EUROPE BETWEEN THE WARS

FOCUS QUESTIONS

1. What problems did European countries face in the 1920's?

2. How did France, Great Britain & the U.S. respond to the various cries that they faced in the interwar years?

3. To what degree were the characteristics of totalitarian states present in Fascist Italy, Nazi Germany & Stalinist Russia?

4. What new dimensions in mass culture & mass leisure emerged during the interwar years & what role did these activities play in totalitarian states?

5. What were the main cultural & intellectual trends in the interwar years?

6. Why have some historians called the 1920's both an age of anxiety & a period of hope?

NEW ECONOMIC POLICY

  • War & revolution destroyed the ______, ______was at a standstill, industrial production ______, & many skilled workers ______to other countries
  • March 1921, Lenin put away his plan for a state-controlled economy & resorted to a small-scale version of ______called (NEP) New ______Policy
  • Allowed ______to sell their surplus ______instead of turning them over to the government
  • Government kept control of ______industries, ______& communication but let smaller industries & farms operates under private ownership while also encouraging ______investment
  • The country slowly ______& by 1928, Russia’s ______& ______were producing as much as they had before ______
  • Lenin saw ______as a threat so he organized Russia into several self-governing ______under the ______government called the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (______)
  • The Bolsheviks renamed their party the ______Party (writings of Karl Marx)
  • Communism describes a ______society that would exist after ______had seized power
  • In 1924 they created a ______based on socialist & democratic ______
  • Communist Party really held all the ______“______of the Communist Party” not the ______as Marx had promoted

JOSEPH STALIN

Rise To Pwer

  • In 1922 Lenin suffered a ______but survived, but the incident set up the ______for heading up the Communist Party between Leon ______& Joseph ______
  • Stalin began his ______climb to the head of the government between 1922 & 1927
  • 1922 he was general ______of the Communist Party & moved his supporters to positions of power
  • Lenin believed Stalin to be ______& by 1928 Stalin was in total ______of the party & forced Trotsky into ______in 1929
  • Stalin was now the ______power & ______

Totalitarianism

  • Stalin was determined that the Soviet Union should find its place both ______& ______among the most powerful nations in the ______
  • Used tactics designed to ______himself of ______& worked to establish total control of all aspects of ______in the Soviet Union
  • He controlled the ______& also the ______& many aspects of citizen’s ______lives
  • Totalitarianism describes a government that takes total, ______, state control over every aspect of ______& ______life while providing a sense of ______& direction for the future
  • Dictators of totalitarian states use ______& ______to force obedience & to crush opposition
  • Police serve to ______the central governments ______rather than ______to ______activity & protect ______
  • Totalitarian states rely on ______(instruction in the governments beliefs) to mold peoples minds
  • Control of ______is essential to ______the leader & his policies & convince all citizens that their unconditional loyalty & support are ______(enforced by schools)
  • ______(biased or ______information used to sway people to accept certain beliefs) & ______(control of all mass media) allows this to happen
  • Suggesting that information is ______is considered as ______& severely punished by imprisonment or ______
  • “______of the State” are often ______for things that go wrong & they are often members of ______or ethnic groups (Religious or ______Persecution)

Stalin’s Methods

  • To realize his vision of a perfect Communist State Stalin planned to transform the Soviet Union into a totalitarian state & began by ______his enemies (real & ______)
  • Stalin built a ______state to maintain his ______
  • The secret police used ______& ______cars to stop ______, monitored phone lines, read ______& placed ______everywhere
  • Arrested & executed millions of so-called ______
  • In 1934, Stalin turned ______members of the Communist Party
  • In 1937 he launched the Great ______
  • Campaign of ______directed at ______anyone who threatened his ______
  • 1,000’s of the Bolsheviks that helped ______the revolution in 1917 stood ______, were ______or were sent to labor ______
  • Stalin’s government controlled all newspapers, motion pictures, radio, & other sources of ______
  • No individual ______was allowed if it did not conform to the ______of the state
  • ______& programs had to be ______
  • Government controlled ______from nursery school through universities & were taught the ______of the Communist Party
  • If students or professors ______they were ______
  • Government encouraged ______& aimed to replace ______teachings with the ideals of communism
  • ______were destroyed & ______leaders were killed or sent to labor camps

