supplement containing β-carotene to treat stress symptoms / * / March 16, 1999
5,871,766 / Β-carotene vitamin E therapy for inhibition of major vascular events / Pharmaceutical composition containing β-carotene / Brigham and Women's Hospital (Boston, MA) / February 16, 1999
5,849,787 / Hypercholesterolemia therapeutic agent / A hypercholesterolemia therapeutic agent containing β-carotene as an effective ingredient / Mutsunori Fujiwara (Tokyo, JP) / December 15, 1998
5,837,309 / Process of making a baby food containing light fleshed vegetables and product thereof / Food composition containing β-carotene for babies / Beech-Nut Nutrition Corporation (St. Louis, MO) / November 17, 1998
5,834,044 / Method of making a health food product containing anti-oxidants / β-Carotene as food additive / Mars, Incorporated (McLean, VA) / November 10, 1998
5,804,573 / Stabilized pharmaceutical composition containing derivative of vitamins D.sub.2 and D.sub.3 / Pharmaceutical composition containing β-carotene / Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd. (Jerusalem, IL) / September 8, 1998
5,738,859 / Cosmetic composition / Formulation containing β-carotene for cosmetics / Abbe Cosmetic Group International, Inc. (Farmingdale, NY) / April 14. 1998
5,733,884 / Enteral formulation designed for optimized wound healing / Formulation containing β-carotene / Nestec Ltd. (Vevey, CH) / March 31, 1998
5,723,166 / Process of making a baby food containing light fleshed vegetables and product thereof / Food composition containing β-carotene for babies / Beech-Nut Nutrition Corporation (St. Louis, MO) / March 3, 1998
5,705,526 / Hypercholesterolemia therapeutic agent / A hypercholesterolemia therapeutic agent containing β-carotene as an effective ingredient / Fujiwara; Mutsunori (Tokyo, JP) / January 6, 1998
5,700,782 / Enteral nutritional product / Formulation containing β-carotene for human supplements / Abbott Laboratories (Abbott Park, IL) / December 23, 1997
5,670,549 / Prevention and amelioration of liver toxicity with β-carotene / Formulation containing β-carotene to prevent liver toxicity / * / September 23, 1997
5,662,934 / Compositions and methods for lowering cholesterol while maintaining antioxidant levels / Composition containing β-carotene to maintain antioxidant levels / * / September 2, 1997
5,643,623 / Health food product and its uses / Formulation containing β-carotene to enhance in vivo oxidative defense / Mars Incorporated (McClean, VA) / July 1, 1997
5,637,324 / Medical food composition for metabolic detoxification / Formulation containing β-carotene as medical food / * / June 10, 1997
5,629,023 / Medical food composition for metabolic detoxification / Formulation containing β-carotene as medical food / * / May 13, 1997
5,569,459 / Pharmaceutical compositions for the management of premenstrual syndrome and alleviation of menopausal disorders / Pharmaceutical composition containing β-carotene / Bio-Virus Research Incorporated (San Mateo, CA) / October 29, 1996
5,554,374 / Skin preparation using nanospheres / Drug carrier encapsulating β-carotene for cosmetics / Cosmetics Development Company Limited (GB) / September 10, 1996
5,547,927 / Enteral nutritional product for patients undergoing radiation therapy and/or chemotherapy / Formulation containing β-carotene / Abbott Laboratories (Abbott Park, IL) / August 20, 1996
5,516,535 / Beverage compositions having enhanced .β.-carotene bioavailability / Formulation containing β-carotene with high bioavailability / The Procter & Gamble (Cincinnati, OH) / May 14, 1996
5,514,656 / Method of providing enteral nutritional support for patients undergoing radiation therapy and/or chemotherapy / Formulation containing β-carotene / Abbott Laboratories (Abbott Park, IL) / May 7, 1996
5,514,382 / Daily vitamin and mineral supplement for women / Formulation containing β-carotene for food supplement / Sultenfuss; Sherry (Largo, FL) / May 7, 1996
5,475,006 / Extensively oxidized derivatives of carotenoids, retinoids and related conjugated polyenes useful as non-toxic cell-differentiation inducers, anti-proliferative agents, and anti-tumor agents / β-carotene as nutreceutical / National Research Council of Canada (Ottawa, CA) / December 12, 1995
5,457,135 / Treatment of age related macular degeneration with β-carotene / β-carotene to treat age related macular degeneration / * / October 10,1995
5,455,280 / Treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia with β-carotene / β-carotene to treat chronic lymphocytic leukemia / * / October 3, 1995
5,424,331 / Pharmaceutical compositions and dietary soybean food products for the prevention of osteoporosis / Pharmaceutical composition of β-carotene / Bio-Virus Research Incorporated (San Mateo, CA) / June 13, 1995
5,397,786 / Rehydration drink / Drink to be used in diarrhea processes containing β-carotene / * / March 14, 1995
5,368,870 / Method for making vitamin enriched cereal / Fortification process of cereals by β-carotene / General Mills, Inc. (Minneapolis, MN) / November 29, 1994
5,310,764 / Treatment of age related macular degeneration with β-carotene / β-carotene to treat age related macular degeneration / * / May 10 1994
5,310,554 / High purity β-carotene / Composition with high purity of β-carotene to be administrated to humans / Natural Carotene Corporation (Tukwila, WA) / May 10, 1994
5,308,832 / Nutritional product for persons having a neurological injury / Nutritional product containing β-carotene as antioxidant / Abbott Laboratories (Abbott Park, IL) / May 3, 1994
