2007 Regional SO2 Emissions and Milestone Report
March 31, 2009
ArizonaCorky Martinkovic
Arizona Dept. of Environmental Quality
Air Quality Division, Planning Section
1110 West Washington Street
Phoenix, AZ 85007
Fax: 602-771-2366
/ City of Albuquerque
Dario W. Rocha
City of Albuquerque
Air Quality Division
P.O. Box 1293
Albuquerque, NM 87103
Fax: 505-768-1977
New Mexico
Ronald Duffy
New Mexico Environment Department
Air Quality Bureau
2048 Galisteo St.
Santa Fe, NM87505
Phone: 505-955-8011
Fax: 505-827-1543
/ Utah
Kimberly Kreykes
Utah Department of Environmental Quality Division of Air Quality
150 North 1950 West
Salt Lake City, UT84114-4820
Phone: 801-536-4042
Fax: 801-536-0085
Wyoming
Brian Bohlmann, P.E.
Wyoming Department of Environmental Quality, AirQualityDivision
HerschlerBuilding, 2-East
122 West 25th Street
Cheyenne, Wyoming82002
Phone: 307-777-6993
Fax: 307-777-7682
Executive Summary
March 31, 2009
2007 Regional SO2 Emissions and Milestone Report
Executive Summary
Under Section 309 of the federal Regional Haze Rule, nine western states and tribes within those states have the option of submitting plans to reduce regional haze emissions that impair visibility at 16 Class I national parks and wilderness areas on the Colorado Plateau. Five states -- Arizona, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, and Wyoming--initially exercised this option by submitting plans to EPAby December 31, 2003. Oregonelected to cease participation in the program in 2006. The tribes were not subject to the deadline and still can opt into the program at any time. Under the Section 309 plans, the four participating states have tracked the emissions of the applicable stationary sources as part of the pre-trigger portion of the SO2 Milestone and Backstop Trading Program. The Western Regional Air Partnership (WRAP) is assisting these states with the implementation and management of the regional emission reduction program.
As part of this program, the participating states must submit an annual Regional Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) Emissions and Milestone Report that compares emissions to milestones. A milestone is a maximum level of annual emissions for a given year. The first report was submitted in 2004 for the calendar year 2003.
This year, the four participating states have either revised their Section 309 plans or are currently in the process of revising their plans. The revised plans modified the annual regional milestone for 2007. Because two of the four states are currently operating under revised rules, this transition year report compares annual emissions to 2007 milestones under both the revised and 2003 plans. All states are expected to have revised plans by next year's report.
The four-state region milestone for 2007is 422,194tons under the original 2003 plans, and 420,637 tons under the revised plans. To determine whether or not the milestone was met, the 2005, 2006, and 2007 adjusted emissions were averaged, and this average was compared to the 2007 milestones. Oregon's emissions wereremoved from the 2005 emission totals before the average was calculated, to stay consistent with the 2006 and 2007 emissions total. The adjustments to reported emissions were required to allow the current emission estimates to be comparable to the emissions monitoring or calculation method used in the initial base year inventory (1999 for utilities and 1998 for all other sources).
The states of Arizona, New Mexico, Utah, and Wyoming reported257,234 tons of SO2 emissions for the calendar year 2007. The total emissions increased to273,663 tons of SO2 after making adjustments to account for changes in monitoring and calculation methods. The adjustments result in an additional 16,429 tons of SO2 emissions, which is about 6% of the reported total emissions. Adjustments required for changes in Part 75, Acid Rain Program, flow monitor quality assurance methods account for about 15,225 tons (93%) of the increase in the estimate, with the remaining 1,204 tons from other types of monitoring and calculation method changes. The adjusted emissions values for 2005 and 2006 were 288,040 tons and 279,134tons, respectively. The 2007 adjusted emissions total of 273,663 tons was lower than both the 2005 and 2006 adjusted annual emissions. The average of 2005,2006, and 2007 adjusted emissions is280,279tons.
Based on thisaverage adjusted annual emissions estimate, a determination has been made that the four states have met the 2007 regional SO2 milestone under both the 2003 and revised plans. The plans contain provisions to adjust the milestones to reflect variations in smelter operations, and to account for enforcement actions (to reduce the milestones where an enforcement action identified that emissions in the baseline period were greater than allowable emissions). Based onemissions data received from the states and SIP requirements regarding adjustments to the milestones, the 2007 period requires a smelter adjustmentunder the 2003 plans (increasing the regional milestone by 2,000 tons); no smelter adjustment is required under the revised plans.