Command Economy

  • “We are ______or a ______years behind the advanced countries. We must make good distance in ______years”
  • Government made all ______decisions by identifying the ______& determining how to ______them

Five-Year Plans

  • Plans to ______the Soviet Unions ______
  • Set impossibly high ______(goals) to increase the ______of steel, coal, oil, & electricity
  • To reach these targets, the government ______production of consumer ______
  • As a result, people faced severe ______of housing, food, clothing, & other necessary goods

Agricultural Revolution

  • In 1928, the government began to ______over 25 million privately owned ______in the U.S.S.R.
  • Many destroyed ______& killed ______as a sign of ______
  • It ______them into large, ______owned farms (______farms)
  • Hundreds of families worked on the collectives producing ______for the state (mostly ______)
  • Workers received ______instead of a share of the ______

Women’s Rights

  • Women’s role in ______greatly ______as people became better educated & mastered technical skills
  • The revolution in 1917 had declared men & women as “______”
  • ______were passed to grant ______equal rights
  • Under the Five-Year Plans, women had no choice but to ______the ______force
  • The state provided ______care for all working mothers as they performed the same jobs as men
  • Women prepared for careers in engineering, science & medicine
  • Even though they were full time ______, women were still responsible for ______& ______care
  • ______is considered a ______duty in totalitarian regimes

Total Control Achieved

  • By the mid-1930’s, Stalin had forcibly ______the Soviet Union into a ______regime & an ______& ______power
  • He stood unopposed as a ______& maintained his ______over the Communist Party
  • Stalin did not tolerate individual ______as he saw it as a threat to the ______& ______required of citizens in a totalitarian state
  • He ushered in a period of ______control & rule by ______, rather than ______government

Postwar Beliefs

  • People questioned ______beliefs
  • ______developments challenged the way people looked at the world
  • Women demanded more ______

20th Century Enlightenment

Science

  • Albert Einstein
  • ______physicist has new ideas on space, ______, energy, & ______
  • 1905 he theorized that while speed of ______was constant, other things that seemed constant actually are ______
  • Theory of ______stated space & time change when measured relative to an object moving near the speed of ______
  • Sigmund Freud
  • Austrian physician, treated people with ______problems
  • Believed that much of human behavior is ______, called this part of the mind the unconscious
  • Said that the mind has several drives that the conscious mind is ______of (personal pleasure, etc.)

Literature

  • T. S. Elliot
  • 1922 American poet wrote that Western society had lost its spiritual ______
  • Described the postwar world as a barren wasteland drained of ______and ______
  • Franz Kafka
  • Czech author wrote The Trial and The Castle
  • Featured people caught in threatening ______that they couldn’t ______or escape
  • Existentialism
  • Jean Paul ______was the main philosopher of this movement
  • Believe there is no ______meaning to ______& that each person created his own meaning in life through ______made & actions taken
  • Friedrich Nietzsche a German philosopher who said that western ideas had stifled peoples creativity & believed that people should return to ______values

Arts

  • Wanted to depict the inner emotions & ______instead of showing ______images
  • Expressionists used bold colors & ______or exaggerated forms
  • Cubism transformed natural objects into ______forms
  • Objects were broken in to smaller parts & used sharp ______
  • Surrealism
  • Art movement that linked the world of ______with real ______, inspired by Freud
  • Painters tried to call on their unconscious mind & paintings were often eerie, dreamlike quality & depicted objects in ______ways
  • Jazz
  • Emerged in the United States
  • Developed by ______American musicians in New Orleans, Memphis, & ______
  • Spread across the globe & brought a feeling of new ______

