20Th Century Enlightenment, Global Depression & Rise of Totalitarianism

EUROPE BETWEEN THE WARS

FOCUS QUESTIONS

1. What problems did European countries face in the 1920's?

2. How did France, Great Britain & the U.S. respond to the various cries that they faced in the interwar years?

3. To what degree were the characteristics of totalitarian states present in Fascist Italy, Nazi Germany & Stalinist Russia?

4. What new dimensions in mass culture & mass leisure emerged during the interwar years & what role did these activities play in totalitarian states?

5. What were the main cultural & intellectual trends in the interwar years?

6. Why have some historians called the 1920's both an age of anxiety & a period of hope?

NEW ECONOMIC POLICY

War & revolution destroyed the ______, ______was at a standstill, industrial production ______, & many skilled workers ______to other countries
March 1921, Lenin put away his plan for a state-controlled economy & resorted to a small-scale version of ______called (NEP) New ______Policy
Allowed ______to sell their surplus ______instead of turning them over to the government
Government kept control of ______industries, ______& communication but let smaller industries & farms operates under private ownership while also encouraging ______investment
The country slowly ______& by 1928, Russia’s ______& ______were producing as much as they had before ______
Lenin saw ______as a threat so he organized Russia into several self-governing ______under the ______government called the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (______)
The Bolsheviks renamed their party the ______Party (writings of Karl Marx)
Communism describes a ______society that would exist after ______had seized power
In 1924 they created a ______based on socialist & democratic ______
Communist Party really held all the ______“______of the Communist Party” not the ______as Marx had promoted

JOSEPH STALIN

Rise To Pwer

In 1922 Lenin suffered a ______but survived, but the incident set up the ______for heading up the Communist Party between Leon ______& Joseph ______
Stalin began his ______climb to the head of the government between 1922 & 1927
1922 he was general ______of the Communist Party & moved his supporters to positions of power
Lenin believed Stalin to be ______& by 1928 Stalin was in total ______of the party & forced Trotsky into ______in 1929
Stalin was now the ______power & ______

Totalitarianism

Stalin was determined that the Soviet Union should find its place both ______& ______among the most powerful nations in the ______
Used tactics designed to ______himself of ______& worked to establish total control of all aspects of ______in the Soviet Union
He controlled the ______& also the ______& many aspects of citizen’s ______lives
Totalitarianism describes a government that takes total, ______, state control over every aspect of ______& ______life while providing a sense of ______& direction for the future
Dictators of totalitarian states use ______& ______to force obedience & to crush opposition
Police serve to ______the central governments ______rather than ______to ______activity & protect ______
Totalitarian states rely on ______(instruction in the governments beliefs) to mold peoples minds
Control of ______is essential to ______the leader & his policies & convince all citizens that their unconditional loyalty & support are ______(enforced by schools)
______(biased or ______information used to sway people to accept certain beliefs) & ______(control of all mass media) allows this to happen
Suggesting that information is ______is considered as ______& severely punished by imprisonment or ______
“______of the State” are often ______for things that go wrong & they are often members of ______or ethnic groups (Religious or ______Persecution)

Stalin’s Methods

To realize his vision of a perfect Communist State Stalin planned to transform the Soviet Union into a totalitarian state & began by ______his enemies (real & ______)
Stalin built a ______state to maintain his ______
The secret police used ______& ______cars to stop ______, monitored phone lines, read ______& placed ______everywhere
Arrested & executed millions of so-called ______
In 1934, Stalin turned ______members of the Communist Party
In 1937 he launched the Great ______
Campaign of ______directed at ______anyone who threatened his ______
1,000’s of the Bolsheviks that helped ______the revolution in 1917 stood ______, were ______or were sent to labor ______
Stalin’s government controlled all newspapers, motion pictures, radio, & other sources of ______
No individual ______was allowed if it did not conform to the ______of the state
______& programs had to be ______
Government controlled ______from nursery school through universities & were taught the ______of the Communist Party
If students or professors ______they were ______
Government encouraged ______& aimed to replace ______teachings with the ideals of communism
______were destroyed & ______leaders were killed or sent to labor camps

Command Economy

“We are ______or a ______years behind the advanced countries. We must make good distance in ______years”
Government made all ______decisions by identifying the ______& determining how to ______them

Five-Year Plans

Plans to ______the Soviet Unions ______
Set impossibly high ______(goals) to increase the ______of steel, coal, oil, & electricity
To reach these targets, the government ______production of consumer ______
As a result, people faced severe ______of housing, food, clothing, & other necessary goods