The plans also require that the annual report identify changes in the source population from year to year and significant changes in a source's emissions from year to year. The significant emission changes from 2006 to 2007 are included in Section 7 of this report. A list of facilities added to or removed from the list of subject sources included in the base year inventories is included in Appendix B.
Table ES-1
Overview of 2007 Regional Milestones and Emissionsfor Section 309 Participating States
Revised SIPs
Regional 2007 Milestone*...... 420,637 tons
Smelter-Specific Set-Aside*...... 0 tons
Adjusted Four-State 2007Milestone...... 420,637tons
2003 SIPs
Regional 2007 Milestone*...... 420,194 tons
Smelter-Specific Set-Aside* ...... 2,000 tons
Adjusted Four-State 2007 Milestone...... 422,194tons
2007 Sulfur Dioxide Emissions
Reported Four-State 2007 Emissions ...... 257,234 tons
Adjustments**
Part 75 Flow RATA Procedures ...... 15,225tons
Other Emission Monitoring and Calculation Methods ...... 1,204tons
Adjusted Four-State 2007Emissions...... 273,663tons
Average Sulfur Dioxide Emissions (2005, 2006, & 2007)
Adjusted Four-State 2007 Emissions ...... 273,663tons
Adjusted Four-State 2006 Emissions ...... 279,134 tons
Adjusted Four-State 2005 Emissions ...... 288,040 tons
Average of 2005, 2006, & 2007 Adjusted Four-State Emissions ...... 280,279tons
Comparison of Emissions to Milestone
Average of 2005, 2006, & 2007 Adjusted Four-State Emissions...... 280,279tons
Adjusted Four-State 2007 Milestone Revised SIPs...... 420,637tons
Adjusted Four-State 2007 Milestone 2003 SIPs...... 422,194tons
Difference (Negative Value = Emissions < Milestone) Revised SIPs...... -140,358 tons
Difference (Negative Value = Emissions < Milestone) 2003 SIPs ...... -141,915 tons
2005– 2007 Emissions Average as Percent of 2007Revised SIP Milestone...... 67%
2005 – 2007 Emissions Average as Percent of 2007 2003 SIP Milestone...... 66%
*See the Regional Milestones section of each state's 309 SIP.
**See the Annual Emissions Report section of each state's 309 SIP.
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ES-1
Milestone Report
March 31, 2009
2007 Regional SO2 Emissions and Milestone Report
1.0 Introduction
1.1 Background
Under Section 309 of the federal Regional Haze Rule (40 CFR Part 51), nine western statesand the tribes within those states have the option of submitting plans to reduce regional haze emissions that impair visibility at 16 Class I national parks and wilderness areas on the Colorado Plateau. Five states --Arizona, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, and Wyoming -- and the city of Albuquerque, New Mexico exercised this option by submitting plans to EPA by December 1, 2003. Oregon has since elected to cease participation in the SO2 Milestone and Backstop Trading Program by not resubmitting a Section 309 SIP. The tribes were not subject to this deadline and still can opt into the program at any time.
Under the Section 309 State Implementation Plans (SIPs), these four states havebeen tracking emissions under the pre-trigger requirements of the SO2Milestone and Backstop Trading Program since 2003. The Western Regional Air Partnership (WRAP) is assisting these states with the implementation and management of this regional emission reduction program.
Under the milestone phase of the program, the states have established annual SO2 emissions targets(from 2003 to 2018). These voluntary emissions reduction targets representreasonable progress in reducing the emissions that contribute to regional haze. If the participating sources fail to meet the milestones through this voluntary program, then the states will trigger the backstop trading program and implement a regulatory emissions cap for the states, allocate emissions allowances (or credits) to the affected sources based on the emissions cap, and require the sources to hold sufficient allowances to cover their emissions each year.
This report is the fifth annual report for the milestone phase of this program. The report provides background on regional haze and the Section 309 program, the milestones established under the program, and the emissions reported for 2007. Based on the first five years, the voluntary milestone phase of the program is working, and emissions are well below the target levels.
What is Regional Haze?