5,294,606 / Isotonic energy composition and method to use same / Beverage containing β-carotene / Reliv' International Inc. (Chesterfield, MO) / March 15, 1994
5,270,063 / Ready-to-eat cereal products enriched with β-carotene / Biofortified cereals with β-carotene for humans / Kellogg Company (Battle Creek, MI) / December 14, 1993
5,258,189 / Method for making vitamin enriched cereal / Fortification process of cereals by β-carotene / General Mills, Inc. (Minneapolis, MN) / November 2, 1993
5,234,702 / Antioxidant system for powdered nutritional products / Use of β-carotene as antioxidant / Abbott Laboratories (Abbott Park, IL) / August 10, 1993
5,223,285 / Nutritional product for pulmonary patients / Food supplement containing β-carotene / Abbott Laboratories (Abbott Park, IL) / June 29, 1993
5,153,012 / Process for preparing beverage containing .β.-carotene / Method to prepare a beverage containing β-carotene / Ohtaka; Hisaaki (Nishitama-gun, Tokyo, JP), Sudo; Ryosei (Nishitama-gun, Tokyo, JP) / October 6, 1992
5,124,313 / Methods of improved skin care and the treatment of dermatological conditions / Methods for treating or preventing dermatological diseases containing β-carotene / * / June 23, 1992
5,002,779 / Dry stable chocolate beverage containing iron and vitamin C / Method relating to nutritional improvement containing β-carotene / The Procter & Gamble Company (Cincinnati, OH) / March 26, 1991
4,992,282 / Stable nutritional vitamin and mineral supplemented beverage / Vitamin and mineral-fortified beverage containing β-carotene / The Procter & Gamble Company (Cincinnati, OH) / February 12, 1991
4,943,433 / Pharmacological/cosmetic preparation / Pharmacological/cosmetic preparation containing β-carotene / * / July 24, 1990
4,931,467 / Drug composition for treating or preventing acne by oral administration / Composition containing β-carotene as pharmaceutical or cosmetic / L'Oreal (Paris, FR) / June 5, 1990
4,693,892 / Gelatin containing .β.-carotene / Capsules for pharmaceuticals containing β-carotene / Bayer Aktiengesellschaft (Leverkusen, DE) / September 15,1987
4,689,245 / Low-fat dairy coffee whitener / Product with β-carotene / Cornell Research Foundation (Ithaca, NY) / August 25, 1987
4,642,318 / Method for decreasing radiation load in PUVA therapy / β-Carotene effective polyene compound / * / February 10, 1987
β-Carotene produced by algae
8,067,225 / Microalga species and its application for animal, human consumption and in obtaining carotenoids / Microalgae strain producing β-carotene / Universidad de Almeria (Almeria, ES) / November 29, 2011
4,915,965 / Process for production of encapsulated foodstuff containing Dunaliella algae / Encapsulated Dunaniella salina / * / April 10, 1990
4,915,961 / Vacuum-packed food containing Dunaliella algae and process for the production thereof / Food containing Dunaliella algae / * / April 10, 1990
4,913,915 / Solid food stuff composition containing Dunaliella algae and process for the production thereof / Food containing Dunaliella algae / * / April 3, 1990
4,680,314 / Process for producing a naturally-derived carotene/oil composition by direct extraction from algae / Process to produce β-carotene from algae / Microbio Resources, Inc. (San Diego, CA) / July 14, 1987
4,554,390 / Method for harvesting algae / Method to obtain β-carotene from algae / Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (both of, AU)
Βtene Limited (both of, AU) / November 19, 1985
4,439,629 / Extraction process for β-carotene / Method to obtain β-carotene from algae / Hoffmann-La Roche Inc. (Nutley, NJ) / March 27, 1984
4,199,895 / Production of glycerol, carotenes and algae meal / Process to obtain β-carotene from algae / Yeda Research and Development Co. Ltd. (Rehovot, IL) / April 29, 1980
β-Carotene produced by bacteria
8,030,022 / Microorganism and method for producing carotenoid using it / Bacterium from the genus Paracoccus which produce β-carotene / Tosoh Corporation (Shunan-shi, JP) / October 4, 2011
6,825,002 / Process for producing carotenoid pigments / Method to produce higher levels of β-carotene in E-396 strain / Nippon Mitsubishi Oil Corporation (Tokyo, JP) / November 30, 2004
5,935,808 / Carotenoid-producing bacterial species and process for production of carotenoids using same / Paracoccus strain DSM 11574 which produces β-carotene / Yissum Research and Development Company of the Hebrew University of (Jerusalem, IL) / August 10, 1999
5,858,761 / Bacteria for production of carotenoids / Bacteria producing β-carotene / Nippon Oil Company, Ltd. (Tokyo, JP) / January 12, 1999
5,607,839 / Bacteria belonging to new genus process for production of carotenoids using same / Bacterium from a new genus producing β-carotene / Nippon Oil Company, Ltd. (Tokyo, JP) / March 4, 1997
β-Carotene produced by fungi
7,252,965 / Method of production of .β.-carotene by fermentation in mixed culture using (+) and (-) strains of Blakeslea trispora / β-Carotene produced by Blakeslea trispora / Antibioticos, S.A.U. (Leon, ES) / August 7, 2007
7,015,014 / Isolation of carotenoid crystals / Crystalline carotenoid composition from Phaffia / DSM IP Assets B.V. (Te Heerlen, NL) / March 21, 2006
6,783,951 / Process for production of carotenoids, xanthophylls and apo-carotenoids utilizing eukaryotic microorganisms / Method for produce an effective amount of β-carotene from Thraustochytriales / * / August 31, 2004
5,691,190 / Phaffia rhodozyma mutants, process for producing .β.-carotene and use of .β.-carotene rich biomass / Phaffia rhodozyma mutants with high levels of β-carotene / Pernod Ricard (Paris, FR) / November 25, 1997