Changes in Society

  • Women
  • Wore shorter, looser fitting ______
  • Wore their hair in the ______, or cut short
  • Women still followed the traditional marriage & family ______
  • Women working in the war effort was essential in them winning the right to ______
  • Technology
  • Automobile
  • ______from creation of electric starters, air-filled tires, & more powerful engines
  • Prewar only the rich owned cars, but after the war cars became ______for the middle class family
  • Changed peoples lives because they could now ______for ______
  • Also effected where people lived & worked because they could now travel longer ______
  • Airplanes
  • 1919 two British pilots made the first successful flight across the ______Ocean
  • 1927 Charles ______made a solo flight from New York to Paris
  • ______airlines were established during this time, but only the rich could afford to fly for ______
  • 1932 Amelia Earhart became the first ______to fly solo across the ______
  • Popular Entertainment
  • Radio
  • 1920 the world’s first ______radio station began broadcasting
  • Soon radio began broadcasting ______, plays, & ______events
  • Soon most families ______a radio
  • Motion Picture
  • In Europe ______were made as an art form
  • In the US, 90% of movies made were for ______
  • Charlie Chaplin was king of the ______movie, his ______roles captured the hearts of people

Nationalism In India & Southwest Asia

  • The end of WWI broke up the ______Empire & the British Empire which controlled India began to show signs of ______
  • The ______of these empires stirred nationalist activity in India, Turkey & some Southwest Asian countries
  • Many upper-class Indians who attended British ______learned European ______of nationalism & democracy & began to apply these political ideas to their ______country
  • _____ groups formed to rid India of foreign rule
  • Hindu Indian National Congress (______Party)
  • ______League
  • Divisions existed between both but they found ______ground of working toward ______e from the British
  • During WWI, over a million Indians ______in the British army & in return for their service the British government promised ______that would eventually lead to ______
  • After ______, troops returned home in 1918 & expected Britain to fulfill its promise but instead was once again treated as ______class citizens
  • After violence broke out the British passed the ______Acts which allowed the government to _____ protesters without trail for as long as ______years
  • To the Western-educated Indians, denial of trial by ______violated their individual ______
  • Amritsar ______
  • To ______the Rowlatt Acts around 10,000 Hindus & Muslims flocked to Amritsar, Punjab in the spring of 1919
  • At a huge ______in an enclosed square, they intended to fast & pray & listen to political speeches
  • This alarmed the British which had ______public meetings unbeknownst to the people
  • The British commander there believed that they were openly ______the ban & ordered his troops to ______on the crowd ______warning (10 minutes)
  • ______to escape from the enclosed courtyard nearly 400 Indians died & about 1,200 were wounded
  • News of the ______sparked anger across India & almost overnight, millions of Indians changed from ______British subjects into nationalists & demanded ______

Gandhi & Tactics Of Nonviolence

  • The massacre set the stage for Mohandas K. ______(Mahatma = Great Soul) to emerge as the leader of the ______movement
  • His strategy to battle ______evolved from his deeply religious approach to political activity
  • His ______blended ideas from all of the major world religions & attracted millions of followers
  • When the British failed to ______the officers responsible for the massacre, Gandhi urged the Indian National Congress to follow a policy of ______with the ______Government
  • In 1920 the Congress Party endorsed “civil ______” which is the deliberate & public ______to obey an unjust law & use ______as the means to achieve independence
  • Gandhi called on Indians to ______to buy British goods, ______government schools, ______British taxes or vote in elections
  • He staged ______of British ______which was a source of wealth for Britain
  • He urged Indians to ______their own ______which he himself did for 2 hours everyday
  • Gandhi’s ______of civil disobedience took an ______toll on the British
  • They struggled to keep ______operating, trains running & overcrowded _____ from bursting
  • The British ______thousands of Indians for participating in ______& demonstrations & despite Gandhi’s pleas for nonviolence the protests often ended in ______
  • In 1930 Gandhi organized a demonstration to defy the hated ______Acts (Indians could buy salt from no other source but the government) & had to pay ______on salt
  • Gandhi & his followers walked 240 miles to the seacoast & there they began to make their own salt by collecting ______& letting it ______
  • This ______protest was called the “Salt ______”
  • They soon planned to march to a British salt site & shut the ______down
  • Police officers with steel-tipped ______attacked the demonstrators which was witnessed by an ______journalist
  • “Sickening whacks of clubs on ______skulls” & people “writhing in pain with fractured skulls & broken shoulders”
  • They continued to march ______, refusing to defend themselves against their attackers
  • ______around the globe carried the story & they won worldwide support for Gandhi’s independence ______
  • More ______demonstrations took place with about 60,000 people including Gandhi being arrested
  • Gandhi & his followers eventually gained greater ______power for the ______
  • In 1935 the British Parliament passed the Government of ______
  • It provided local ______& limited democratic elections but not total independence
  • It also fueled tensions between Muslims & Hindus which had conflicting ______of India’s future as an ______nation
  • Indian Muslims, outnumbered by Hindus feared that Hindus would ______India if it won independence