Regional haze is air pollution that is transported long distances and reduces visibility in national parks and wilderness areas across the country. Over the years, this haze has reduced the visual range from 145 kilometers (90 miles) to 24 – 50 kilometers (15 – 31 miles) in the East, and from 225 kilometers (140 miles) to 56 – 145 kilometers (35 – 90 miles) in the West. The pollutants that create this haze are sulfates, nitrates, organic carbon, elemental carbon, and soil dust. Human-caused haze sources include industry, motor vehicles, agricultural and forestry burning, and windblown dust from roads and farming practices.
What U.S. EPA Requirements Apply?
In 1999, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) issued regulations to address regional haze in 156 national parks and wilderness areas across the country. These regulations were published in the Federal Register on July 1, 1999 (64 FR 35714). The goal of the Regional Haze Rule (RHR) is to eliminate human-caused visibility impairment in national parks and wilderness areas across the country. It contains strategies to improve visibility over the next 60 years, and requires states to adopt implementation plans.
EPA's RHR provides two paths to address regional haze. One is 40 CFR 51.308 (Section 308), and requires most states to develop long-term strategies out to the year 2064. These strategies must be shown to make "reasonable progress" in improving visibility in Class I areas inside the state and in neighboring jurisdictions. The other is 40 CFR 51.309 (Section 309), and is an option for nine states -- Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, and Wyoming -- and the 211 tribes located within these states to adopt regional haze strategies for the period from 2003 to 2018. These strategies are based on recommendations from the Grand Canyon Visibility Transport Commission (GCVTC)for protecting the 16 Class I areas on the Colorado Plateau. Adopting these strategies constitutes reasonable progress until 2018. These same strategies can also be used by the nine western states and tribes to protect the other Class I areas within their own jurisdictions.
EPA revised the RHR on July 6, 2005 (70 FR 39104), and again on October 13, 2006 (71 FR 60612)in response to two legal challenges. The October 13, 2006 revisions modified Section 309to provide a methodology consistent with the Court's decision for evaluating the equivalence of alternatives to Best Available Retrofit Technology (BART), like thestrategy based on the GCVTC recommendations.
How Have the WRAP States Responded to EPA Requirements?
Of the nine states (and tribes within those states) that have the option under Section 309 of participating in a regional strategy to reduce SO2 emissions, five states had originally submitted Section 309 SIPs to EPA. These states were Arizona, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, and Wyoming. In addition, the City of Albuquerque had also submitted a Section 309 SIP. EPA, however, never approved these SIPs due to the legal challenges.
Oregon has opted out of submitting a revised Section 309 SIP under the modified RHR, which leaves four participating states. Utah and Wyoming have already submitted revised SIPs to EPA, and Arizona and New Mexico are in the process of revising their SIPs. To date, no tribes have opted to participate under Section 309, and the other four states of the original nine opted to submit SIPs under Section 308 of the RHR.
The following summarizes a few key elements of the Section 309 process for the four states:
1.Section 309(d)(4)(i) requires SO2 milestones in the SIP, and includes provisions for making adjustments to these milestones if necessary. The milestones must provide for steady and continuing emission reductions through 2018, and greater reasonable progress than BART.
2.Section 309(d)(4)(iii) requires monitoring and reporting of stationary source SO2 emissions in order to ensure the SO2 milestones are met. The SIP must commit to reporting to the WRAP as well as to EPA.
3.Section 309(d)(4)(iv) requires that a SIP contain criteria and procedures for activating the trading program within five years if an annual milestone is exceeded. A Section 309 SIP also must provide assessments in 2013 and 2018.
This report responds to Item 2, above, and provides the annual report that compares the 2007 emissions against the milestones for the states that have submitted Section 309 SIPs to EPA.
What Elements Must the Regional SO2 Emissions and Milestone Report Contain?
To facilitate compliance with the Section 309 SIPs, the WRAP has committed to compiling a regional report on emissions for each year. In accordance with the SIPs, the WRAP will compile the individual state emission reports into a summary report that includes:
1.Reported regional SO2 emissions (tons/year).
2.Adjustments to account for:
●Changes in flow rate measurement methods;
●Changes in emissions monitoring or calculation methods; or
●Enforcement actions or settlement agreements as a result of enforcement actions.
3.As applicable, average adjusted emissions for the last three years (which are compared to the regional milestone). Since this is the fifth report, 2005,2006, and 2007emissions are averaged.