Agricultural Revolution

In 1928, the government began to ______over 25 million privately owned ______in the U.S.S.R.
Many destroyed ______& killed ______as a sign of ______
It ______them into large, ______owned farms (______farms)
Hundreds of families worked on the collectives producing ______for the state (mostly ______)
Workers received ______instead of a share of the ______

Women’s Rights

Women’s role in ______greatly ______as people became better educated & mastered technical skills
The revolution in 1917 had declared men & women as “______”
______were passed to grant ______equal rights
Under the Five-Year Plans, women had no choice but to ______the ______force
The state provided ______care for all working mothers as they performed the same jobs as men
Women prepared for careers in engineering, science & medicine
Even though they were full time ______, women were still responsible for ______& ______care
______is considered a ______duty in totalitarian regimes

Total Control Achieved

By the mid-1930’s, Stalin had forcibly ______the Soviet Union into a ______regime & an ______& ______power
He stood unopposed as a ______& maintained his ______over the Communist Party
Stalin did not tolerate individual ______as he saw it as a threat to the ______& ______required of citizens in a totalitarian state
He ushered in a period of ______control & rule by ______, rather than ______government

Postwar Beliefs

People questioned ______beliefs
______developments challenged the way people looked at the world
Women demanded more ______

20th Century Enlightenment

Science

Albert Einstein
______physicist has new ideas on space, ______, energy, & ______
1905 he theorized that while speed of ______was constant, other things that seemed constant actually are ______
Theory of ______stated space & time change when measured relative to an object moving near the speed of ______
Sigmund Freud
Austrian physician, treated people with ______problems
Believed that much of human behavior is ______, called this part of the mind the unconscious
Said that the mind has several drives that the conscious mind is ______of (personal pleasure, etc.)

Literature

T. S. Elliot
1922 American poet wrote that Western society had lost its spiritual ______
Described the postwar world as a barren wasteland drained of ______and ______
Franz Kafka
Czech author wrote The Trial and The Castle
Featured people caught in threatening ______that they couldn’t ______or escape
Existentialism
Jean Paul ______was the main philosopher of this movement
Believe there is no ______meaning to ______& that each person created his own meaning in life through ______made & actions taken
Friedrich Nietzsche a German philosopher who said that western ideas had stifled peoples creativity & believed that people should return to ______values

Arts

Wanted to depict the inner emotions & ______instead of showing ______images
Expressionists used bold colors & ______or exaggerated forms
Cubism transformed natural objects into ______forms
Objects were broken in to smaller parts & used sharp ______
Surrealism
Art movement that linked the world of ______with real ______, inspired by Freud
Painters tried to call on their unconscious mind & paintings were often eerie, dreamlike quality & depicted objects in ______ways

Jazz
Emerged in the United States
Developed by ______American musicians in New Orleans, Memphis, & ______
Spread across the globe & brought a feeling of new ______

Changes in Society

Women
Wore shorter, looser fitting ______
Wore their hair in the ______, or cut short
Women still followed the traditional marriage & family ______
Women working in the war effort was essential in them winning the right to ______
Technology
Automobile
______from creation of electric starters, air-filled tires, & more powerful engines
Prewar only the rich owned cars, but after the war cars became ______for the middle class family
Changed peoples lives because they could now ______for ______
Also effected where people lived & worked because they could now travel longer ______
Airplanes
1919 two British pilots made the first successful flight across the ______Ocean
1927 Charles ______made a solo flight from New York to Paris
______airlines were established during this time, but only the rich could afford to fly for ______
1932 Amelia Earhart became the first ______to fly solo across the ______
Popular Entertainment
Radio
1920 the world’s first ______radio station began broadcasting
Soon radio began broadcasting ______, plays, & ______events
Soon most families ______a radio
Motion Picture
In Europe ______were made as an art form
In the US, 90% of movies made were for ______
Charlie Chaplin was king of the ______movie, his ______roles captured the hearts of people

Nationalism In India & Southwest Asia

The end of WWI broke up the ______Empire & the British Empire which controlled India began to show signs of ______
The ______of these empires stirred nationalist activity in India, Turkey & some Southwest Asian countries
Many upper-class Indians who attended British ______learned European ______of nationalism & democracy & began to apply these political ideas to their ______country
_____ groups formed to rid India of foreign rule
Hindu Indian National Congress (______Party)
______League
Divisions existed between both but they found ______ground of working toward ______e from the British
During WWI, over a million Indians ______in the British army & in return for their service the British government promised ______that would eventually lead to ______
After ______, troops returned home in 1918 & expected Britain to fulfill its promise but instead was once again treated as ______class citizens
After violence broke out the British passed the ______Acts which allowed the government to _____ protesters without trail for as long as ______years
To the Western-educated Indians, denial of trial by ______violated their individual ______
Amritsar ______
To ______the Rowlatt Acts around 10,000 Hindus & Muslims flocked to Amritsar, Punjab in the spring of 1919
At a huge ______in an enclosed square, they intended to fast & pray & listen to political speeches
This alarmed the British which had ______public meetings unbeknownst to the people
The British commander there believed that they were openly ______the ban & ordered his troops to ______on the crowd ______warning (10 minutes)
______to escape from the enclosed courtyard nearly 400 Indians died & about 1,200 were wounded
News of the ______sparked anger across India & almost overnight, millions of Indians changed from ______British subjects into nationalists & demanded ______