Worldwide Depression

Postwar Europe

  • WWI left many European countries nearly ______
  • Most European countries now had ______after overthrowing their absolute ______
  • ______Government is when no one political party could win the majority, a ______alliance between parties was established which rarely lasted long because of ______differences
  • ______changing of power made it hard to move toward long term ______
  • Some people began to give up on democratic government & seek ______leadership
  • Weimar Republic
  • Germany’s ______democratic government, named for the city where the national assembly met
  • Weaknesses
  • Germany had several major political ______and many ______ones
  • Millions of Germans ______the Weimar government for the country’s war ______& the postwar ______of the Treaty of Versailles
  • Inflation
  • Germany had not increased wartime ______
  • To ______for the war, Germany printed more ______
  • The value of the money _____ & Germany was burdened to pay back their debts to the _____
  • ______caused people to question the new ______government
  • Attempts at Economic Stability
  • ______Plan was an ______l attempt to help Germany recover from inflation & postwar economy
  • Provided a $200 million loan from ______banks to stabilize the economy & strengthen the German ______
  • Set a schedule for ______that was reasonable
  • By 1929, Germany ______were producing the ______amount of goods as before the war only five years after the plan was put into ______

Financial Collapse

  • Problems in ______Economy
  • Uneven distribution of ______
  • ______of agriculture and business
  • Americans were buying ______
  • ______of Americans received nearly ______of the profits coming into America
  • Most families were too ______to buy goods being produced
  • Store ______started buying ______from factories because they couldn’t ______them
  • Factories laid off ______
  • ______bought even fewer goods
  • Stock ______Crashes
  • 1929 Wall Street was the financial ______of the world
  • Stock prices were ______& middle-income people began buying stocks on ______
  • Margin = paying a small % of a stock’s price as a ______payment & ______the rest from a stock holder; worked when stock prices rose but when they fell, ______had to pay back the stock brokers
  • September people predicted that stocks had reached their ______point
  • October 24, 1929 Stocks began to ______
  • People ______& everyone wanted to ______stocks
  • October 29, 1929 16 million people had ______their stocks & the market ______

Great Depression

  • People could ______pay back their ______on margins
  • ______rates began to rise, ______declined
  • The stock market ______added to the already declining ______
  • 1932 ______production had been cut in ______& farmers lost their land because they couldn’t pay their ______
  • 1933 ______of all Americans were out of ______
  • World trade dropped by _____ & ______rates soared as Global depression effected countries around the ______
  • Confronting the Crisis
  • Britain
  • British voters elected a ______coalition known as the ______Government
  • ______high protective tariffs, increased ______, & regulated ______
  • Brought about a ______but steady ______
  • France
  • Five ______governments were created & fell
  • Socialists & Communist formed a coalition known as the ______Front
  • Attempts ______work & unemployment remained ______
  • Socialist Governments Denmark, Sweden, & Norway were ______countries
  • Sponsored massive ______works that kept people ______& producing
  • All ______were taxed
  • United States
  • ______created the ______
  • Provided large ______works projects to help provide jobs for the ______
  • New government ______provided help to ______
  • Believed that ______spending would create jobs & start a ______