4.Regional milestone adjustments to account for production increases at certain smelters.
How Is Compliance with the SO2 Milestone Determined?
While the WRAP assists with the preparation of this report, each state reviews the information in the report, and proposes a draft determination that the regional SO2 milestone has either been met or exceeded. The draft determination is then submitted for public review and comment during the first part of 2009, culminating in a final report sent to EPA by March 31, 2009.
SIP Transition Period and Milestones
The revised SIPs modified the annual regional milestone for 2007. Because only two of the four states are operating under revised rules, this report includes comparisons to milestones under both the revised and the 2003 SIPs. All states are expected to have revised SIPs by next year's report.
1.2 Report Organization
This report presents the regional SO2 emissions and milestone information required by the 309 SIPs for the four states. The report is divided into the following sections, includingtwo appendices:
●Reported SO2 Emissions in 2007;
●Monitoring Methodology Emissions Adjustments;
●Three-Year Average Emissions;
●Enforcement Milestone Adjustments;
●Smelter Milestone Adjustments;
●Quality Assurance (Including Source Change Information);
●Milestone Determination;
●Appendix A – Facility Emissions and Emissions Adjustments; and
●Appendix B – Changes to SO2 Emissions and Milestone Source Inventory.
2.0 Reported SO2 Emissions in 2007
All stationary sources with reported emissions of 100 tons or more per year in 2000 or any subsequent year are required to report annual SO2 emissions. Table 1 summarizes the annual reported emissions from applicable sources in each state. The 2007reported SO2 emissions for each applicable source are in Appendix A, Table A-1.
Table 1
Reported 2007 SO2 Emissions by State
Arizona / 85,922
New Mexico / 30,786
Utah / 30,733
Wyoming / 109,793
TOTAL / 257,234
3.0 Monitoring Methodology Emissions Adjustments
The annual emissions reports for each state include proposed emissions adjustments to ensure consistent comparison of emissions to the milestones. The adjustments account for any differences in emissions that result from changes in the monitoring or calculation methodology used in 2007 as compared to the methodology used to calculate baseline year emissions (1998 and 1999). The following sections detail what adjustments apply for 2007. Note that the revised Section 309 SIPs establish new milestones for 2008 – 2018 using an updated baseline of 2006. Therefore, the adjustments described in the following sectionswill not be performed in subsequent reports under the revised SIPs.
3.1 Changes in Part 75 Flow Rate Methodology
The Section 309 SIPs spell out three specific methods for adjusting Part 75 Acid Rain Program electric generating unit emissions due to changes in quality assurance procedures for the flow monitor component of SO2 continuous emission monitoring systems. These changes involve the use of new flow reference methods in the Relative Accuracy Test Audit (RATA), which were not available in the 1999 baseline year. The use of these new methods (reference methods 2F, 2G, 2H, and 2J) are expected to result in a decrease in the SO2 emissions measurement.
The three methods in the SIPs for adjusting for flow RATA reference method changes are outlined below:
1.Directly determine the difference in flow rate through a side-by-side comparison of data collected with the new and old flow reference methods during a RATA test.
2.Compare the annual average heat rate using Acid Rain heat input data (mmBtu) and total generation (MWhrs) as reported to the federal Energy Information Administration (EIA). Under this approach, the flow adjustment factor shall be calculated using the following ratio:
Heat input/MW for first full year of data using new flow rate method
Heat input/MW for last full year of data using old flow rate method
3.Compare the standard CFM per MW before and after the new flow reference method based on CEM data submitted in the Acid Rain Program, as follows:
SCF/Unit of Generation for first full year of data using new flow rate method
SCF/Unit of Generation for last full year of data using old flow rate method
New Mexico, Utah, Arizona, and Wyoming provided adjusted emissions for changes in the Part 75 flow RATA reference method for several plants: the Public Service Corp of New Mexico San Juan plant and the Tri-State Escalante plant in New Mexico;the PacifiCorp Carbon, Hunter, and Huntingtonplantsand the Intermountain Power Service Corporation plant in Utah;the AEPCO Apache Station and Pinnacle West --Cholla Generating Station in Arizona; and the Pacificorp Dave Johnston, Jim Bridger, Naughton, and Wyodak plants in Wyoming. Changes in the RATA flow reference method result in an upward adjustment for the 2007 SO2 emissions of 15,225 tons.