Gandhi & Tactics Of Nonviolence

The massacre set the stage for Mohandas K. ______(Mahatma = Great Soul) to emerge as the leader of the ______movement
His strategy to battle ______evolved from his deeply religious approach to political activity
His ______blended ideas from all of the major world religions & attracted millions of followers
When the British failed to ______the officers responsible for the massacre, Gandhi urged the Indian National Congress to follow a policy of ______with the ______Government
In 1920 the Congress Party endorsed “civil ______” which is the deliberate & public ______to obey an unjust law & use ______as the means to achieve independence
Gandhi called on Indians to ______to buy British goods, ______government schools, ______British taxes or vote in elections
He staged ______of British ______which was a source of wealth for Britain
He urged Indians to ______their own ______which he himself did for 2 hours everyday
Gandhi’s ______of civil disobedience took an ______toll on the British
They struggled to keep ______operating, trains running & overcrowded _____ from bursting
The British ______thousands of Indians for participating in ______& demonstrations & despite Gandhi’s pleas for nonviolence the protests often ended in ______
In 1930 Gandhi organized a demonstration to defy the hated ______Acts (Indians could buy salt from no other source but the government) & had to pay ______on salt
Gandhi & his followers walked 240 miles to the seacoast & there they began to make their own salt by collecting ______& letting it ______
This ______protest was called the “Salt ______”
They soon planned to march to a British salt site & shut the ______down
Police officers with steel-tipped ______attacked the demonstrators which was witnessed by an ______journalist

“Sickening whacks of clubs on ______skulls” & people “writhing in pain with fractured skulls & broken shoulders”
They continued to march ______, refusing to defend themselves against their attackers
______around the globe carried the story & they won worldwide support for Gandhi’s independence ______
More ______demonstrations took place with about 60,000 people including Gandhi being arrested

Gandhi & his followers eventually gained greater ______power for the ______
In 1935 the British Parliament passed the Government of ______
It provided local ______& limited democratic elections but not total independence
It also fueled tensions between Muslims & Hindus which had conflicting ______of India’s future as an ______nation

Indian Muslims, outnumbered by Hindus feared that Hindus would ______India if it won independence

Worldwide Depression

Postwar Europe

WWI left many European countries nearly ______
Most European countries now had ______after overthrowing their absolute ______
______Government is when no one political party could win the majority, a ______alliance between parties was established which rarely lasted long because of ______differences
______changing of power made it hard to move toward long term ______
Some people began to give up on democratic government & seek ______leadership

Weimar Republic
Germany’s ______democratic government, named for the city where the national assembly met
Weaknesses

Germany had several major political ______and many ______ones
Millions of Germans ______the Weimar government for the country’s war ______& the postwar ______of the Treaty of Versailles
Inflation
Germany had not increased wartime ______
To ______for the war, Germany printed more ______
The value of the money _____ & Germany was burdened to pay back their debts to the _____
______caused people to question the new ______government
Attempts at Economic Stability
______Plan was an ______l attempt to help Germany recover from inflation & postwar economy
Provided a $200 million loan from ______banks to stabilize the economy & strengthen the German ______
Set a schedule for ______that was reasonable
By 1929, Germany ______were producing the ______amount of goods as before the war only five years after the plan was put into ______

Financial Collapse

Problems in ______Economy
Uneven distribution of ______
______of agriculture and business
Americans were buying ______
______of Americans received nearly ______of the profits coming into America
Most families were too ______to buy goods being produced
Store ______started buying ______from factories because they couldn’t ______them
Factories laid off ______
______bought even fewer goods
Stock ______Crashes
1929 Wall Street was the financial ______of the world
Stock prices were ______& middle-income people began buying stocks on ______
Margin = paying a small % of a stock’s price as a ______payment & ______the rest from a stock holder; worked when stock prices rose but when they fell, ______had to pay back the stock brokers
September people predicted that stocks had reached their ______point
October 24, 1929 Stocks began to ______
People ______& everyone wanted to ______stocks
October 29, 1929 16 million people had ______their stocks & the market ______