Rise Of Totalitarianism

Causes Of Fascism

  • Millions of people lost ______in democratic government & turned to extreme government called ______
  • Promised to revive the ______, ______those responsible for hard times & restore order & national ______
  • Attracted many people who felt ______& angered by the ______treaties that followed WWI & by the ______Depression

Fascism

  • A new militant political government that emphasized ______to the state & obedience to its ______
  • Beliefs
  • Preached an extreme form of ______
  • Nations must struggle – peaceful states were ______to be ______
  • Pledged loyalty to an ______leader who guided & brought ______to the state
  • Similarities to Communism
  • Ruled by ______who allowed only their political ______
  • Denied individual ______
  • ______was supreme
  • Didn’t practice ______
  • Differences to Communism
  • Fascist didn’t seek a ______society, but believed each class had its place & function
  • Fascist was nationalist, while Communism was ______hoping to ______workers worldwide

Mussolini Takes Control

  • Causes for Fascism in ______
  • ______over the failure to win large territorial gains at the 1919 Paris Peace Conference
  • Rising ______& unemployment contributed to social ______
  • Italians believed democratic policies were ______& wanted a leader to take ______
  • Benito Mussolini
  • Newspaper editor & politician, who ______to revive Italy’s economy & rebuild its armed forces
  • Founded the ______party in 1919
  • Groups of Fascists wearing black shirts ______Communist & Socialist on the street
  • Played on ______of workers, helping him to win the favor of ______classes, aristocrats, & industrial ______
  • October 1922-30,000 Fascist marched on ______& demanded that King Victor Emmanuel III put ______in charge of the ______
  • Il Duce
  • Mussolini became known as ______, or leader
  • ______democracy & outlawed all political parties
  • Secret police jailed his ______
  • Government ______forced radio stations & publications to broadcast or publish Fascist ______
  • Outlawed strikes
  • Sought control of the ______by allying the Fascists with the industrialists & large landowners

Hitler Rises to Power

  • Rise to ______
  • Volunteered for the ______German army & was twice awarded the Iron Cross medal of bravery
  • Nationalists Socialists Germans Workers ______
  • 1919, Hitler joined the party because they shared his common ______that the Treaty of Versailles needed to be ______
  • Known as the Nazi Party for short, developed ______
  • Adopted the ______as its symbol
  • Set up a private ______called the storm troopers or Brown shirts
  • Hitler becomes de ______, or leader of the Nazi Party
  • 1923, The Nazi attempted to seize ______
  • Hitler was ______, tried for ______, & sentenced to 5 years, but only served 9 months
  • Mein Kampf (My ______)
  • ______Hitler wrote while in jail
  • Said the Germans, who he incorrectly called Aryans, were the “______”
  • Said the Treaty of Versailles was ______& vowed to regain lost ______
  • Said Germany needed more lebensraum, living ______, & promised to gain it back by ______eastern Europe & Russia
  • 1924 he revived the Nazi party & people turned to him when civil unrest broke out due to ______collapse

Hitler Becomes Chancellor

  • ______leaders thought they could ______Hitler
  • January 1933 advised President von Hindenburg to name Hitler ______
  • Hitler called for an ______hoping to win the parliament ______
  • Before the election, the parliament building caught ______& Nazis blamed it on ______, raising the ______in people, thus allowing the Nazi to ______the majority
  • Totalitarian State
  • ______opposing political parties
  • Arrested ______
  • Created the Schutzstaffel (SS) elite ______dressed in black
  • 1934 SS ______a ______hundreds of opposers
  • ______shocked most Germans into obedience
  • ______strikes & labor unions
  • Used ______through press, radio, literature, & art
  • Burned ______that threatened Nazi ______
  • ______children joined Hitler Youth or League of German Girls
  • ______Against Jews
  • Jews made up ______than 1% of the population
  • Anti-Semitism was promoted by using Jews as the ______for all of Germany’s troubles
  • 1933 ______were passed denying Jews of their ______
  • November 9, 1938 – ______
  • ______attacked Jewish homes & businesses
  • Signaled the start of ______Jews from German ______

Countries Fall to Dictators