Great Depression

People could ______pay back their ______on margins
______rates began to rise, ______declined
The stock market ______added to the already declining ______
1932 ______production had been cut in ______& farmers lost their land because they couldn’t pay their ______
1933 ______of all Americans were out of ______
World trade dropped by _____ & ______rates soared as Global depression effected countries around the ______

Confronting the Crisis
Britain

British voters elected a ______coalition known as the ______Government
______high protective tariffs, increased ______, & regulated ______
Brought about a ______but steady ______
France
Five ______governments were created & fell
Socialists & Communist formed a coalition known as the ______Front
Attempts ______work & unemployment remained ______
Socialist Governments Denmark, Sweden, & Norway were ______countries
Sponsored massive ______works that kept people ______& producing
All ______were taxed
United States
______created the ______
Provided large ______works projects to help provide jobs for the ______
New government ______provided help to ______
Believed that ______spending would create jobs & start a ______

Rise Of Totalitarianism

Causes Of Fascism

Millions of people lost ______in democratic government & turned to extreme government called ______
Promised to revive the ______, ______those responsible for hard times & restore order & national ______
Attracted many people who felt ______& angered by the ______treaties that followed WWI & by the ______Depression

Fascism

A new militant political government that emphasized ______to the state & obedience to its ______
Beliefs

Preached an extreme form of ______
Nations must struggle – peaceful states were ______to be ______
Pledged loyalty to an ______leader who guided & brought ______to the state
Similarities to Communism

Ruled by ______who allowed only their political ______
Denied individual ______
______was supreme
Didn’t practice ______
Differences to Communism
Fascist didn’t seek a ______society, but believed each class had its place & function
Fascist was nationalist, while Communism was ______hoping to ______workers worldwide

Mussolini Takes Control

Causes for Fascism in ______
______over the failure to win large territorial gains at the 1919 Paris Peace Conference
Rising ______& unemployment contributed to social ______
Italians believed democratic policies were ______& wanted a leader to take ______
Benito Mussolini
Newspaper editor & politician, who ______to revive Italy’s economy & rebuild its armed forces
Founded the ______party in 1919
Groups of Fascists wearing black shirts ______Communist & Socialist on the street
Played on ______of workers, helping him to win the favor of ______classes, aristocrats, & industrial ______
October 1922-30,000 Fascist marched on ______& demanded that King Victor Emmanuel III put ______in charge of the ______
Il Duce
Mussolini became known as ______, or leader
______democracy & outlawed all political parties
Secret police jailed his ______
Government ______forced radio stations & publications to broadcast or publish Fascist ______
Outlawed strikes
Sought control of the ______by allying the Fascists with the industrialists & large landowners

Hitler Rises to Power

Rise to ______
Volunteered for the ______German army & was twice awarded the Iron Cross medal of bravery
Nationalists Socialists Germans Workers ______

1919, Hitler joined the party because they shared his common ______that the Treaty of Versailles needed to be ______
Known as the Nazi Party for short, developed ______
Adopted the ______as its symbol
Set up a private ______called the storm troopers or Brown shirts
Hitler becomes de ______, or leader of the Nazi Party
1923, The Nazi attempted to seize ______
Hitler was ______, tried for ______, & sentenced to 5 years, but only served 9 months
Mein Kampf (My ______)
______Hitler wrote while in jail
Said the Germans, who he incorrectly called Aryans, were the “______”
Said the Treaty of Versailles was ______& vowed to regain lost ______
Said Germany needed more lebensraum, living ______, & promised to gain it back by ______eastern Europe & Russia
1924 he revived the Nazi party & people turned to him when civil unrest broke out due to ______collapse

Hitler Becomes Chancellor

______leaders thought they could ______Hitler
January 1933 advised President von Hindenburg to name Hitler ______
Hitler called for an ______hoping to win the parliament ______
Before the election, the parliament building caught ______& Nazis blamed it on ______, raising the ______in people, thus allowing the Nazi to ______the majority
Totalitarian State

______opposing political parties
Arrested ______
Created the Schutzstaffel (SS) elite ______dressed in black
1934 SS ______a ______hundreds of opposers
______shocked most Germans into obedience
______strikes & labor unions
Used ______through press, radio, literature, & art
Burned ______that threatened Nazi ______
______children joined Hitler Youth or League of German Girls

______Against Jews
Jews made up ______than 1% of the population
Anti-Semitism was promoted by using Jews as the ______for all of Germany’s troubles
1933 ______were passed denying Jews of their ______
November 9, 1938 – ______

______attacked Jewish homes & businesses
Signaled the start of ______Jews from German ______

Countries Fall to Dictators